Abstract: Soil microorganism plays an important role in nutrient cycling, which can provide power for terrestrial ecosystems energy flow. Carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) element constitute the basic biology skeleton and biological energy metabolism, and the circulation of these two elements are related to the biological growth and stability of ecosystem. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil microbial C and N element have obvious interaction, and C and N concentration change in environment would lead to the change of the two elements in the soil, and resulting in the change of microbial community structure and biological function. This article, from the research points of elevated CO2 concentration, the adding of black carbon and N deposition increase, summed up the influence of changing environmental conditions on microbial C and N, analyzed the interaction of soil microbial C and N under the background of the realistic environment, discussed the inherent relation of microbial C and N, and provided some references for the microbial C and N coupling and the ecosystem C and N coupling. In addition, the authors put forward that in future study of the influence of climate change on soil microorganisms, multiple research models should be established according to the difference of region and space-time, and further relationship between microbial C, N and environmental C, N should be emphasized. The research on ecosystem C and N coupling, as well as the C and N coupling between microorganisms and other organisms, especially the plants, should be highlighted.