Abstract: In this paper, the idea of sustainable development is introduced, also are the necessary of actualizing agricultural sustainable development and the main content of agricultural sustainable development in China. Then it is discussed that significance of soil and fertilizer in the agricultural sustainable development. Aiming at existent problems, such as soil quality declining, soil polluting, farmland decreasing, fertilizer resources shortage, low utilization ratio of fertilizer and environment pollution caused by unreasonable fertilizer. Some measures are put forward, establishing and perfecting land laws，increasing organic manure and reaching farmland, strengthening fundamental research of soil and fertilizer, developing new fertilizers, improving fertilization technology and carrying out integrated nutrient resources management strategy.