Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.27 Published:29 September 2016

  Influence of Temperature and Sunlight Conditions On Rice growth and Yield in Diflferent Growth Stages 2016, 32 (27):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010009 Abstract + ( 991 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 638 ) sowing and transplanting on different dates is a convenient way to study rice growth, yield components and optimal sowing date. Effect of sowing date on rice growth and yield components were analysed by sowing and transplanting on different dates in this study． The research were carried out in two rice types,named Liangyou6326,Nangeng44. results show that along with sowing date postponing,whole growth period of these two kinds of rice were shortened. grain filling rate of Liangyou6326 improved as sowing date postponing, while grain filling rate of Nangeng44 in Full growth period greatly improved in D2 date of seeding, and in other stages shows different situation. yield and yield components cut down along with sowing date postponing, but the highest theoretical yield of Nangeng44 appeared in D3 date of seeding, The lowest theoretical yield of Nangeng44 appeared in D2. In addition, through the correlation analysis between the different stages of accumulated temperature, daily mean temperature , sunshine duration number and each stage of grain filling rate, yield and yield, the effects under different temperature and light conditions was concluded.

  Effect of Foliar Potassium Application on the Yield of Late Rice and K Use Efficiency in Potassium Deficient Paddy Field 2016, 32 (27):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120139 Abstract + ( 1341 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 745 ) S[Objective] A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar potassium application on the yield of late rice, K agronomy efficiency, K concentration in late rice plant, K uptake in rice plant, K use efficiency, yield components of late rice in potassium deficient paddy field in order to provide guidance for rice production in potassium deficient paddy field in the south. [Method]KH2PO4, KCl and KNO3 were used as foliar potassium. There were 13 treatments included. The yields of rice and straw were estimated. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of rice and straw were analyzed and tested. The N, P, and K absorption of rice plant were calculated. [Result]It was showed that, foliar spray of KCl; the mixture of KH2PO4 and KNO3; the mixture of KH2PO4, KCl, KNO3, urea and pest control drugs all increased the yield of late rice in potassium deficient paddy field. Foliar Spray of KCl got the best result in increasing the yield. Foliar potassium application in the active tillering stage got the best result, and secondly in the initial heading stage. Foliar Spray of the mixture of KH2PO4 and KNO3; the mixture of KH2PO4 and KCl; the mixture of KH2PO4, KNO3, KCl, urea and pest control drugs all help improve the potash absorption and utilization of late rice. Foliar application of potassium fertilizer has greater impact on the potassium content of rice straw. [Conclusion]As the late rice grows in the potassium deficient paddy field, foliar potassium application was only a supplement, which can not replace the root fertilization.

  Germination Characteristics Analysis of New Super Rice ‘Songjing 15’ under Salt Stress 2016, 32 (27):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120051 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 548 ) In order to discuss germination characteristics of new super rice ‘Songjing 15’ under salt stress, the index including germination vigor, germination rate, seedling length, root length, root number, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, seedling dry weight, root dry weight were investigated and analyzed, adopting single salt stress 50,100,150,200mmol/L total 4 concentrations culturing in climatic cabinate. The results indicated that: Salt stress lead to decline of germination vigor, germination rate, germination index, vigour index of ‘Songjing 15’, and gradually decrease with the increase of salt concentration, seedling length and main root were inhibited, root length increased and then decreased as the salt concentration increased, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight were lower than control, root fresh weight and root dry weight were higher than control，it was significant positive correlation between salt concentration and root fresh weight, root dry weight, and significant negative correlation with seedling length, root number, root dry weight, germination vigor, germination rate by correlation analysis of salt concentration and germination characteristics index.

  Correlation and Path Analysis of Agronomic Characters and Cold Tolerance of Hybrid Rice Combinations in Guizhou 2016, 32 (27):  19-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050145 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 425KB )   ( 421 ) The objectives were to reveal the effect of agronomic characters on cold tolerance of hybrid rice, analyze the correlation among main agronomic characters, and provide basis for breeding. The agronomic characters of 16 rice combinations including the whole growth period, plant height, effective spike, spike length, spike grain number, setting rate, yield and cold tolerance were analyzed by using the correlation analysis and path analysis. The results of correlation analysis showed that the real correlation coefficient of the whole growth period and plant height with cold tolerance reached significant level, and the whole growth period was the largest influencing factor. The results of path analysis showed that the whole growth period and plant height had a direct effect on the cold tolerance of hybrid rice. The correlation analysis and path analysis results consistently showed that the combination of longer whole growth period and higher plant height had stronger cold tolerance.

  Path Analysis of Wheat Yield and Main Agronomic Characters under Different Years 2016, 32 (27):  24-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120050 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 606 ) [Aims] In order to study the influence factors to wheat yield, the direct and indirect influence factors of wheat yield were analyzed. [Methods] The research was conducted in the Chinese academy of science in Changwu on the central loess plateau of Shaanxi province during 2005 to 2008 using wheat variety “Chang Wu 89134”. The relationship between main agronomy characters and wheat yield was analyzed. The correlation and path analysis were also analyzed between them. [Results] Yield was positively correlated with the spikelets per spike, grain weight and height while which was negatively correlated with per panicle, and there was no significant correlation between yield and the total aboveground biomass weight, dry weight per plant, and per spike spikelets. There was positive direct effect of spikelets per spike and plant height to the wheat yield by path analysis (rspikelets per spike=0.712**，rplant height=0.848**，P<0.05), while a direct negative effect was shown from total aboveground dry weight and per panicle to the yield(rtotal aboveground dry weight=-0.792**，rper panicle=-0.784**，P<0.05). [Conclusions] The spikelets per spike and plant height had positive effect to yield of ‘Changwu 89134’ while upper dry biomass and per panicle number had negative effect. So we could improve the yield by this four agronomic characters. Beside that we could coordinate the relationships with these agronomic characters to improve the yield of wheat.

  Yield Components of State Approved Semi-winter Wheat Varieties in Henan Province 2016, 32 (27):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120058 Abstract + ( 617 )   PDF ( 481KB )   ( 566 ) The study aims to understand the production situation of new wheat varieties bred in south HuangHuai region and promoted by Henan Province in recent 10 years, and reveal the effect of yieldcomponent factors on wheat yield. The correlation and path analysis of the yield and main traits of 63 wheat varieties promoted by Henan Province from 2005 to 2014 were analyzed. The results showed that, in recent years, the yield of new wheat varieties in Henan Province had an increasing trend, with an average annual growth of 13.0556 kg/hm2. The variation coefficient of the main traits was in an order as: spike per hectare ＞ grains per spike＞ plant height ＞ 1000 grain weight. The correlation degree between the main traits and yield was in an order as: 1000 grain weight ＞ grains per spike ＞ plant height ＞ spike per hectare. The direct path coefficient of the three factors to the yield was positive: 1000 grain weight＞grains per spike＞spike per hectare. According to the results of the analysis, the ecological conditions in Henan Province and the current cultivation habits, wheat breeding and high-yield variety cultivation should be focused on the coordination of spike per hectare and grains per spike, the effective combination of big spike and big group, stable 1000-grain weight, and the coordinated development of the three factors.

  Variation Characteristics and Impact of Climate Factors During Winter Wheat Growth in Kashgar, Xinjiang 2016, 32 (27):  34-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010061 Abstract + ( 18279 )   PDF ( 1022KB )   ( 24196 ) The study aims to provide references for crop production in winter wheat area of Kashgar. The data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration from 1981 to 2014 during the growth period of winter wheat in Kashgar was used to study the variation characteristics of climate factors and their effects on winter wheat growth and development by the climate statistical method. The results indicated that the annual average temperature change during winter wheat growth in Kashgar showed an increasing trend. The precipitation showed a decreasing trend in the first two months after winter (March and April), and an obviously increasing trend in the rest time. Meanwhile, the effective accumulative temperature and the sunshine duration showed an increasing trend. Each development stage of winter wheat was ahead of schedule in different degrees during recent 34 years, especially the early stage and the jointing stage, but the overwintering stage showed a trend of delay. The temperature, effective accumulative temperature and the sunshine duration were negatively correlated with each development stage of the winter wheat. In short, the main reason for the advance of winter wheat growth period was the increase of temperature, effective accumulative temperature and sunshine duration. The impact of climate warming on winter wheat growth was significant in Kashgar.

  Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Quality of Medium Gluten Winter Wheat Variety‘Lin Y7287’ 2016, 32 (27):  42-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120116 Abstract + ( 725 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 471 ) Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on the yield and quality of high-yield wheat were explored, in order to provide a scientific basis for breeding new varieties in the future.‘Lin Y7287’bred by Wheat Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences was used as the material. The split plot design was used in this study, 3 irrigation periods as the main plot, 3 nitrogen application periods as the subplot. The grain yield, protein content and part of dough rheology characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that, irrigation and nitrogen interaction had significant effects on the quality and yield of‘Lin Y7287’. Under W3N3 treatment, the grain yield of‘Lin Y7287’was the highest, 10124.48 kg/hm2. The protein content, wet gluten content, dry gluten content, and stability time was 14.86%, 34.1%, 10.2%, and 368 s, respectively. Moreover, the proportion of protein components was coordinated. Therefore, W3N3 treatment was the ideal interaction method.

  Agronomic Traits and Breeding of‘Huaimai No.33’:A New Winter Wheat Variety with High and Stable Yield 2016, 32 (27):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120010 Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 537KB )   ( 1456 ) In order to obtain wheat varieties with high and stable yield, which are suitable for planting in Huaibei region of Jiangsu Province,‘Yannong No.19’was hybridized with‘Zhengzhou 991’in Agriculture Science Research Institute of Huaiyin in Xuzhou and Huaiyin area of Jiangsu Province in 2001,‘Huaimai No.33’was bred with pedigree method, and passed the Jiangsu provincial approval in 2013 (Jiangsu review of the 201305) and the national approval in 2014 (country review of the 2014001). The results showed that the average yield was 7977.90 kg/hm2 in regional trial of Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2012. The yield increased by 6.28% compared with that of the control‘Huaimai No.20’. The average yield was 7948.95 kg/hm2 in production test of Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2013. The yield increased by 5.96% compared with that of the control‘Huaimai No.20’, ranking the first among the tested varieties. The average yield was 7563.30 kg/hm2 in the national regional trial from 2011 to 2013, increased obviously by 6.83%, compared with the control ‘Zhoumai No.18’, the rate of production increase was 94.10%, the variation coefficient was10.11%, and the fitness was 82.34%. The average yield was 8934.00 kg/hm2 in national production test and 6.13% higher than that of‘Zhoumai No.18’(CK), ranking the first among the test varieties and the rate of production increase was 100%. The results showed that‘Huaimai No.33’was a new wheat variety of ideal plant type and high yield potential, it had good resistance and tolerance to diseases and adverse harm in Huanghuai area, and the variety maintained an obviously stable yield in wheat scab outbreaks of 2010 and 2012 and the unusually serious cold spell in late spring of 2013.

  Comparison of Growth Characteristics of Different Oat Varieties (Avenasativa L.) in Northern Shanxi Alpine Region 徐惠云 and 2016, 32 (27):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120128 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 557KB )   ( 395 ) In order to determine the suitable areas for oat (Avena sativa L .) planting, the phonological phase, plant height, number of plants, yield and other index of oat varieties in alpine regions of Shanxi were studied in 2014. Comprehensive analysis of various index shows that different oat varieties in datong sites of forage grass and grain yield difference is bigger, the grain yield of bayou No.14 was 3.22 t/hm2, and other significant difference between varieties (except bayou No.14) (P<0.05), the most suitable for grain production.The hay yield of Yanke No.2 and Baiyan No.11were 51.96 t/hm2 and 49.54 t/hm2, respectively, and other significant difference between varieties(P<0.05), the most suitable for forage grass production.

  Response of Spring Maize Photosynthetic Rate, Transpiration Rate, Conductance on Soil Drought in Seedling stage 2016, 32 (27):  58-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120088 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 546KB )   ( 535 ) In order to explore the impact of soil moisture content on photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of spring maize in northeast China, and reveal the physiological mechanism of yield reduction due to drought, water stress and interval sowing field experiments were carried out in the spring of 2010 in the northeast central area，the soil moisture, photosynthesis rate (NPn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of the maize seedling were observed, and the relationship between these factors was analyzed. The results showed that, there was quadratic function relation between soil moisture and maize Seedling NPn, Tr and Gs, respectively. When 0-20 cm soil moisture was over 19.5%, maize leaf stomatal conductance was higher and photosynthesis and transpiration rate was exuberant. When the soil moisture was under 19.0%, the NPn and Tr decreased linearly with declining soil moisture content, with every 1% decrease in the soil moisture content, NPn and Tr decreased 1.6 μmol/(m2?s)and 0.5 mol/(m2?s) respectively. The relation between Tr, Gs and NPn was linear function respectively, with Gs and Gs decreased 1 mol/(m2?s) and 1 mmol/(m2?s) respectively, the NPn decreased 0.89 and 3.09 μmol/(m2?s) respectively. Under soil drought stress, the maize leaf stomata closed and transpiration rate decreased, which lead to fast degradation of photosynthetic rate, furthermore inhibited maize growth and caused yield reduction.

  Effects of Topdressing Fertilizer Stage and Types on Yield of Summer Maize Varieties and Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency 2016, 32 (27):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120101 Abstract + ( 794 )   PDF ( 458KB )   ( 520 ) This study aimed to explore rational topdressing fertilizer stage and types for summer maize in wheat- maize double cropping system in south of Shanxi Province. Effects of topdressing fertilizer stage (jointing stage and bell stage), and topdressing fertilizer types (urea and diammonium phosphate, and only urea) on the yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency of different summer maize varieties were studied, using splitsplit plot design. Results showed that, the variances of main plot, split plot and split-split plot were significant. The kernel number and 100-grain weight were the key factors affecting the yield of summer maize. Average yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) of four maize varieties were‘Xianyu 335’＞‘Qiangsheng 51’＞‘Linyu No.3’＞‘Xundan 20’. Water use efficiency (WUE) of grain was‘Qiangsheng 51’＞‘Xianyu 335’＞‘Linyu No.3’＞‘Xundan 20’. For high-yield summer maize variety‘Xianyu 335’and‘Qiangsheng 51’, WUE and NFUE with topdressing urea and diammonium phosphate at jointing stage were higher than those of topdressing urea only. But topdressing urea at bell stage made the yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency higher than those of topdressing urea and diammonium phosphate. In wheat-maize double cropping system of south of Shanxi Province, topdressing urea and diammonium phosphate at jointing stage or topdressing urea at bell stage can achieve high yield and high efficiency of summer maize.

  Principal Component Analysis and Nutrition Comprehensive Evaluation of Amino Acid in Different Sugar Beet Varieties 2016, 32 (27):  69-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120174 Abstract + ( 719 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 575 ) The objectives of the study were to compare amino acid composition and content, and discuss the nutritional values of different sugar beet varieties. Sugar beet roots of 14 varieties were chosen to measure their amino acid and obtain the comprehensive evaluation on nutritional quality by using principal component analysis. The results indicated that sugar beet roots had 18 common amino acids, including 7 human body essential amino acids, and the composition was close to the recommended level of WHO/FAO. The amino acid content of sugar beet root achieved the ideal protein standard and higher than that of common fruits and vegetables, had high nutritional value. Three principal components were classified from 18 amino acids with principal component analysis. And a comprehensive evaluation model was established. Comprehensive evaluation of the amino acid content showed that‘Hong Xia’,‘BETA 807’,‘Hong Si liao’had better quality. Principal component analysis could be a feasible method to evaluate amino acid nutrition of sugar beet.

  Sugarbeet at Different Transplanting Periods: Basic Characteristics of Dry Matter Changes 2016, 32 (27):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050038 Abstract + ( 584 )   PDF ( 582KB )   ( 457 ) The authors studied changes of leaf area index (LAI), dry mater of aerial part and dry mater of hypogeal part, clarified impact of different transplanting periods, and determined the best transplanting date of sugarbeet after change of the sink-source relationship. The different transplanting periods were adopted by taking‘KWS6167’as the test material in the same nursery of seedlings, a total of four transplanting treatments were set, A: April 26, B: May 1, C: May 6 and D: May 11. The results showed that: the LAI was different in different treatments, and the duration of identical LAI was different in different treatments; the dry matter weight of aerial part in respective treatment was inconsistent, A, B and C treatment showed a single peak change trend, D treatment had an increase trend, there was a positive correlation between dry matter weight of aerial and leaf area index in all treatments; with the increase of LAI, the dry matter weight of hypogeal also increased so that they showed a significantly positive correlation from June 10 to August 10; with the decrease of LAI, the dry matter weight of hypogeal increased from August 10 to October 7, the dry matter weight of hypogeal and LAI showed a significantly negative correlation.

  New Cotton Planting Pattern in Coastal Saline-alkali Dry Soil 2016, 32 (27):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120046 Abstract + ( 689 )   PDF ( 702KB )   ( 478 ) In order to explore the new technology of cotton planting to save water, restrain salt, protect seedling and increase yield in coastal saline- alkali dry soil, the effect of V type ditch filming pattern and narrow broadcast sowing pattern was studied and the influences of the two planting patterns on soil pH, salt content, dry mater accumulation, bolls proportion, leaf area index, morphological characteristic and yield traits were investigated, taking the convention planting pattern as CK. The results showed that the two new patterns changed saline ions distribution in surface soil, soil pH increased by 3.3%-5.1%, the salt content in the soil layer of 0-20 cm under film reduced by 23.9%- 48.5%, which retarded saline-alkali and dry stress on cotton seedling. The V type ditch filming pattern could increase boll numbers in hot summer days and promote the prematurity of cotton, which increased the yield by 6.8% and significantly enhanced the production increase ability of cotton in saline-alkali dry soil; narrow broadcast sowing pattern could accelerate seedling growth, increase LAI and improve the proportion of reproductive organs. The research could provide technical support for the development and utilization of saline-alkali dry soil and the eastward shift strategy of cotton industry.

  Research Process of Ramie Intercropping Application 杨瑞芳,白玉超,李雪玲,黄敏升 and 崔国贤 2016, 32 (27):  88-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010011 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 547KB )   ( 477 ) Ramie is one of economic crops with Chinese characteristics, is the main export product in China. Due to the influence of the international market environment, Ramie industry increasingly depression, with other crops intercropping got more and more attention and concern. The research progress on intercropping planting at home and in the world was stated, the application value of ramie and its by-product was briefly introduced, the effects of ramie intercropping on physiological and biochemical, economic, ecological, such as crop pest control, soil heavy metal pollution repair, was analyzed. Finally, some key technical issues and solutions for the adoption on ramie intercropping were emphasized, In order to provide theoretical basis in the promotion of ramie intercropping.

  Situation and Development Strategy of Maca Industry in Yunnan 2016, 32 (27):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120105 Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 553KB )   ( 491 ) This paper aimed to provide references for planning and sustainable development of maca industry in Yunnan. Through a series of surveys, the situation of maca production was expounded from the aspects of maca cultivation region, processing enterprises, research status, existing problems and so on. Based on the survey, the authors put forward some advices, such as strengthening governmental macroeconomic control on maca industry, which included publishing suitable plantation areas, making reasonable planning, and maintaining moderate development, defining government function, establishing and perfecting the standardized system for maca production, promoting the deep- processing of maca products, developing the market, cultivating the leading enterprises, and building famous local brands.

  Biodegradation and Decolorization Effect of Flammulina velutipers 2016, 32 (27):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060040 Abstract + ( 742 )   PDF ( 907KB )   ( 482 ) To explore the degradation mechanism of dyes, the ligninolytic enzyme system was investigated in detail by analyzing the enzyme activity of laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP). At the same time, the decolorization effects on three kinds of chemical dye to fermentation liquid in different treatments were studied. The results showed that under liquid culture condition, the dyes could both be adsorbed by mycelium and transformed by the ligninolytic enzyme system which was secreted by Flammulina velutipes fermentation. However, the key substances to chemical dyes’ transformation was not laccase but mycelium adsorption, and the adsorption to different chemical dyes had certain selectivity. The adsorption effect of the dyes by the inactivated mycelia and the non killed mycelia was also different, which suggested that the temperature could change the surface structure of the cell and make it easier to adsorb the dyes in the solution. This study had essential application value for the current treatment of dyes.

  Screening and identification of Resistance to cadmium, chromium filamentous fungi 2016, 32 (27):  105-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010142 Abstract + ( 716 )   PDF ( 633KB )   ( 636 ) Eight resistant strains were screened from cadmium and chromium contaminated paddy soil by acclimation of concentration gradient approach. Five strains could endure 16 mmol/L maximum concentration of cadmium (Cd2 ), and four strains could endure 1000 mg/L maximum concentration of chromium (Cr2 ), and X29 strain could endure 16 mmol/L Cd2 and 1000 mg/L Cr2 . The strains were identified from morphological examination and 18S rDNA sequence analysis. Eight filamentous fungi belonged to Metarhizium anisopliae, Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium sp.. Strain35 and Strain55 belonged to Penicillium sp., and the other six strains belonged to different strains. The results not only provided important strains in cadmium and chromium pollution microbial remediation, but also implied that microorganism had good utilization potentiality in heavy metal degradation and remediation.

  Separation and Preparation of Diosmin from Mentha×gracilis by High Speed Counter-current Chromatograph High Speed Counter-current Chromatograph 刘雪辉,,,,, and 刘东波 2016, 32 (27):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010044 Abstract + ( 785 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 418 ) To investigate a suitable method for preparation of diosmin from Mentha × gracilis. The stems and leaves of Mentha × gracilis was extracted with 65% ethanol and purificated through AB-8 macroporous resin. A solvent system of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water-acetic acid (3:1:3:0.005, V/V) was used for isolation and preparation by HSCCC (high speed counter-current chromatography). The upper phase was used as the stationary phase, while the lower one was used as mobile phase. The optimum purification conditions were as follow: isolation was performed at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min under rotator speed of 1600 r/min. Temperature was 25℃ and detection wavelength was 254 nm. Fraction II were collected according to HSCCC chromatogram and then detected by HPLC, which was diosmin with the purity of 95.2%.

  Genetic Transformation of McCHIT1 Gene into Rice Shoot Tips via Agrobacterium-mediated Method via Agrobacterium-mediated Method 2016, 32 (27):  114-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010036 Abstract + ( 738 )   PDF ( 717KB )   ( 478 ) To improve the efficiency of genetic transformation of rice shoot tips via Agrobacterium-mediated method, a glutinous rice variety“Pingtang Heinuo”was used as the research material, the vector pCambia-Ubi-McCHIT1 with Ubi promotor driving bitter melon chitinase gene McCHIT1 was used as the transformation vector, we investigated systematically the influence of Agrobacterium concentration, vacuum treatment time and vacuum osmotic pressure on the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of rice shoot tips by orthogonal experimental design method. The results showed that, among the three factors, the vacuum treatment time was the key factor which influenced the transformation efficiency and death rate. The optimum Agrobacterium concentration was OD600=1.0, the optimum vacuum treatment time was 7 min and the optimum vacuum osmotic pressure was 15 kPa. The histochemical staining of GUS activity and the identifying of PCR amplification confirmed that McCHIT1 gene was integrated into the rice genome. It demonstrated that we had created a novel transgenic rice germplasm with McCHIT1, and developed a high efficiency genetic transformation system for rice shoot tips by Agrobacterium-mediated method.

  Disposing Domestic Sewage by Land Infiltration Technology in Alpine Region 2016, 32 (27):  121-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070003 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 505KB )   ( 482 ) The paper aims to solve the problems in disposing domestic sewage at farmers and herdsmen settlement, such as low water quality concentration, high cost and no professional manager and so on, land filtration system was intended to do experiment in living sewage treatment in alpine region, analyzed the removal efficiency at different conditions and determined optimum operating parameters. Experimental results showed that: the best process parameters in subsurface infiltration system were: the ratio of filler was 1:2, the surface soil thickness was 15 cm, hydraulic load was 7 cm/d. Subsurface wastewater infiltration system has good efficiency in removing pollutants in sewage and the effluent water can reach A standard urban sewage discharge standard level.

  Parameter Optimization of Building DEM of Typical Gully in Dry-hot Valley Based on Point Cloud ——A Case of Disjunctive Kriging Interpolation Method 2016, 32 (27):  126-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060001 Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 583KB )   ( 794 ) To explore the effect of interpolation parameters on Disjunctive Kriging (DK) interpolation on DEM precision, the authors took a typical gully of dry-hot valley in Yuanmou, Yunnan as an example, based on the field measured point cloud data, DEM was built by changing kernel functions, search points, search direction and smoothing factors of DK interpolation, and the DEM interpolation accuracy was evaluated by cross validation method and the verification of test data sets. The results showed that: (1) the DEM interpolated with Stable function was optimal in comparison with other functions; (2) the optimal search points was 2 to 5; (3) in comparison of different search directions, the DEM interpolated with directional search had higher interpolation accuracy than that of the DEM interpolated with non-directional search, and interpolated with four-directions was better than that of eight-directions; (4) the DEM interpolation error increased obviously when smoothing factor ≥0.8. By the optimization of interpolation parameters in DK interpolation method, the DEM with the high precision of 0.08 m was produced, which could provide references for the studies on gully.

  Soil Fertility of Apple Orchards in Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu Province 2016, 32 (27):  132-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020001 Abstract + ( 761 )   PDF ( 749KB )   ( 366 ) The spatial variation and its influencing factors of main fertility traits in apple orchard soil were estimated In Loess Plateau of Longdong. These 10 fertility traits from 31 representative orchard soils were tested. Chemical analysis and comparing method were selected in this experiment. The results showed that orchard soil pH and hygroscopic water content had little difference among the orchards. The field soils were similar. Soil organic matter and nitrogen nutrition level was lower. Soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus showed normal. Soil total potassium, available potassium and water soluble calcium content was generally at a high level. Hygroscopic water and total potassium content between different orchards was a weaker variation. Other nutrient content belong to moderate variation, variation coefficient in 14.33%-56.77%. Between the upper and lower layer, water soluble calcium and hygroscopic water content level was lower in upper layer than the lower layer, but other nutrient content level was on the contrary. So, we suggest the focus of apple orchard soil management is to increase soil organic matter, regulate soil ecological environment of rhizosphere, stabilize nitrogen content in normal, increase phosphorus content, limit the application amount of potassium compare to normal production activities, and regulate calcium by water and so on.

  Seasonal Variation in Beijing Under Global Warming: 1951-2014 2016, 32 (27):  141-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010157 Abstract + ( 918 )   PDF ( 934KB )   ( 700 ) The paper aims to clarify the seasonal variation characteristics under the background of global warming. The authors adopted correlation analysis and mutation test methods to study the beginning date and length variation characteristics of the four seasons and their relationship with temperature changes based on daily temperature data of Beijing Observatory during 1951-2014. The results showed that: (1) the perennial average beginning date of spring, summer, autumn and winter was April 3, May 26, September 16, November 3, respectively; there were a significant advancement in the beginning dates of spring and summer and a prominent delay in the beginning dates of autumn and winter in Beijing during 1951-2014; (2) winter was the longest season followed by summer and spring, while autumn was the shortest season; the summer in Beijing was prolonged during 1951-2014 which was influenced by the advancing of the beginning date of summer and the delaying of the beginning date of autumn, while the winter significantly was shortened which was influenced by the advancing of the beginning date of spring and the delaying of the beginning date of winter; (3) the annual average temperature in Beijing increased significantly with a linear-change-rate of 0.35℃/10a during 1951- 2014; it showed that the temperature change in Beijing had a significant effect on climate seasonal variation, when temperature increased, the beginning dates of spring and summer advanced, the beginning date of autumn delayed, overall the summer was prolonged; (4) the beginning date and length of the four seasons in Beijing had significant mutations around 1990. In conclusion, the temperature, the beginning date and the length of the four seasons in Beijing have a disequilibrium response to the climate warming.

  A Brief Analysis of Regional Blocking Rainstorm in Western Chongqing 2016, 32 (27):  149-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060015 Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 2162KB )   ( 386 ) Based on 34 meteorological observatories’daily (from 20:00 p.m. of the day to 20:00 p.m. of the next day) precipitation data in Chongqing from 1981 to 2010, and every 6 hour NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data with spatial resolution 2.5°×2.5°, the authors statistically used synthetic analysis method to study regional blocking rainstorm process in western Chongqing. The results were as follows: (1) the large-scale circulation background that led to regional blocking rainstorm process in western Chongqing was the steady‘two trough and one ridge’type, with the low trough of Lake Baikal and the low trough of the eastward Sichuan Basin having in- phase superposition, the subtropical high extending westward and maintaining stably, and the geopotential height field having the characteristics with‘lower value in the west and higher value in the east’; (2) the water vapor from the south China Sea was transported continuously to the western Chongqing providing favorable moisture condition for the generation and maintenance of the rainstorm process; (3) the temperature and humidity field both changed greatly after the rainstorm process; relatively strong warm advection existed around the rainstorm area before and during the rainstorm process, while obvious cold advection took its place after the process. The constant specific humidity line of 10 g/kg in 700 hPa and 15 g/kg in 850 hPa could be used as forecast reference indexes for the blocking rainstorm in western Chongqing.

  Risk Zoning of Lightning Disaster in Heze 2016, 32 (27):  156-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070039 Abstract + ( 538 )   PDF ( 651KB )   ( 586 ) The paper aims to clarify the scale of lightning disaster risk in different counties, and the mitigation of lightning disasters. Based on lightning location data and economic and social data, the authors adopted normalization method, analytic hierarchy process, weighted comprehensive evaluation method, took 4 evaluation indexes which were the risk of hazard factors, the sensitivity of hazard inducing environment, the vulnerability of hazard bearing body, and the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation, and chose 9 impact factors to establish lightning zoning model, and drew lightning disaster risk zoning map of Heze. The results showed that: Caoxian and Dongming were high risk value areas with hazard factors, these two areas also had a higher sensitivity of hazard inducing environment; Mudan and Dingtao were highly vulnerable areas with hazard bearing body; Mudan and Dongming had high ability of disaster prevention and mitigation; Caoxian and Dongming were high-risk areas of lighting disaster, sub-high-risk areas were Shanxian and Juye, moderate risk area was Dingtao, lower-risk areas were Chengwu and Yuncheng; Mudan and Yuncheng were classified as low-risk areas due to the high ability of disaster prevention and mitigation and lower hazard risks.

  Review on Processing and Utilization of Okra Fruit 洪建基 2016, 32 (27):  161-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020008 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 492KB )   ( 729 ) Okra fruit is rich in protein and pectic polysaccharide, and is a kind of new healthy vegetable with high nutritional value and utilization value. On the basis of research at home and abroad, the research status about okra fruit nutritional value, storage technology and the processing and utilization of okra fruit pod and seeds were introduced. Also, the development of okra industry was discussed in order to facilitate a further study on okra utilization. Therefore, the key steps to comprehensively promote the rapid development of okra industry are improving storage technology, deepening the research and development of processing technology, strengthening scientific research products transformation of okra fruit.

  Rapeseed Drying Characteristics: Based on Total Weight Measurement 2016, 32 (27):  165-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030130 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 783KB )   ( 412 ) Immediately drying is very important when rapeseed harvest encounter rainy weather in southern China. To grasp drying characteristics of rapeseed and the optimum drying working parameters is of great significance to develop new type of high efficiency and energy saving rapeseed drying equipments. In this paper, based on the principle of total weight measurement, a experimental device was developed, real-time control of parameters and data acquisition in the process of drying were realized as well. The device was applied to the research of rapeseed drying characteristics. The single factor and multi factor experiments were carried out in order to improve the precipitation rate and reduce the unit energy consumption by Using the medium temperature, average penetrate wind speed and tempering time as the main influencing factors of drying characteristics. Results indicate that the method of studying drying characteristics of rapeseed based on total weight measurement has the advantages of intuitive results, accurate measurement and good data continuity. And the optimum drying working parameters were obtained medium temperature is 75℃, average penetrate wind speed is 0.358 m/s, the tempering time is 30 minutes.

  Soil Sucrase: Detection Conditions Based on DNS Colorimetric 2016, 32 (27):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010021 Abstract + ( 1223 )   PDF ( 749KB )   ( 639 ) The aim was to detect the content of soil sucrase precisely. The effect of different wavelengths, the amount of chromogenic agent and toluene, heating time and the stable time of color on the content of soil sucrase detected by 3,5-2 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method was analyzed. The results showed that when the wavelength was 510 nm, the amount of reagent was 1.5 mL, the amount of toluene was 0.1 mL, the time of water bath was 5 min, storage time of the solution to be determined was less than 4 h, the stable time of color was between 0.5-2 h, the standard curve in the range of 0.25-2 mg had good linear relation (R2=0.9991), the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 9% , the recoveries were in the range of 96%- 109% , and the precision and accuracy of the test results were relatively high. The above method was safe, economical and efficient, and suitable for batch determination of soil sucrase.

  A Comparative Study on Different Extraction Methods for Plant Chlorophyll 2016, 32 (27):  177-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010102 Abstract + ( 1128 )   PDF ( 524KB )   ( 887 ) To explore the effect of different extraction solution to extract Boston ivy chlorophyll, the leaf chlorophyll of five leaf Boston ivy were extracted by four solution such as 80% acetone solution, 96% ethanol solution, 90% ethanol acetone mixed solution and 95% ethanol acetone mixed solution, respectively. The results showed that the chlorophyll solution absorption peak values and the extraction ability of different extraction solution are different with different plant chlorophyll extract solution, from big to small being 95% ethanol acetone mixed solution > 90% ethanol acetone mixed solution > 80% acetone solution > 96% ethanol solution. Compared with the grinding method, immersion method of extracting chlorophyll is more efficient. It can provide a certain reference function for accurate extraction and detection of plant chlorophyll.

  Quality Change of Paper-making Tobacco During Storage 2016, 32 (27):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050044 Abstract + ( 683 )   PDF ( 646KB )   ( 413 ) In order to study the quality change of paper-making tobacco during storage, two kinds of domestic paper-making reconstituted tobacco products were selected to analyze the changes in color appearance, aroma components and sensory quality in a one-year storage period. The ΔE values of the two kinds of paper-making tobacco products were calculated by L*, a* and b* values measured by an X- rite Color i5 colorimeter. Meanwhile, the change of their colors was observed and analyzed. The aroma components of the two papermaking tobacco products were determined by Simultaneous Distillation Extraction methods, and were analyzed comprehensively in terms of six categories such as aldehydes and ketones, and alcohols. Meanwhile, the scoring method developed by Guangdong Tobacco Industry Co. was chosen to evaluate the sensory smoking qualities of all samples. The results showed that: (1) the appearance, colors and ΔE values of both the reconstituted tobacco products dramatically increased with a prolonged storage, despite the contents of aroma components displayed a complicated‘up-down-up-down’tendency, the sensory smoking quality achieved the highest level at the middle stage of storage, followed by a notable reduction at the later stage; (2) based on analysis of aroma components and sensory smoking quality, reconstituted tobacco with a 2-8 month storage period had a better overall quality. Thus, the present investigation revealed that a suitable storage period is beneficial for stabilizing or enhancing the sensory smoking quality of cigarette products.

  Project Management of Shanghai Disneyland Green Planting Soil Production 2016, 32 (27):  187-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060016 Abstract + ( 867 )   PDF ( 1341KB )   ( 688 ) Urban planting soil had some widespread problems such as low hierarchy, too much slag gravel and construction waste, being compacted and poor fertility, etc. In order to solve the above problems and improve urban ecological environment, planting soil project of Shanghai Disneyland was used as a case to discuss the production of modified materials and planting soil. The management experience of the whole project supervision, including the original site control, process control, entry control of modified material, and the production process control of planting soil were described in detail. The results showed that strengthening the protection and utilization of soil resources, improving the quality of modified materials and the mechanization level of planting soil would improve the quality of green planting soil to some extent.

  Spatial and Temporal Disparities Evolution Study on Agricultural Economy Development in Shaanxi Province 2016, 32 (27):  194-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040058 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 644KB )   ( 465 ) In order study the characteristics of agricultural economic development in Shaanxi Province, and promote balanced development of regional agricultural economy, according to the cities’agricultural total output in Shaanxi, the differences of agricultural economy were measured by range, standard deviation and coefficient variation, the evolution characteristics of agricultural economy in temporal and spatial was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the development of agricultural economy in Shaanxi experienced four stages from 2001 to 2013, and each stage was different in growth rate; (2) obvious changes existed in the proportion of agricultural economy in three major regions, a slight decrease was found in Guanzhong area, a 3.09% reduction was found in southern Shaanxi and a 4.10% increase was found in northern Shaanxi; (3) the absolute gap of agricultural economy among cities continued to expand, and the relative gap changed in an irregular way; (4) the relative gap of agricultural economy in three major regions showed a polarization trend, the relative gap in southern Shaanxi expanded slightly, the relative gap in Guanzhong area remained stable and that in northern Shaanxi decreased rapidly and then increased slowly. Every region should take the advantage of resource superiority, develop featured agriculture and improve agricultural competitiveness.

  Problem of Fertilizer Application Increase in Rice and Countermeasures of“Zero Increase” 2016, 32 (27):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040153 Abstract + ( 650 )   PDF ( 560KB )   ( 519 ) The fertilizer application amount change trend was studied by referring to statistical yearbook and surveying on farmers’fertilization habit. This article analyzed the characteristics of fertilizer application increase in rice and provided references for“zero increase”of fertilizer in the production of rice and other crops. Statistics showed that the amount of fertilizer application showed an increasing trend year by year, the annual average growth rate was 1.387% during 2001 to 2015. The amount of fertilizer application on rice accounted for a big proportion in whole crop production. The growth rate of rice fertilizer amount from 2005 to 2015 was 55.4%, which was significantly higher than the physical volume growth rate (2.9%), the unreasonable N/P/K application was maintained. Based on this paper, to achieve the target of chemical fertilizer“zero increase”, the application of fertilizer should focus on the pure amount of fertilizer and follow the“four adjustments”and“four changes”.