Current issue

• 2020 Vol.36 No.12 Published:25 April 2020

  Crop Stomatal Conductance Model: Research Progress and Application Status Jiang Hanbing, Zhang Chuanwei, Zhang Yucui, Shen Yanjun 2020, 36 (12):  1-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010031 Abstract + ( 597 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1246KB )   ( 222 ) This review aims to provide theoretical references for model selection of crop water consumption and carbon-water exchange. The response of stomatal conductance to single and comprehensive environmental factors is summarized. The existing stomatal conductance models are classified and compared, including the empirical models constructed and improved based on Jarvis model, the semi-empirical models constructed and improved based on BWB model, the models constructed and improved based on ABA control and the models constructed and improved based on the guard cell swell control theory. The application of stomatal conductance model in crop water use research is also reviewed. The multi-scale joint mechanism model establishment with the entry point of the quantitative relationship between leaf stomatal conductance and canopy conductance will be the hotspots of future crop water consumption scale expansion research.

  Sowing Date and Amount Affect Yield Formation of Winter Wheat ‘Linyuan8’ Shi Xiaofang, Lu Lahu, Zhang Ting, Zhang Wei, Yuan Kai, Yang Bin, Qiu Songying 2020, 36 (12):  10-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010027 Abstract + ( 451 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1260KB )   ( 59 ) To determine the suitable sowing date and amount of winter wheat ‘Linyuan8’, the split plot design was used in this study. The number of wheat population at different developmental stages was determined by fixing 1 m uniform growth section in each plot. Thirty ears were selected from each plot at maturity, and the panicle length, the number of grains per panicle and the number of fruiting spikelets were detected. After drying grains, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were measured. The results showed that: (1)the population traits of wheat decreased with the delay of sowing date, and the total stem number increased with the increase of sowing amount; (2)with the delay of sowing date, the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight increased first and then decreased, with the increase of sowing amount, the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight decreased gradually; (3)with the delay of sowing date and the increase of sowing amount, the grain yield first increased and then decreased; the highest yield of 8722.58 kg/hm 2was achieved at the sowing amount of 300×10 4 grains/hm 2 on the sowing date of October 5, followed by the yield of 8678.25 kg/hm 2achieved at the sowing amount of 375×10 4 grains/hm 2 on the sowing date of October 12. Thus, the sowing date is the main factor causing the change of wheat yield and yield structure, the best sowing date of 'Linyuan8' is from October 5 to 12, and the sowing amount is 300×10 4 grains/hm 2 to 375×10 4 grains/hm 2.

  Ear and Kernel Moisture and Dry-down Rate of Two Groups of Maize Hybrids in Huanghuaihai Area Xu Guoping, Wang Aifang, Song Jinli, Wang Aifen, Li Ting, Yi Li, Wang Yibo 2020, 36 (12):  18-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010018 Abstract + ( 387 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1293KB )   ( 543 ) The cob, bract and kernel moisture and their rate of dehydration of major commercial hybrids were compared to obtain valuable information for crop management and breeding of fast kernel dehydration hybrids. Data were collected from seven major commercial corn hybrids in Huanghuaihai area using two sampling schemes: the multi-point continuous sampling (every third day) and three key time points sampling [kernel physical maturity (M), 10 days after M (M+10 d) and 20 days after M (M+20 d)], and the seven hybrid cultivars could be divided into two groups represented by ‘Zhengdan 958’ and ‘Xianyu 335’, which were 985 group (‘Zhengdan 958’, ‘Weike 702’ and ‘Zhongke 11’) and 335 group (‘Xianyu 335’, ‘Denghai 605’, ‘Yufeng 303’ and ‘Nonghua 101’). There was no obvious difference in the two groups of hybrid cultivars before physiological maturity, from M to M+20 d, the water content in grain of 335 group decreased from 32.0% to 22.6%, which could fit by y=-0.6757x+69.59. While that of 958 group decreased slowly from 34.1% to 28.2%, and could fit by y=0.0078x 2-1.3481x+85.065. From M to M+20 d, the content in cob of 335 group decreased from 59.0% to 45.3% with a decreasing range of 13.7%, while that of 958 group decreased from 71.0% to 59.1% with a decreasing range of 11.9%. 335 group had rather thick bract with fewer plies, longer kernel, fast water desorption. The results showed that 335 group is more suitable for mechanization harvest.

  Nitrogen Nutrition: Effects on Nutritional Function Characteristics and Grain Yield of Hulless Barley Wei Bin, Ma Zhanqin 2020, 36 (12):  26-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010020 Abstract + ( 480 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 33 ) To confirm the key nutritional function characteristics affecting the productivity of hulless barley under different nitrogen conditions, taking ‘Zangqing2000’ as the test material, we studied the effects of nitrogen levels on nutritional function characteristics and grain yield. The results showed that: compared with the nitrogen-free treatment, nitrogen application could increase the grain yield, plant height (PH), relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) significantly, but decrease the root mass per unit leaf area (RPL) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC); nitrogen application level had a positive correlation with PH, RGR and SLA, and a negative correlation with RPL and LDMC; the grain yield of hulless barley continued to increase, but the growth rate of grain yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen application, so that there was a quadratic curve relationship between grain yield and nitrogen level (y=-171.25x 2+1327.3x+10, R 2=0.958, P小于0.05); meanwhile, there was a significantly positive linear relationship between grain yield and PH (y=43.026x-2596.6, R 2=0.8994, P小于0.05), RGR (y=7178.7x-150.66, R 2=0.5361, P小于0.05), SLA (y=6.4604x+413.3, R 2=0.4153, P小于0.05), but a negative linear relationship between grain yield and LDMC (y=-29.668x+4045.7, R 2=0.4488, P小于0.05), and the grain yield had non-significant correlation with RPL (y=-2025.4x+2746.4, R 2=0.0579, P大于0.05). Those results prove that: the grain yield is promoted by PH, RGR and SLA, and inhibited by LDMC, and has non-significant correlation with RPL. So, the nutritional function characteristics (PH, RGR, SLA and LDMC) could be considered marker features affecting the productivity of hulless barley at the species level.

  Different Fitting Models of Photosynthesis-CO2 Response Curves of Peanut: Comparison Li Sijia, Chen Zhide, Wang Xiaojing, Yang Changqin, Zhang Guowei, Liu Ruixian 2020, 36 (12):  33-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120084 Abstract + ( 378 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1406KB )   ( 426 ) To select an appropriate model to fit the photosynthesis-CO2 response curve of peanut, six typical models (rectangular hyperbolic model, Michaelis-Menten model, non-rectangular hyperbolic model, exponential model, modified rectangular hyperbolic model, and modified exponential model) were adopted to fit the photosynthesis-CO2 response curves of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties (‘JS702’ and ‘JS713’). Results showed that all the six models could fit the photosynthesis-CO2 response curves of the two peanut varieties (R 2>0.95). All the six models overestimated the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), while the modified exponential model presented more realistic value for ‘JS702’, the non-rectangular hyperbolic model, the modified rectangular hyperbolic model and the modified exponential model presented more realistic values for ‘JS713’. The values of CO2 saturation point (Cisat) estimated by modified rectangular hyperbolic model and modified exponential model had small difference with the measured data, however, the Cisat estimated by other four models were significantly different from the measured data. The estimated values of the CO2 compensation point (Γ) by the six models were all close to the measured values, Γ calculated by modified rectangular hyperbolic mode, exponential model and modified exponential model were most consistent with the measured data for ‘JS702’, Γ calculated by modified rectangular hyperbolic model was more close to the measured data for ‘JS713’. The estimated values of the rate of photorespiration (Rp) by modified rectangular hyperbolic model and modified exponential model were close to the measured values for the two peanut varieties. All data suggested that the modified rectangular hyperbolic model and modified exponential model could well fit the photosynthesis-CO2 response curve for peanut to study the photosynthetic characteristics.

  Seed and Fruit of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. With Different Provenances: Genetic Variation of Morphological Traits Wang Xujun, Peng Cuiying, Zhang Yurong, Liang Junsheng, Zhou Yixiansen 2020, 36 (12):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190900679 Abstract + ( 495 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1258KB )   ( 83 ) To elucidate the genetic variation rule of seed and fruit morphological traits of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. at the provenance level, and provide a theory foundation for superior provenance selection of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua., the difference of the longitudinal, transverse and lateral diameter of fruit, the longitudinal, transverse and lateral diameter of seed, single fruit weight and 1000-grain weight of seed among different provenances of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. was compared by using 18 provenances as materials which were cultivated in the common garden experiment in Changsha. The results showed that: all the morphological traits of seed and fruit of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. with different provenances reached highly significant difference. There was a highly significant positive correlation of fruit traits, and so was that of seed traits. However, fruit traits and seed traits only had weak correlation. The different provenances of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. showed no obvious geographical variation. The broad sense heritability of seed morphological-traits of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua. was in strong genetic range at the provenance level, and they could be inherited stably. It is suggested that the 1000-grain weight can be used as the indirect index to select the superior provenance of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua..

  Temperature Affects the Quality and Quality Regionalization of Red Fuji Apple in East Gansu Zhang Moucao, Zhang Kexin, Jiang Huifeng, Zhou Zhongwen, Che Xiangjun, Zhang Junlin 2020, 36 (12):  46-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120124 Abstract + ( 455 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1393KB )   ( 74 ) To investigate the effect of temperature on the quality of red Fuji apples in east Gansu, and carry out apple quality regionalization, the maturity of red Fuji apple in 19 townships of Qingyang City from 2016 to 2017 was sampled, the sugar content and hardness were determined, and the aero-meteorological statistical method was used to analyze the sugar content, hardness with temperature. The results showed that the main factors that had positive contribution effects on sugar content were the average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature and average temperature after mid-September, the increasing effect of the average temperature in the early and middle October on sugar content was obvious, and the sugar content increased 0.265%-0.304% by each 1℃ increase. The main factors that had a positive contribution effect on hardness were the highest temperature in September, the lowest temperature in August, and the diurnal range from late July to mid-August and mid-October. Diurnal range in mid-October had greater effects on the hardness, the hardness increased 0.258 kg/cm 2 with each 1℃ rising. The sugar content of apple showed a quadratic curve with the average temperature from late September to early October. The hardness and the average diurnal range from July to September showed a cubic curve. Apple with sugar content less than 10.5% and hardness less than 6.43 kg/cm 2 belonged to poor quality zone. Apple with sugar content higher than 13.6% and hardness greater than 6.72 kg/cm 2 belonged to superior quality zone. Apple with sugar content of 11.2%-13.0% and hardness greater than 6.44 kg/cm 2 belonged to moderate quality zone. The quality of red Fuji apple is the best in Dongzhi tableland, central Qingyang.

  Soil Nutrient Characteristics of Fraxinus chinensis Plantation in Yellow River Delta Under Different Planting Patterns Li Xiaoyan, Meng Juan, Niu Ruirui, Zhai Honglian, Xue Pengfei 2020, 36 (12):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120110 Abstract + ( 371 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1066KB )   ( 62 ) To explore the planting model of Fraxinus chinensis plantation in the Yellow River Delta and improve the management level, 5-year-old Fraxinus chinensis was used as material, and the treatments were set up, including different planting densities and different intercropping crops. The stratified samplings in different planting soils were taken for the difference analysis. The results were as follows: (1) with the increase of soil depth, the contents of organic matter, alkali nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil decreased gradually; (2) planting density had great influence on the soil nutrient contents, the highest alkali nitrogen content in each soil layer was observed in the planting spacing of 1 m×1 m, however the highest available phosphorus content was obtained in the planting spacing of 3 m×3 m; (3) intercropping could alter the soil nutrients in a Fraxinus chinensis plantation, in comparison with un-planted areas, the contents of alkaline nitrogen in the areas of intercropping pumpkin and sweet potato decreased by 25.85% and 19.94%, and increased by 4.52% and 2.8% respectively in the areas of intercropping soybean and alfalfa; the organic matter contents of intercropping pumpkin, soybean, sweet potato and alfalfa decreased by 11.54%, 6.82%, 17.94% and 3.25%, respectively; (4) the larger the specification of Fraxinus chinensis with the same age, the more the available phosphorus content in the soil, whereas the contents of alkali nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter presented a decreasing trend. This study provides technical support and guidance for the planting patterns of Fraxinus chinensis plantations in the Yellow River Delta.

  Leaf Anatomical Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Megaskepasma erythrochlamys and Pachystachys lutea in Greenhouse Li Wei, Fu Zhe, Hao Xiaozhe, Li Qiuyu, Zhang Cuiping 2020, 36 (12):  58-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010007 Abstract + ( 426 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1238KB )   ( 39 ) To illustrate the leaf anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics of two Acanthaceae Plants, this study investigated Megaskepasma erythrochlamys and Pachystachys lutea in the greenhouse of Qingdao World Horticultural Exposition. The leaves were dissected and analyzed by paraffin imbedding method and the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured by CIRAS-3 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that in the same environment, the internal structures of the leaves of the two Acacia plants were similar, the upper epidermis was thicker than that of the lower, and the sponge tissue was thicker than that of palisade tissue. The photosynthetic indexes had differences, the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of Megaskepasma erythrochlamys were larger than those of Pachystachys lutea. However, the water use efficiency and the net photosynthetic rate of Pachystachys lutea were larger than those of Megaskepasma erythrochlamys.

  Two Strains of Topramezone Degrading Fungi: Isolation and Identification Pan Guoqiang, Yang Fengshan, Liu Xiaoxin, Ma Yukun, Fu Haiyan, Liu Chunguang 2020, 36 (12):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100862 Abstract + ( 476 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1653KB )   ( 278 ) To solve the problem of a large number of residues in soil caused by the long-term application of corn field herbicide topramezone, the enrichment and acclimation method was used to screen the strains, and the high efficiency liquid chromatography method was used to determine the degradation ability, and the species were identified by morphology and 18S rDNA sequence analysis in this study. The results showed that five fungal strains TOF1, TOF2, TOF3, TOF4 and TOF5, which could grow with topramezone as the sole carbon source, were isolated and purified from the soil using topramezone for a long time. The degradation efficiency of initial concentration 400 mg/L topramezone was 35.86%, 34.35%, 32.12%, 9.91% and 27.99% in seven days, respectively. TOF1 and TOF2 were found to be highly repeatable, through repeated degradation validation. These two strains were identified as Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium tardochrysogenum. The acquisition of these two species provides new resources for bioremediation of contaminated soil with topramezone.

  Different Matrix Activated Carbon: Atrazine Adsorption Yang Fengshan, Sun Cong, Yu Pingyan, Ma Yukun, Fu Haiyan, Liu Chunguang 2020, 36 (12):  68-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100829 Abstract + ( 337 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 47 ) To solve the problem of soil pollution caused by atrazine and look for the active carbon matrix with better adsorption effect, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the residue of atrazine solution and suspension after treatment with four kinds of biochar, such as coal, wood, fruit and bamboo, in order to detect its adsorption dynamics in atrazine solution and soil. The results showed that, the coal-based activated carbon had better adsorption effect on atrazine solution and suspension with initial concentration of 100 mg/L and 10 mg/L, and the adsorption rate was 5.651%-68.42%; when the initial concentration of atrazine was 100 mg/L, the adsorption rate of coal-based activated carbon for atrazine solution was up to 23.49% at 40 min; compared with the control group, when the initial concentration of atrazine was 100 mg/L, the residue concentration of atrazine in the soil treated with coal-based activated carbon was the lowest after 42 days, and the adsorption rate of activated carbon was 91.39%. In conclusion, coal-based activated carbon can effectively degrade the content of atrazine in solution and soil, which will lay a foundation for the improvement of atrazine contaminated soil.

  No-tillage Affects Soil Bulk Density Under Major Soil Types in China Hu Lifeng 2020, 36 (12):  73-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400012 Abstract + ( 501 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1244KB )   ( 230 ) No-tillage affects soil physical characteristics, especially for soil bulk density, and then affects crop growth. The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of no-tillage on soil bulk density in different soil types and different tillage regime regions, and to provide reference for no-tillage research. The papers about the effects of no-tillage or conservation tillage on soil bulk density, published from 1999 to 2019, were collected. The papers about the significant effects on soil bulk density in field experiment were analyzed. The results showed that the research of effects of no-tillage on soil bulk density was only conducted in a few soil types in China, mainly including black loess soil, paddy soil, black soil and cinnamon soil. The studies of tillage regime regions conducted in the three main grain production regions (the Huanghuaihai Plain, the Northeast Plain, the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River) accounted for 45.8% of the total research in China. Paper comparison indicated that only one third of the studies showed no-tillage decreasing soil bulk density, close to two thirds had the opposite results, meanwhile a few studies indicated that there was no significant difference between the effects of no-tillage and conventional tillage on soil bulk density. Previous studies reported that no-tillage could show different effects on soil bulk density in different experimental conditions, which was not related to soil types or tillage regime regions.

  The Basic Characteristics and Possible Causes of Warm Temperature in China in 2016/2017 Yu Qikai, Gao Zhen, Yao Suxiang 2020, 36 (12):  79-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120107 Abstract + ( 575 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 4298KB )   ( 155 ) Based on the monthly mean 2m temperature observation data of more than 740 stations and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly data, using dynamic diagnosis method, the abnormal warm winter phenomenon in China in 2016 to 2017 was studied. The results showed that the warm winter in China in 2016 to 2017 was mainly due to the weak Siberian high pressure and Aleutian low pressure, which led to the weak East Asian winter monsoon, so there was an abnormal southerly wind in China. The weakness of Aleutian low was caused by two factors. First, the sea surface temperature in Aleutian Islands was low, and the cold source corresponded to an abnormal high pressure, which led to the weakness of Aleutian low pressure. Second, the Aleutian low pressure was to the north of the outlet area of the upper westerly jet in the East Asian subtropical region. However, the outlet area of the westerly jet was located to the south in this winter, as a result, the Aleutian area deviated from the pressure relief zone of the jet stream outlet area, resulting in the weakening of the Aleutian low pressure. In addition, the westerlies were northward, and the zonal circulation dominated over the middle and high latitudes of the Asian continent, which was not conducive to the southward movement of cold air.

  Physiological and Biochemical Functions of CO in Plant: A Review Wang Qiong, Guo Yijing, Kang Lin, Zhang Shaoying, Yu Youwei, Song Xiaoqing 2020, 36 (12):  86-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120106 Abstract + ( 856 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1192KB )   ( 238 ) To promote the study of CO in plant physiology and biochemistry, we summarize CO biosynthesis way, the physiological function regulation of CO in plant, and the interaction between CO and other signaling molecules. It is concluded that there are few studies on the role and mechanism of CO during plant biotic stress. Therefore, the study of CO in this field will become the focus in the future.

  OsAAA1 Gene in Rice: Overexpression Vector Construction and Genetic Transformation Song Simin, Zheng Qiming, Li Shijiao, Deng Shiqi, Li Kun, Liu Xinqiong 2020, 36 (12):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100881 Abstract + ( 678 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1923KB )   ( 173 ) The objectives are to construct the overexpression vector with Flag tagged OsAAA1, obtain positive transgenic plants and detect expression of OsAAA1, in positive transgenic rice. The sequence of OsAAA1, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the cDNA template of Nip. The PCR product was cloned into Flag-tagged pU1301; after confirmation of PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing, recombinant plasmid was transformed to Nip by agrobacterium; when positive transgenic plants were verified by molecular identification, the expression of OsAAA1, was detected by Real-time PCR. The recombinant plasmid of OsAAA1,-pU1301-Flag was successfully constructed; after genetic transformation, thirty-three plants were differentiated; twenty-six transgenic plants were verified to be positive by molecular identification; the Real-time PCR results indicated that the expression of OsAAA1, was up-regulated to different degrees in twenty-three plants. Compared with the Nip, the expression of OsAAA1, was over 30 times in eight positive transgenic plants, in five of which the expression was even over 40 times. The overexpression vector with Flag tagged OsAAA1, was successfully constructed. Genetic transformation results showed that OsAAA1, with Flag-tag could be integrated into the genomic DNA of Nip, which could increase the expression of OsAAA1,. This study provides a basis for discovering functional proteins interacting with OsAAA1, in rice by using the Flag tag.

  Chromosome Analysis Based on an Improved Multiplex Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) Kong Lingna, Feng Yigao, Sun Bingxiao, Zhang Hui, Liu Xiaoxue, Chen Ying, Zhang Ruiqi 2020, 36 (12):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000778 Abstract + ( 597 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1465KB )   ( 93 ) The aims are to improve the identification efficiency of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), and simplify the operation procedure of M-FISH, develop and establish a new M-FISH test and observation system. In this present study, two synthesized oligonucleotide probes ((GAA)10, pAs1-1) and genomic DNA probe were used as mixed probes to test four alien chromosome lines, including the amphiploid ‘Jinghui1’, the whole arm translocation lines ‘NAU9918’ and ‘Yangmai 22’ and the small fragment translocation line ‘ST5V#4S-1’. The results showed that three probes used in one in situ hybridization could not only recognize all the exogenous chromosomes or chromosome segments in the background of common wheat, but also identify the real identifications of wheat and exogenous chromosomes (segments) according to the signal distribution of (GAA)10 and pAs1-1 in chromosome. Therefore, the improved M-FISH can be used to identify the chromosomes or chromosome segments of wheat and its wild relatives efficiently, and to establish the karyotype based on FISH rapidly.

  Plant Regeneration System Optimization of Ramie Somatic Cells He Pengliang, Jiang Meiyan, Deng Shuqiong, Wu Xudong, Jie Yucheng, Xing Hucheng 2020, 36 (12):  104-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010025 Abstract + ( 353 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1292KB )   ( 44 ) This experiment aims at exploring the optimization scheme of plant regeneration system of ramie somatic cell and provide theoretical and technical basis for tissue culture and variety improvement of ramie. In this experiment, ‘Xiangzhu 3’ was used as the test material to optimize the plant regeneration system of ramie callus induction, and then the optimized regeneration system was applied to the other four germplasms of materials, and the callus induction rate, the bud induction rate and the regenerated seedling rooting rate of the five germplasms were obtained. Differences of plant regeneration rates of somatic cells were compared among different genotypes. The results showed that the optimum callus induction medium for ‘Xiangzhu 3’ was MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.1 mg/L) and 6-BA (2.5 mg/L); the callus induction rate of ‘Xiangzhu 3’, ‘Xianfeng Dayelv’, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘Zhongzhu 1’ was 83.3%, 80.0%, 76.7%, 70.0% and 53.3%, respectively. The optimum bud induction medium for ‘Xiangzhu 3’ was 1/2MS medium supplemented with TDZ (0.5 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.02 mg/L) and IAA (0.03 mg/L); the bud induction rate of ‘Xiangzhu 3’, ‘Xianfeng Dayelv’, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘Zhongzhu 1’ was 28.4%, 21.2%, 12.8%, 8.9% and 4.9%, respectively. The optimum rooting medium of ‘Xiangzhu 3’ was MS medium supplemented with TDZ (0.02 mg/L) + NAA (0.05 mg/L) + IAA (0.02 mg/L). The rooting rate of ‘Xiangzhu 3’, ‘Xianfeng Dayelv’, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘Zhongzhu 1’ were all 100%.

  Optimization of Solid-state Fermentation for Spores Production by Trichoderma viride Yang Dandan, Wang Jianping, Ma Nana, Zhang Xinqing, Ni Jianlong, Pan Dongmei 2020, 36 (12):  111-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120119 Abstract + ( 491 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2061KB )   ( 980 ) The paper aims to use cheap raw materials in industrial production to ferment spores of Trichoderma viride. We used rice husk, wheat bran and corn flour as solid supporter for the fermentation of T. viride. Four factors, including the proportion of solid support, carbon source, nitrogen source and mineral salt, were studied for their influence on the production of spores by T. viride fermentation. By the single factor and orthogonal experiment (four factors and three levels), we found that the optimum medium formulation was: bran 50%, rice husk 30%, corn flour 20%, ammonium sulfate 1%, corn starch 2%, soybean cake 2%, calcium carbonate 0.5%. This study also found that when the fermentation was conducted for 7 days under the inoculation amount of 15%, fermentation temperature of 28℃, and the ratio of material to water of 1:0.70, the spores production could reach 7.62×10 9/g, after being dried naturally and the water content was less than 10%, the spores production could reach 1.286×10 10/g.

  Challenges and Prevention Countermeasures of Alien Invasion in China —Spodoptera frugiperda as an Example Li Weiwei, Liu Jiani, Gui Furong, He Shuqi, Chen Quanyan, He Guiwu, Chen Bin 2020, 36 (12):  120-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100857 Abstract + ( 664 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1346KB )   ( 264 ) The alien invasion is a far-reaching global issue, which has a major impact on the ecosystem, environment, health, society and economic development of countries. Especially in recent years, with the acceleration of global warming and global trade liberalization, the species and amounts of invasive alien species have shown a rapid growth trend, leading to an increasingly serious threat. Without effective prevention and countermeasures, the alien invasion may lead to “bioterrorism”. This paper takes Spodoptera frugiperda which is a major pest invading China in a large scale in FAO global warnings in January 2019, as an example, analyzes the impact of invading organisms on China’s economy, ecology and society, and illustrates the possible invasion pathways of alien organisms, and dissects the challenges of prevention countermeasures of alien biological invasion in China in the current era, and also proposes a series of comprehensive prevention and control measures according to the invasion characteristics and impacts of invading organisms, including improving the management mechanism of “unified supervision, division of labor and responsibility”, accelerating the legislation of invasive alien species, completing the well-structured and scientific management system, establishing the law and monitoring system, strengthening the basic research of invasive alien species and the establishment of prevention and control networks, and deepening the science popularization and education.

  Several Insecticides to Spodoptera exigua: Indoor Toxicity and Field Efficacy Zhang Xiuxia, Zhao Fangbin, Bai Tingting, Mao Xiaohong, Zhang Ansheng 2020, 36 (12):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100801 Abstract + ( 682 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1240KB )   ( 49 ) The paper aims to screen out the insecticides with high efficiency and low toxicity to control Spodoptera exigua, we determined the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of several insecticides on Spodoptera exigua by impregnation method. The results of laboratory tests showed that: the toxicity of several insecticides to Spodoptera exigua ranked as follows: emamectin-benzoate>idoxacarb>chlorfenamide; among them, emamectin-benzoate and indoxacarb had higher indoor toxicity to Spodoptera exigua, with LC50 value of 0.067, 1.806 mg/L, respectively; the results of field experiment showed that: the dosage of 1.5% emamectin-benzoate EC was 112.5, 150.0, 187.5 mL/hm 2 and the corrective control effect was more than 85% in 3, 7, 10 days after treatment; the dosage of 5% chlorfenamide suspension was 450, 675, 900 mL/hm 2 and the corrective control effect was more than 80% in 3, 7, 10 days after treatment; the dosage of 150 g/L indoxacarb EC was 450, 525 mL/hm 2 and the corrective control effect was more than 85% in 7, 10 days after treatment.

  Decomposed Liquids of Different Crops’ Straw Affect Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Aegilops tauschii Zhao Kongping, Liu Weitang, Zhu Baolin, Chen Xiutao, Wang Qian, Wang Jinxin 2020, 36 (12):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010004 Abstract + ( 410 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 90 ) Aegilops tauschii, one of the malignant weeds in winter wheat fields, has caused considerable economic losses for wheat production in China. To clarify the effect of crop straw on its ecological control, the effects of different concentrations of maize straw, oilseed rape straw, rice straw and rice hull decomposed liquid on seed germination rate, germination index, seedling height, root length and dry weight of Aegilops tauschii seed were studied by the petri-dish method and the little-cup method, respectively. The results showed that when the concentration was set at 6.25 mg/mL, the decomposed liquid of maize and oilseed rape straw promoted seedling dry weight of A. tauschii, but inhibited the other indexes. The decomposed liquid of rice hull inhibited the root length of A. tauschii, but promoted the other indexes. The decomposed liquid of rice straw promoted all the five indexes. However, when the concentration was above 50 mg/mL, the decomposed liquid of the four crops’ straw inhibited all the five indexes, and the inhibiting effects were enhanced along with the increase of the decomposed liquid concentration. In conclusion, the order of the allelopathic effect of crop straw decomposed liquid on A. tauschii was maize straw>oilseed rape straw>rice hull>rice straw. Moreover, the allelopathic effect on root was more obvious.

  Fishery Internet of Vessels Engineering System: Application Status Analysis Xu Shuo, Lu Feng, Guo Yudong, Wang Yu, Li Ao 2020, 36 (12):  139-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190700429 Abstract + ( 504 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2853KB )   ( 81 ) Fishery Internet of Vessels (FIoV) provides vessel-vessel and vessel-shore information interaction and smart services by carrying information perception, processing and transmission equipment, which has scientific significance and practical value in the fields of fishery production, overocean communication, safety management, fishery law enforcement and ocean detection. The current application situation and the evolution trends of FIoV engineering system are analyzed. The research status and development trends of perception layer, transport layer and application layer are reviewed in detail, then the major technologies and scientific problems involved are summarized. Based on the demands of fishing vessel detection, overocean communication, data fusion and data mining, the major obstacles in the development of FIoV in China are analyzed from the aspects of basic research, platform construction, cutting-edge technology, equipment engineering and standard system. Subsequently, the developing countermeasures of technological innovation for FIoV engineering system are pointed out. Finally, the suggestions are proposed with the goal of "breaking through key technology, developing core equipment, building basic platform and forming innovation ability" and the route of "exploration period, deployment period and expansion period".

  Effect of Aquaculture on Saline-alkali Migration of Saline-alkali Land in Gansu Wang Jian, Liu Xingguo, Zhu Hao, Cheng Guofeng 2020, 36 (12):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190800500 Abstract + ( 465 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1492KB )   ( 111 ) To study the effect and mechanism of “using aquaculture to curb alkali saline-area” model on the saline-alkali land, the saline-alkali land in Jingtai County was used as test field, the solodization effect of aquaculture technology on sandy saline-alkali soil and loam saline-alkali soil was compared. The effects of aquaculture on saline and alkali migration were studied by regularly monitoring and analyzing the changes of water quality parameters in different types of soil and water before and after fish culture. The results showed that the aquaculture model could improve the soil environment of saline and alkaline areas to some extent, and the control effect on sandy soil was better than that on loam soil. In addition, the ammonia nitrogen produced during the cultivation did not show an upward trend, which indicated that it did not cause secondary pollution to the local area. The results of this study provided theoretical and technical support for the application and promotion of “using aquaculture to curb alkali saline-area” model in northwest China.

  Research Progress and Prospects of Factors Affecting Rice Eating Quality Xi Min, Ji Yalan, Wu Wenge, Xu Youzun, Sun Xueyuan, Zhou Yongjin 2020, 36 (12):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000732 Abstract + ( 371 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1104KB )   ( 178 ) Improving the eating quality of rice is an inevitable requirement to enhance China’s rice quality and its international competitiveness. In view of the slow research progress of rice quality, especially the eating quality in China, the high quality production and industrialization of rice under the large-scale production are severely restricted. Therefore, this paper analyzes the relationships between rice eating quality and physicochemical indexes which are closely related to rice eating quality, and summarizes the main cultivation techniques that affected the formation of rice eating quality and their research progresses. On this basis, the paper studies the causes of the slow progress on rice eating quality research and the existing problems, and puts forward development countermeasures to improve the palatability of rice under the large scale production in China.