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• 2024 Vol.40 No.20 Published:15 July 2024

  Impact of Different Crop Rotation Patterns on Quality of Premium-tasting Japonica Rice and Regulatory Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization SONG Yunsheng, GU Junrong, JIN Meijuan, CAO Penghui, YU Yajie, YUAN Caiyong, DONG Minghui 2024, 40 (20):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0627 Abstract + ( 95 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1230KB )   ( 62 ) This study aimed to investigate the effects of different crop rotation patterns and nitrogen fertilizer strategies on the quality of premium-tasting japonica rice. Experiments were conducted by using three crop rotation patterns, including rice-wheat, rice-milk vetch, and rice-morchella. Two nitrogen fertilizer levels were set, including 10% reduction and the regular application rate. Additionally, four nitrogen fertilizer ratios were set based on the base tiller fertilizer to panicle fertilizer ratio. The results indicated that the rice-morchella rotation pattern, combined with 10% reduction in fertilizer application and 6:4 nitrogen fertilizer strategies, was most effective in optimizing the processing and appearance quality of rice. The brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and heading rice rate reached 85.17%, 80.38%, and 72.60%, respectively. The chalky grain rate, chalky size, and chalkiness were 7.33%, 18.17%, and 1.33%, respectively. In terms of cooking taste and nutritional quality, the rice-milk vetch rotation combined with 10% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer and 6:4 nitrogen fertilizer ratio was the best, and the amylose content, gel consistency, and protein content were 13.68%, 83.94 mm, and 6.65 g/100g, respectively. The rice-morchella rotation, with 10% reduction and 6:4 fertilizer ratio, amylose content, gel consistency, and protein content were 12.41%, 85.14 mm, and 6.23 g/100 g, respectively, which was a relatively better combination. RVA spectrum analysis revealed that both the rice-milk vetch and rice-morchella rotations demonstrated elevated peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, and breakdown values under 10% reduction and 6:4 ratio. In conclusion, the study confirmed that the quality of premium-tasting japonica rice could be effectively enhanced through reasonable crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizer management strategy. The rice-morchella and rice-milk vetch rotations had positive effects on the processing quality, appearance, cooking taste, nutritional attributes, and RVA spectrum values of rice when subjected to 10% nitrogen reduction and 6:4 fertilizer strategies.

  Preliminary Discussion on Creation of New Technology of Raising Mechanical Transplanting Seedling and Model Construction of Rice-Rice-Rapeseed Triple Cropping System in Double-Cropping Rice Area of China WEN Xixian, SUN Mingzhu, LIU Kaili, LUO Xiya, JIAO Min, ZOU Shangfeng, HU Yu 2024, 40 (20):  9-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0691 Abstract + ( 84 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 61 ) This paper summarizes the development status of the rice-rice-rapeseed triple cropping system in Jiangxi Province, and analyzes the current situation that farmers do not accept the model of rice-rice-rapeseed triple cropping system due to the superposition of the two factors of intensive crops rotation and low comparative benefit. It is clear that solving the bottleneck restriction of intensive crops rotation is the key to break farmers' refusal to accept the rice-rice-rapeseed model. Furthermore, for solving the bottleneck problems and symptoms of rice and rape machine sowing seedling transplanting, the new technical goal of cultivating long seedling age with tillers and strong seedlings was put forward. The pot blanket plate was used to realize the precise, sparse and uniform sowing, and the 35-day long seedling age and strong seedlings of early rice and the 30-day long seedling age with tillers and strong seedlings of middle and late rice were cultivated, so as to solve the contradiction of the intensive crops rotation of triple cropping system.

  Study on Difference of Seedling Growth and Physiological Characteristics Between Three-way Cross Rapeseed and Its Parents Under Different Water Stress PENG Duozi, DAI Yue, ZHANG Qi, CHEN Hao, YANG Liu, ZHANG Zhenqian 2024, 40 (20):  20-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0679 Abstract + ( 109 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1407KB )   ( 21 ) Drought and flood disasters have a significant impact on rapeseed production, seriously affecting its yield and quality. This study used a pot experiment to study the effects of normal water content (control), mild waterlogging, moderate waterlogging, moderate drought, and severe drought conditions on growth and physiological characteristics of the three-way cross rapeseed ‘159-6’בFengyou 520’, its parent ‘Fengyou 520’ (20A×C3R) and‘159-6’. The results showed that under normal water conditions, the fresh weight of three-way cross rapeseed was higher than that of hybrid parents and inbred line parents, and CAT activity was higher than that of inbred line parents. The dry weight, chlorophyll content, SOD and POD activity were significantly lower than those of both parents (p<0.01). Under different degrees of waterlogging and drought stress, the chlorophyll content of three-way cross rapeseed was higher than that of the control, and significantly higher than that of its parents (p<0.05). The dry weight of three-way cross rapeseed under mild waterlogging and severe drought stress was 80% and 20% higher than that of its hybrid parents, and 200% and 100% higher than that of its inbred parents, reaching a highly significant level (p<0.001). Under mild waterlogging and moderate drought stress, the SOD activity was 44.8% and 62.1% higher than the hybrid parents, and 179.9% and 48.7% higher than the inbred parents, reaching a highly significant level (p<0.001). The POD activity under moderate and severe drought stress was 64.1% and 22.6% higher than that of hybrid parents, 154.2% and 91.1% higher than that of inbred parents, reaching a highly significant level (p<0.001); Under severe drought stress, the soluble sugar content was 46.9% higher than that of the hybrid parent, reaching a significant level (p<0.05). Three-way cross rapeseed has better waterlogging resistance and drought resistance compared to its parents. Three-way cross rapeseed has significant advantages over its parents under different water stress. This study can provide reference for the breeding and large-scale promotion of new varieties of waterlogging and drought tolerant rapeseed.

  Effect of Stalk Picking and Topdressing Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Rapeseed LI Zijing, LV Weisheng, LUO Junyuan, WANG Xinyue, ZHANG Chen, XIA Jing, LIU Xiaosan, YU Xiaoyun, XIAO Guobin, CHAI Xiaoming 2024, 40 (20):  27-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0658 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 92 ) To provide reference for the promotion of the oil-vegetable double usage rapeseed cultivation model, this study used ‘Ganyouza 8’ as the experimental material to analyze the changes in the growth process, yield, and rapeseed quality of rapeseed under four treatments: no stalk picking, stalk picking but no topdressing, urea application after stalk picking, and compound fertilizer application after stalk picking. The results showed that stalk picking and topdressing treatments prolonged the growth period of rapeseed by 5 days and 2 days, respectively. Stalk picking treatment reduced the yield and oil production rate of rapeseed by 3.99% and 6.64%, respectively, without reaching a significant level. It would significantly increase the protein content of rapeseed by 4.11%. Compared with the treatment of stalk picking without topdressing, the treatment of applying compound fertilizer after stalk picking significantly increased the yield of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and protein, with increase rates of 12.07%, 15.14%, and 7.97%, respectively. In short, applying compound fertilizer after stalk picking is an effective agronomic measure,which could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of stalk picking on rapeseed, and simultaneously improve the yield and quality of rapeseed seeds.These findings provide important practical guidance for the cultivation and management of oilseed rape..

  Effect of Different Planting Densities on Yield and Quality of Cigar Filler Tobacco in Jinsha River Basin of Zhaotong ZHU Xuntian, LI Feng, YANG Junzhang, XU Yongbo, CHEN Hua, YUAN Kun, LUO Ming, FENG Qian, CHEN Min, LI Zuosen, LUO Yigui 2024, 40 (20):  31-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0680 Abstract + ( 83 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1284KB )   ( 40 ) In order to explore the optimal planting density of cigar filler tobacco variety in Jinsha River basin of Zhaotong, field comparison test was conducted with ‘Yunxue 39’ as the test material, and three different densities of row spacing of 110 cm, plant spacing of 35 cm, 40 cm and 45 cm. The effects of different planting density treatments on the growth period, botanical characters, agronomic characters, disease resistance, tobacco appearance quality, chemical composition and yield quality of ‘Yunxue 39’ were studied. The results showed that when the planting density was 110 cm row spacing and 40 cm plant spacing, ‘Yunxue 39’ had the best field agronomic traits, lower natural incidence in the field, more suitable appearance quality and output value of fresh tobacco leaves, and the best quality of tobacco leaves after drying. The total nitrogen content, chlorine and potassium ratio were similar to the cigar filler tobacco varieties from Colombia, Nicaragua and other high-quality cigar producing areas. The highest content of abiethanol was 0.09 mg/g. Therefore, the suitable planting density for ‘Yunxue 39’ in Jinsha River basin of Zhaotong City is 110 cm row spacing and 40 cm plant spacing.

  Effects of Rhizophagus intraradices on Biomass of Rotational Cropping and Alternate Cropping Soybean ZHANG Min, JIE Weiguang, TAN Yiwen, KAN Lianbao, MENG Jianxia, SUN Shanshan, ZHANG Yong, SHI He, ZHANG Siyi 2024, 40 (20):  37-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0868 Abstract + ( 106 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 90 ) The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Rhizophagus intraradices in alleviating alternate cropping resistance and increasing soybean biomass. The soybean variety ‘Heinong 48’ was used as experimental material. The spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the colonization rate of AM fungi, and the soybean biomass were determined using wet sieve decantation-sucrose centrifugation, alkali separation-acid fuchsin method and direct measurement, respectively. The results showed that the AM fungi spore density in the rhizosphere soil of rotational cropping soybean field was 2.2 times higher than that of alternate cropping soybean field. Under natural soil conditions, the AM fungal colonization rate of soybean roots and soybean biomass significantly increased after inoculation with R. intraradices in the rotational cropping and alternate cropping soil compared to the untreated group. Additionally, the root length was the most significantly increased by 31.60% and 33.57%, respectively. The soybean biomass inoculated with R. intraradices in the rotational cropping soil was similar to that of the untreated group in the alternate cropping soil. Under the same inoculation conditions, the AM fungal colonization rate of soybean roots and the soybean biomass in the sterilized soil were lower than those in the natural soil. This study laid a theoretical foundation for alleviating the obstacle of soybean alternate cropping resistance and improving soybean yield.

  Differences in Inter-root Soil Metabolites of Ginseng Under Different Cultivation Patterns JIAO Jinlong, SHI Rui, WANG Yonggui, WANG Huiling, ZHANG Ao, YAN Xingru, WANG Shu, HE Xiahong 2024, 40 (20):  46-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0662 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2332KB )   ( 257 ) The study aims to investigate the differences in inter-root soil metabolites between forest-grown ginseng (PSM) and ginseng grown on farmland (NPSM), and provide a scientific reference for improving the quality of forest-grown ginseng. The study employed GC-MS/MS assay and molecular biology analysis to compare the inter-root soil metabolites of the two types of ginseng. We detected a total of 68 metabolites in the inter-root soil of wild-like forest cultivated ginseng and farmland cultivated ginseng. Among these metabolites, 17 were significantly different, with 14 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated metabolites. The detected metabolites included sugars, lipids, organic acids, esters and other substances. Sugars accounted for 47% of the total significant differential metabolites, which was the largest category of differential metabolites. These different metabolites in rhizosphere soil could directly or indirectly affect the quality of forest ginseng. This study examined the differences in inter-root soil metabolites between forest-cultivated ginseng and farmland-cultivated ginseng. The findings provided a scientific reference for improving the quality of forest-cultivated ginseng and exploring the cultivation environment of forest ginseng to overcome the obstacles of ginseng continuous cropping, improving the medicinal and edible value of forest ginseng and to provide new ideas and methods for the rural revitalization strategy of the understory ginseng industry in the northeast region of China.

  Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Soil Nutrients and Fertility Evaluation of Tobacco-planting Soil in Tobacco-rice Rotation Area of Hunan Province HAO Hanchi, LI Yao, XIAO Ziman, CHEN Shasha, PENG Sai, LIN Xiaoruo, SU Mengjie, XIAO Yansong, LI Xiaohui, LIU Yongjun, HOU Hongbo, LONG Jian, PENG Peiqin 2024, 40 (20):  54-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0637 Abstract + ( 84 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 232 ) To clarify the change characteristics and current soil fertility level of tobacco-planting soil in the tobacco-rice rotation area of southern Hunan Province, and provide theoretical basis for better management of tobacco-planting soil resources and soil improvement through fertilizer cultivation, soil pH, organic matters and key elements of 10 regions under the administration of Chenzhou City and Yongzhou City in 2010, 2015 and 2022 were comprehensively analyzed, and the changes of soil fertility were evaluated systematically as well. The results showed that, compared with 2010, the pH and available manganese of tobacco soil in the southern Hunan tobacco rice rotation area in 2022 were relatively stable, while soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total potassium and available molybdenum decreased by 9.78%, 19.71%, 32.37% and 66.67%, respectively. However, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium increased significantly by 26.37%, 76.78% and 122.53%, respectively. The trace elements in soil (water-soluble chlorine, available iron, available copper, available boron and exchangeable magnesium) also increased significantly. After 12 years of production and utilization, the comprehensive fertility value of soil in all regions of southern Hunan was improved, and the overall comprehensive fertility index of rice-growing tobacco area was increased by 0.190 units, and the fertility grade was increased from medium to higher grade, the soil fertility was significantly improved. Above all, under the premise of stabilizing the soil pH value, tobacco fertilization should strictly control the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, increase the application of molybdenum, maintain the amount of manganese, and reduce the amount of medium and trace element fertilizers such as chlorine and zinc.

  Effects of Different Fertilization Rates on Yield of Mesona chinensis Benth and Soil Bacterial Diversity HUANG Yuan, ZHU Yanxia, WEI Fan, LIN Yang, TANG Danfeng 2024, 40 (20):  65-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0603 Abstract + ( 94 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1846KB )   ( 203 ) The effects of different fertilization rates on Mesona chinensis Benth yield and soil bacterial diversity were studied. Field cultivation experiment was conducted. Four treatments with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers were set up. Weighing method was used to measure the yield of different treatments, Pacbio sequencing platform was used to construct bacterial 16S rRNA gene library in rhizosphere soil of Mesona chinensis Benth, and high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were conducted. The results showed that the yield of Mesona chinensis Benth increased first and then decreased with the increase of fertilization amount. The diversity of bacteria species in rhizosphere soil decreased first and then increased with the increase of fertilization amount. Compared with the control, the dominant population and its content in the soil treated with 300, 450 and 600 kg/hm2 compound fertilizer at the phylum level changed less, at the order level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidales and Xanthomonadales increased, at the genus level, the number of unclassified Acidobacteriales decreased significantly, and at the species level, the abundance of Staphylococcus epidermidis decreased significantly. The NMDS analysis showed that the soil bacterial diversity of non fertilization and fertilization amount of 300 kg/hm2 was different from other treatments, and there was no significant difference between the soil bacterial community diversity of 450 and 600 kg/hm2. The application of 300~450 kg/hm2 compound fertilizer could significantly increase the Mesona chinensis Benth yield and significantly reduce the diversity of soil bacterial diversity. The enrichment of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes and Bacteroidales were greatly affected by fertilization. When the amount of fertilizer was 300 kg/hm2, it was significantly increased. Based on comprehensive consideration, 300 kg/hm2 was the best amount of fertilizer for planting Mesona chinensis Benth.

  Effects of Different Slow (Controlled) Release Fertilizers on Fertilizer Reduction and Efficiency, Soil Fertility and Enzyme Activity of Rice LOU Ling, YUAN Hangjie, LI Dan, SHEN Jianguo, YANG Wenye 2024, 40 (20):  73-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0673 Abstract + ( 86 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 31 ) To explore the efficiency of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers in rice, this experiment set up four treatments of conventional fertilization, organic slow-release fertilizer, mixed fertilizer, and Yongxiao slow-release fertilizer. The rice yield and soil chemical properties were measured in each plot, and the effects of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers on rice reduction and efficiency, soil fertility and enzyme activity were evaluated by combining with the analysis of soil enzyme activity and other indicators. The results showed that after two consecutive years of trial implementation, when the fertilizer nutrients quantity decreased by 15%, the cost-saving and fertilizer reduction effect of Yongxiao slow-release fertilizer was the best. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in rice grains was basically proportional to the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer applied in each treatment. After the implementation of the four different treatments, the content of soil organic matter and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen were increased. The increase amplitudes of the three slow (controlled) release fertilizer treatments were higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatments, while the content of soil available phosphorus and available potassium were decreased after the experiment. After the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer, the activities of soil urease, protease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase were higher than those after conventional fertilization. This experiment indicated that the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer was beneficial for improving the activities of four soil enzymes and improving soil biological characteristics.

  Study on Micro-stratification of Soil Properties in Weak Structure Topsoil under Hydroponic Tillage Condition WANG Ze, ZHANG Lijun, ZHU Jie, ZHANG Mingkui 2024, 40 (20):  78-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0659 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1094KB )   ( 10 ) Due to the selective settlement of soil particles, hydroponic tillage in weakly structured farmland soil can lead to the difference in material composition between the upper and lower parts of the cultivated layer. To understand whether this difference will result in the differentiation of soil properties, this paper selected representative farmlands, compared and analyzed the differences in soil properties between the upper and lower parts of the tillage layer under the hydroponic and dry tillage, and also compared them with the well-developed structure soil. The results showed that there were significant differences in particle composition, organic matter, total nitrogen content, CEC, available phosphorus, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon and the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb between the upper and lower soils of the weak structure farmland subjected to long-term hydroponic tillage condition. The coarse particles (gravel and sand) increased from top to bottom, while the fine particles (clay) decreased from top to bottom. From 0-2 cm soil layer to 18-20 cm soil layer, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and CEC decreased by 49.77%, 48.77% and 38.25%, respectively, and soil available phosphorus, available potassium and microbial biomass carbon decreased by 21.23%, 13.54% and 29.24%, respectively. From 0-4 cm soil layer to 16-20 cm soil layer, the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb decreased from 27.43-28.33, 65.45-71.43, 0.13-0.15 and 24.73-27.65 mg/kg to 23.74-24.32, 53.66-54.54, 0.053-0.067 and 18.78-19.54 mg/kg, respectively. However, the change in soil pH was not obvious. Long term hydroponic tillage in well structured farmland had little or no effect on the above characters. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, CEC, available nutrients, microbial biomass carbon, Zn and Pb in the soil tillage layer under long-term dry tillage also decreased with depth, but the difference between the top and bottom was small, and the tillage had no significant effect on the distribution of particle composition, pH, Cu and Cd in the tillage layer of well structured soil. The study suggested that long-term hydroponics tillage could lead to the micro-stratification of soil properties in the weak structure tillage layer, lead to material heterogeneity, affecting the absorption of soil nutrients by crops. Attention should be paid to the improvement of structure for the weak structure tillage layer.

  Application Status of Anaerobic Digestion Technology in Treatment of Organic Waste WANG Zhaoxuan, AO Guoxu, GE Jingping, SUN Shanshan, LING Hongzhi 2024, 40 (20):  84-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0854 Abstract + ( 122 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1320KB )   ( 795 ) This study focuses on evaluating the application of anaerobic digestion technology in the treatment of organic waste, conversion into renewable energy and organic fertilizers, and exploring the mitigation effects of that on the environment. The effects of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, volatile fatty acids, hydraulic residence time and pH on the efficiency and stability of anaerobic digestion were analyzed by literature review. The results show that these parameters have significant effects on promoting microbial activity, accelerating organic decomposition and maintaining stable operation of the system. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion technology is verified by the typical studies of organic wastes such as corn stalks, livestock manure and food waste, and the structure and function of key microbial communities in the process are elaborated, including the mechanisms of action of bacteria and archaea at different stages such as hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. In addition, the generation of toxic substances and its management strategies are also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study suggest that improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, developing new reactor technologies, and strengthening research on microbial population will help make anaerobic digestion technology more efficient, stable, and widely applied in the future.

  Study on Effects of Nitrogen Reduction with Morchella Waste Returing to Paddy Field in Rice-morchella Rotation JIN Meijuan, WANG Haihou, GU Junrong, DONG Minghui 2024, 40 (20):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0644 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1380KB )   ( 12 ) To explore the effect of morchella waste returning on rice production and its potential to replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer in “rice-morchella rotation”，a pot experiment was set up in 2022. Three treatments were designed in the experiment, which were “morchella waste returning to paddy field + conventional fertilization(H1)”, “morchella waste returning to paddy field + nitrogen fertilizer 10% reduction (H2)”, “no morchella waste returning to paddy filed + conventional fertilization (CK)”. The rice yield and yield components, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of plant, the changes of soil organic matter, pH value and available nitrogen content were measured, and the production effect of nitrogen reduction with morchella waste returning was analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK, the rice yield of H1 was increased by 4.0% and that of H2 was decreased by 0.32%. The rice yield components of H1 were better than those of CK, which concrete embodied that the effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and the spike rate of H1 were increased by 3.1%, 1.7%, 3.7% and 6.1%, respectively. The effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of H2 were decreased by 1.0%, 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively, while the thousand-grain weight and spike rate were increased by 1.3% and 6.4%. However, there was no significant difference in yield and its components among H1, H2 and CK (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in dry matter accumulation at different stages and nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency at maturity among different treatments (P>0.05). The returning of morchella waste was beneficial to improve the content of soil organic matter and ammonium nitrogen in paddy field. The soil organic matter content of H1 and H2 at rice mature period were both higher than that of CK, and the difference between H1 and CK was significant (P<0.05). The soil ammonium nitrogen content of H1 and H2 was 28.8 % and 7.7 % higher than that of CK (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in nitrate nitrogen content among treatments (P>0.05). Based on the indexes such as dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency，soil fertility and so on, morchella waste consumption and utilization in paddy field in rice-morchella rotation did not affect the rice growth and yield formation, and had positive effects on paddy soil fertility. Therefore, 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction (replacing 10% chemical nitrogen) with the morchella waste returning to the paddy field in rice production had no significant effect on the stability of rice yield.

  Analysis of Meteorological Conditions and Evaluation Model for Red Cartridge Kiwifruit Black Spot Disease SHI Yan, CHI Zaixiang, BAI Hui, XU Yi, LI Xiuya, ZHENG Guoyi 2024, 40 (20):  99-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0663 Abstract + ( 71 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1200KB )   ( 51 ) With the continuous expansion of planting scale of kiwifruit in Guizhou, the harm degree of black spot disease of kiwifruit is increasing, and the economic loss is also increasing. This paper analyzed the characteristics of continuous rainy weather in May-July from 2020 to 2022 by using the survey data of 20 red cartridge kiwifruit bases such as Guizhou Miluo and their fruit black spot disease, and the daily average temperature, precipitation, average relative humidity and average low cloud cover during the growth period of red cartridge kiwifruit from May 1 to July 31. The quantitative relationship between black spot disease and continuous rainy weather was discussed according to the occurrence place and incidence of black spot disease, and the threshold of continuous rainy weather was determined. The results showed that black spot disease of red cartridge kiwifruit was closely related to varieties. During the growth period of red cartridge kiwifruit from May to July, when the continuous rainy weather was 15 days and above, the daily average temperature was 20.0℃ and above, the daily average relative humidity was 90% and above, and the daily average low cloud cover was 0.90 and above, black spot disease would definitely occur in red cartridge kiwifruit. This index can be used as a meteorological early warning index for the occurrence of black spot of red cartridge kiwifruit. The meteorological disaster assessment model of red cartridge kiwifruit black spot was established to provide scientific reference for the meteorological assessment service of red cartridge kiwifruit production.

  Analysis of Impact of Freezing Damage from April 28th to 29th, 2023 on Flowering Period of Apples in Longdong QIU Ninggang, ZHANG Tianfeng, ZHOU Zhongwen, ZHANG Hongfen, CHEN Fan, SONG Yanan 2024, 40 (20):  109-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0087 Abstract + ( 233 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1375KB )   ( 158 ) The aims were to optimize apple planting areas, improve varieties, increase the output value of economic forests and fruits, revitalize rural economy, and achieve high-quality development of fruit industry. Taking the severe freezing damage process of apples in Longdong from April 28th to 29th, 2023 as an example, the hourly meteorological element changes during this process in representative areas of apple cultivation in Longdong, such as Qingcheng (Chicheng), Heshui (Hejiapan), Xifeng (Wenquan), Ningxian (Zaosheng, Panke), Zhengning (Gonghe), Zhenyuan (Fangshan), and Pingliang (Jingning) were used to study the correlation between the minimum temperature and low temperature duration of different varieties and different planting areas and the freezing grade of apple stamens by statistical methods. Temperature observation data from 8 national meteorological stations from 1971 to 2023 and apple development period data from Xifeng Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station from 1994 to 2023 were also utilized. The results showed that frost damage had a relatively small impact on early maturing apple varieties such as Gala series, Micui, and Pink Lady, as well as late maturing apple varieties such as Ruiyang, Ruixue, and Ruixiang Hong in Longdong. It had a significant impact on the mid maturity variety Fuji. The apple cultivation area is more severe in mountainous and plain areas than in river areas and along the plateau. Due to climate change, the flowering period of apples in Longdong is advanced. When the temperature drops below -2℃, the degree of frost damage will increase with the decrease of temperature and the increase of duration. During the flowering period of apples, low temperature is the dominant factor affecting frost damage, while the minimum temperature and duration of low temperature are key indicators determining the degree of frost damage. If the temperature continues to fall below the tolerance limit of apple flowering, the occurrence and severity of frost damage will increase with the prolongation of low temperature, and will be verified by actual disaster situations.

  Ecological Suitability Evaluation of Ice Wine Grapes in Xi 'an Section of Northern Foothills of Qinling Mountains Based on AHP-EWM-TOPSIS WANG Tian, YANG Lian’an, ZHANG Kairan, CHEN Hanling, XU Weixun, SHANG Xiaoqing 2024, 40 (20):  115-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0671 Abstract + ( 80 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1723KB )   ( 73 ) Ice wine grapes present significant economic benefits when compared to traditional grape varieties, but the planting conditions of ice wine grape were harsh. Thus, evaluating the ecological suitability of cultivating ice wine grapes can promote the planting of ice wine grape and optimize the grape industry structure. According to the growth demand of ice wine grape and natural climate characteristics of the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains, evaluation factors such as the coldest monthly average temperature, effective accumulated temperature of ≥10℃, dryness of growing season, the slope and soil pH were selected to establish the suitability evaluation system of ice wine grape. Based on daily meteorological observation data and ecological data of Xi'an section of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2021, the entropy evaluation method (EWM) improved by hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and TOPSIS were used to establish a comprehensive zoning evaluation model for ice wine grape cultivation in this study. The spatial distribution of the three major indicators of climate, topography and soil affecting ice wine grape cultivation was analyzed. Through statistical analysis, the planting areas were classified into four levels, including most suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable, so as to homogenize the interior of each grade as much as possible. The zoning results were basically consistent with the actual situation. This method takes into account the combined effects of climatic indicators and geographical factors, and can better reflect the distribution of ecologically advantageous areas for ice wine grape cultivation in Xi'an section of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains. It has important reference significance for the regional layout and scientific planning of ice wine grape cultivation.

  Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Spring Wheat Moisture Gain and Loss Rate in Qinghai Province Under Climate Change GUO Shousheng, ZHANG Chengyu, MA Xinrui, ZHAO Mengfan, LEI Chunkai 2024, 40 (20):  122-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0619 Abstract + ( 93 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2086KB )   ( 193 ) In order to scientifically evaluate the agricultural climate change in spring wheat planting areas of Qinghai Province and rationally utilize the precipitation resources, the article analyzed the variation trend of climatic elements, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the moisture gain and deficit rate during the reproductive period of spring wheat in Qinghai Province from 1991 to 2021 by using linear tendency estimation, mutation test, and spatial interpolation, and the relationship between each meteorological factor and moisture gain and deficit rate was analyzed by path method. The results showed that during the growth period of spring wheat in Qinghai Province, the air temperature, ≥0℃ cumulative temperature and precipitation increased at a rate of 0.3 ℃/10 a, 50.7 ℃/10 a, and 23.6 mm/10 a, respectively, and the hours of sunshine decreased at the rate of 66.6 h/10 a, and the trend of changes in the various stages of reproduction was significant different; the full-birth period, the stem and leaf growth period, the gestation and anthesis period, and the grouting and maturity stage moisture gain and deficit rate increased by 0.864, 1.020, 0.464 and 1.771 percent per year, and the increase was not significant at the stage of pregnancy and flowering, and the moisture gain and deficit rate of the whole reproductive stage changed abruptly in 2011; from the results of regional distribution, the moisture gain and deficit rate gradually decreased from east to west, and the moisture deficit in Hehuang Valley was less, followed by the Qinghai Lake Basin, and the moisture deficit in the Chaidamu Basin was serious; Precipitation had a significant positive effect on the moisture gain and deficit rate, while sunshine, wind speed and minimum air temperature had a significant negative effect on the moisture gain and deficit rate. The climate of spring wheat planting area in Qinghai Province was warm and humid, and the moisture deficit of spring wheat was serious and showed a trend of slowing down. The results of the study are used to grasp the changing law of climate in spring wheat planting area of Qinghai, and to improve the ability to cope with the risk of spring wheat drought disaster.

  Distribution of Six Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Main Rice Varieties in Menghai County of Yunnan Province TIAN Weikui, DONG Liying, ZI Hongqiang, LIU Shufang, LIU Pei, YANG Qinzhong 2024, 40 (20):  130-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0524 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1248KB )   ( 154 ) The purpose of this study is to clarify the composition of the cloned blast resistance genes Pi2, Pi9, Piz-t, Pi50/Pigm, Pita-2, and Pib among the major cultivated rice cultivars in Menghai County. Eighteen major cultivated rice cultivars grown in Menghai County were selected as experimental materials, and molecular detection was carried out using gene-specific molecular markers for the aforementioned 6 resistance genes. The results showed that the distribution frequency of the resistance gene Pib was the highest, with a detection rate of 77.78% among these tested cultivars. The detection rates of Pi2, Pita-2, and Piz-t were 22.22%, 22.22%, and 11.11%, respectively. Resistance genes Pi9 and Pi50/Pigm were not detected in the tested cultivars. Among the tested cultivars, there were 8 varieties (each accounting for 44.44 %) with 2 resistance genes and 1 resistance gene detected. There was no any one of 6 known resistance genes was detected in 2 cultivars, which was accounting for 11.11% of all tested cultivars. The results indicate that the genetic background of resistance in major rice cultivars cultivated in Menghai County is relatively narrow. It is necessary to introduce new and effective resources of resistance to broaden the resistance spectrum of rice cultivars to rice blast.

  Analysis of Research Hotspots and Frontier of Spartina alterniflora Based on Big Data Visualization of CiteSpace GAN Guojuan, LIU Xiu, LUO Zhaohui, LIANG Ping, YANG Jingjun, LI Jinhua, TIAN Hongdeng 2024, 40 (20):  135-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0626 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2351KB )   ( 37 ) In order to comprehensively analyze the research hotspots and development trends of Spartina alterniflora, the bibliometric software CiteSpace 6.1 R2 was used to sort out and visualize the literature of Spartina alterniflora in Web of Science and CNKI database. The results show that: (1) the number of published papers on Spartina alterniflora at home and abroad is increasing, and the total number of published papers in China has exceeded those of foreign countries since 2018. (2) Louisiana State University is the main institution that studies on Spartina alterniflora among the foreign research institutions, and Bertness M-Silliman B-Iribarne O, Mendelssohn I-Hester M, Morris J-Wigand C are paramount foreign research teams. Meanwhile, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences stands the forefront of domestic Spartina alterniflora research, and the major research teams are Li Bo-An Shuqing team, Zhang Liquan team, Tong Chuan-Zeng Congsheng-Wang Weiqi team. (3) The research of Spartina alterniflora has gone through the initial stage focusing on beach protection, the theoretical research stage based on physiology and ecology, and the development and implementation stage of prevention and control technologies to deal with the spread and invasion of Spartina alterniflora. (4) The core content of Spartina alterniflora research at home and abroad is essentially similar, but in the past 10 years, domestic research has focused on the impact of Spartina alterniflora invasion on native plants, invasion mechanism and control technologies. Based on this, this paper points out the need to pay more attention to solve such problems as scattered technology, high cost of prevention and control, re-invasion and potential pollution risk in Spartina alterniflora research in China, and the sustainable management technology of Spartina alterniflora should be formed as soon as possible to adapt to the characteristics of Chinese geographical environment. At present, the research on Spartina alterniflora is still in a period of rapid development, and the breadth and depth of research are constantly increasing. In the future, strengthening the scientific and technological support for the prevention and control of Spartina alterniflora and implementing comprehensive evaluations of whole process of Spartina alterniflora management are still the focus in the study of Spartina alterniflora.

  Research Progress on Digital Soil Mapping Methods LI Ying, E Shengzhe, ZHAO Tianxin, YUAN Jinhua, LIU Yana, LU Gangbin, ZHANG Peng 2024, 40 (20):  146-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0618 Abstract + ( 95 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 661 ) Digital soil mapping is a novel and efficient soil mapping technique that utilizes 3S technology and is theoretically based on soil formation science, geography and mathematics. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted extensive research on the generation of environmental collaborative variables, the acquisition of sample data, the selection of digital soil mapping models or methods, and the generation and validation of soil maps, especially on mapping methods. This paper introduced five categories of digital soil mapping techniques, including geostatistical methods, deterministic interpolation, mathematical statistics, machine learning, and expert knowledge models. At the same time, the mapping method suitable for the study area was chosen based on the merits of various approaches, from the aspects of target variables, topography and geomorphological features, sample density and distribution status and more. The future development direction of digital soil mapping included incorporating human activity factors into environmental synergistic variables; establishing more effective sampling methods based on machine learning and data mining; the application of new modeling methods (deep learning and multimodal methods).

  Comparative Analysis for Growth of ‘Red FFRC No.2 Strain Common Carp’ and ‘FFRC No.2 Strain Common Carp’ in Paddy Field Aquaculture LIAO Mengxiang, YANG Xiaoyan, XUE Lingzhan, CHEN Duhuang, FAN Haiping, ZHANG Shuxing 2024, 40 (20):  154-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0881 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1203KB )   ( 40 ) In order to evaluate the feasibility of the cultivation of ‘red FFRC No.2 strain common carp’ (red FFRC No.2 carp, rFRC) in paddy fields in mountainous areas of Fujian Province and the potential advantages in comparison with ‘FFRC No.2 strain common carp’ (FFRC No.2 carp, FRC), the growth performance comparative test of rFRC and FRC was compared by using the same pond comparison method under the baited and non-baited paddy cultivation mode from August to October 2023 in Lanfeng Paddy Fish Breeding Base, Langu Township, Wuyishan City. The experimental results showed that the survival rate, absolute growth rate of body weight, relative growth rate of body weight, specific growth rate of body weight and yield of rFRC were significantly lower than that of FRC after 60 days of comparative culture in the same ditch style paddy field, no matter feeding or not. The absolute growth rate of body weight, relative growth rate of body weight, specific growth rate of body weight, absolute growth rate of body length, relative growth rate of body length and specific growth rate of body length of rFRC and FRC under feeding aquaculture mode were significantly higher than those of unfeeding aquaculture mode. There was no significant difference between the final and initial average body weight and average body length of rFRC under unfeeding aquaculture mode. The results preliminary showed that under the existing paddy cultivation conditions in Wuyishan mountain area, rFRC had no growth advantages compared with FRC. This finding provided experimental reference for the selection of fish species cultivated in paddy fields in this area.

  Model Analysis and Comparative Study on Growth Characteristics of Triplophysa scleroptera ZHANG Rui, WANG Jilong, LI Peilun, LIU Jiacheng, LIU Yanbin, WANG Tai, LIU Kai, ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Peng 2024, 40 (20):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0678 Abstract + ( 73 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1398KB )   ( 357 ) By analyzing the growth characteristics of the Yellow River mainstream Triplophysa scleroptera, the aim of the study was to enrich its biological research. A total of 274 samples of Triplophysa scleroptera collected in Gansu and Ningxia sections of the mainstream of the Yellow River in 2022 and 2023 were used as experimental samples to analyze their age composition. Growth equation of Von Bertalanffy (VBGF), Logistic GF, Gompertz growth equation and power exponential growth equation were adopted to simulate the growth of Triplophysa scleroptera, and the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters, and then the AIC criterion (Akaike Information Criterion) was used to evaluate the effects of each model, and the best model was selected to analyze the growth characteristics of Triplophysa scleroptera. The results showed that the VBGF growth equation (AIC value: 63.74) was the most suitable growth model for Triplophysa scleroptera, followed by the Gompertz growth equation (AIC value: 64.11) and the power exponential growth equation (AIC value: 64.12), and the Logistic growth equation (AIC value: 65.05) had the worst fitting effect, and the VBGF growth equation for the full length of the Triplophysa scleroptera is Lt=28.986·[1-e-0.097·(t1+1.258)]; the weight growth equation is Wt=194.721·[1-e-0.097·(t1+1.258)]2.9889. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the conservation of Triplophysa scleroptera resources.