Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.24 Published:25 August 2024

  Effect of Different Types of High-quality Japonica Rice on Nitrogen Fertilizer Application CHEN Jing, WEN Kai, WANG Jun, QIU Jingtao, TANG Jianpeng 2024, 40 (24):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0891 Abstract + ( 122 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1388KB )   ( 38 ) The aims are to explore the suitable nitrogen application amount for different types of high-quality rice varieties, effectively solve the problems of low nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and environmental pollution caused by one-sided pursuit of yield and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, we selected three types of rice varieties of medium ripe medium japonica ‘Nanjing 5718’, late ripe medium japonica ‘Nanjing 9108’, and early ripe late japonica ‘Ningxiangjing 9’ as experimental subjects. The effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth, yield and quality of rice were studied. The results showed that in terms of growth stage and growth process, ‘Nanjing 5718’ had no response to nitrogen application, while ‘Ningxiangjing 9’ was more sensitive to nitrogen application. In a certain range, rice yield increased with the increase of N application, and ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Nanjing 5718’ had the highest yield when N application was 315 kg/hm2; and ‘Ningxiangjing 9’ had the highest yield when nitrogen application was 270 kg/hm2. In addition, the processing quality and appearance quality of ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Nanjing 5718’ were significantly affected by increased application of nitrogen fertilizer, but those of ‘Ningxiangjing 9’ were almost not affected. At the same time, the increase of nitrogen application significantly increased the protein content, decreased the amylose content and gum consistency, and decreased the cooking and eating quality of rice.

  Effects of Sowing Date on the Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat with Different Spike Types YIN Xundong, LV Guangde, QI Xiaolei, CHEN Yongjun, MOU Qiuhuan, SUN Yingying, SUN Xianyin, MI Yong, QIAN Zhaoguo, CUI Zhaoyun, ZOU Junli 2024, 40 (24):  9-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0105 Abstract + ( 125 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1185KB )   ( 205 ) In order to clarify the effects of sowing dates on the growth and yield of winter wheat with different spike types, the large-spike cultivar ‘Tainong 18’, the medium-spike cultivar ‘Shannong 18’, and the multi-spike cultivar ‘Hongdi 95’ were used as experimental materials，September 30th, October 10th, October 20th and October 30th were set as sowing dates, the wheat plant height, leaf area index, spike number, yield and yield components were measured under different sowing dates. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date, the plant height of ‘Tainong 18’, ‘Shannong 18’, and ‘Hongdi 95’ showed a decreasing trend, while the leaf area index, the number of stem and tiller per unit area, spike number, grains per spike, thousand grain weight, and yield all showed an initial increase and then a decrease trend. The highest yield achieved at 9.38 t/hm2, 8.94 t/hm2, and 9.22 t/hm2 when the sowing date was October 10th, the lowest yield achieved at 7.26 t/hm2, 7.32 t/hm2, and 7.74 t/hm2 when the sowing date was October 30th. Compared to the highest yield, the lowest yield was decreased by 22.6%, 18.1%, and 16.1%. The path analysis of the yield and three yield components showed that the grains per spike of the large-spike cultivar ‘Tainong 18’, the thousand grain weight of the medium-spike cultivar ‘Shannong 18’, and the spike number of the multi-spike cultivar ‘Hongdi 95’ were affected by sowing date. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that the optimal sowing date for all three cultivars was October 10th, and late sowing could cause a decrease in plant height, leaf area index, the number of stem and tiller, and resulted in a decrease of yield.

  Effect of Partial Organic Fertilizer Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Medium Strong Gluten Wheat LIU Liwei, YI Yuan, LIU Jing, WANG Jing, ZHANG Na, ZHU Xuecheng, ZHAO Na, ZHANG Huiyun, MA Hongbo, LIU Dongtao, FENG Guohua 2024, 40 (24):  17-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0890 Abstract + ( 95 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1046KB )   ( 27 ) To explore the green fertilization method for high-yield and high-quality medium strong gluten wheat in Huaibei wheat area under the condition of maintaining yield and quality. The medium-strong gluten wheat ‘Xumai 44’ was used as material, the effects of single application of chemical fertilizer (T1), 1/3 organic fertilizer +2/3 chemical fertilizer combined application (T2) and single application of organic fertilizer (T3) on yield and quality were studied. The results indicated that the yield and its three factors, test weight, sedimentation volume, water absorption, starch content and flour RVA parameters of 1/3 organic fertilizer +2/3 fertilizer combined treatment (T2) had no significant difference compared with that of single fertilizer (T1) treatment. The protein content, development time, stability time and quality number were significantly higher than that of T1 treatment, and degree of softening was significantly lower than that of T1 treatment. Compared with T1 and T2 treatments, T3 treatment reduced the yield, protein content, test weight, sedimentation volume, farinograph parameters of medium-strong gluten wheat significantly, but it increased grain starch content and flour RVA parameters. T2 treatment could stabilize wheat yield and quality under the condition of reducing chemical fertilizer application amount, and even improved some quality parameters, which was conducive to improving the gluten strength and processing quality of medium-strong gluten wheat. It would have certain guiding significance in exploring green fertilization methods for high-yield and high-quality medium-strong gluten wheat production in Huaibei wheat area.

  Effects on Growth, Photosynthetic Parameters, Physiology and Biochemistry of Bean Seedlings: CaCl2 Initiation SHEN Qi, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, WEI Mengdan, LIU Chang, YANG Xiaoxu 2024, 40 (24):  21-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0344 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1639KB )   ( 48 ) The aim was to study the effects of CaCl2 initiation on bean seedlings, and to provide practical reference value for promoting the growth and the physiological and biochemical effects produced by CaCl2 seedlings initiation. The bean variety ‘Jiangjun’ was used as the experimental material, and 40 mmol/L CaCl2 was used to initiate the bean seeds for 12 h. The results showed that 12 h after CaCl2 induction, the dry weight of beans seedlings was increased by 38.8% and 19.2% compared with dry seed control (CK1) and distilled water control (CK2), respectively. The net photosynthetic rates were increased by 25.8% and 16.4%, respectively. The total activity of (α+β) amylase was increased by 79.9% and 15.3%, respectively. SOD, POD and CAT showed an increasing trend compared with the two controls, and CAT was the most significant, which was increased by 3.5% and 13.5% compared with CK1 and CK2, respectively. The soluble sugar content was not significantly different from CK2, but it was 106.6% higher than CK1. Soluble protein was increased by 16.4% and 3.9%, respectively. Compared with CK1 and CK2, MDA was decreased by 39.0% and 11.8%, and O2- was decreased by 15.5% and 12.1%, respectively. After initiation of 40 mmol/L CaCl2 for 12 h, the photosynthetic efficiency was effectively improved, and various physiological and biochemical indexes were improved, thus it promoted the growth of bean.

  Different Types of Rape Straw in Tobacco Growing Areas: Decomposition and Nutrient Release Characteristics XIAO Lixia, ZHANG Yuqin, LIU Chunju, TAN Xiaolei, LING Aifen, WANG Dequan, HAN Shuo, MA Ruhui, SUN Yanguo 2024, 40 (24):  28-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0602 Abstract + ( 108 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1285KB )   ( 19 ) To analyze the decomposition characteristics of different types of rapeseed straw and determine suitable rapeseed varieties for cultivation in Shandong and Sichuan tobacco-growing areas, as well as for rotation planting with tobacco, two different types of four winter rapeseed varieties were selected as materials. The nylon mesh bag method was employed to analyze the decomposition and nutrient release characteristics of rapeseed straw under indoor simulated field conditions. The results showed that in the first 10 days of cultivation, rapeseed straw decomposed rapidly, with nutrients being released rapidly as well. The final nutrient release rate followed the order K > N > P > C. During the decomposition process, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of straw fluctuated but generally showed an increasing trend. The decomposition degree of Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed straw and the release rates of carbon and nitrogen were higher than those of kale-type rapeseed straw, while the potassium release rate was lower than that of kale-type rapeseed straw, and the phosphorus release rate exhibited regional differences. The decomposition degree of rapeseed straw and the release rates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Sichuan tobacco-growing areas were higher than those in Shandong tobacco-growing areas, and the potassium release rate was higher than that of Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed straw in Shandong. The decomposition of rapeseed straw significantly increased the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the tested soil. However, the degree of enhancement varied among different tobacco-growing areas and types of rapeseed straw. From the perspective of straw return utilization, Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed varieties in both tobacco-growing areas are more suitable for rotation planting with tobacco.

  Salt Tolerance Identification of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) at Seedling Stage and Screening for Salt Tolerant Accessions GONG Huihui, CUI Xinxiao, ZHANG Yujuan, WANG Xin, ZHANG Xiurong, ZHAO Junsheng 2024, 40 (24):  36-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0614 Abstract + ( 98 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1450KB )   ( 17 ) Soil salinization is the main limiting factor in agricultural production. The development of salinized resistant crops has great significance to the efficient development and utilization of salinized land, and the improvement of land increment. Sesame germplasms with significant differences in salt tolerance were used as experimental materials. We used a potting experiment by setting three NaCl treatment concentrations of 0‰, 5‰, and 8‰. To establish a method for identifying and evaluating the salt tolerance during the seedling stage, relative seeding height, relative survival seedlings, seeding and root fresh weight, and dry weight were measured. The results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration, the growth parameters at the seedling stage decreased gradually. Under 8‰ NaCl stress, the relative seeding and root fresh weight, relative seeding and root dry weight, relative seeding height, and relative survival seedlings were 20.57%-49.12%, 28.26%-48.76%, 8.17%-23.42%, 6.46%-21.10%, 10.91%-45.01%, and 6.83%-53.00%, respectively. Combined with principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation method of membership function, the salt tolerance of eight sesame varieties was evaluated. The order of salt tolerance of 8 sesame varieties was as follows: ‘G551’>‘G441’>‘LZ 1’>‘Zhong zhi 11’>‘LZ 2’>‘JH1’>‘G358’>‘G452’. Then salt tolerance screening of 126 sesame germplasms was performed using relative survival seedlings under 8‰ NaCl. With the cluster analysis, these 126 sesame varieties were divided into five groups, and 9 high salt-tolerant varieties were screened. The results provide material and technical support for identification of salt tolerance in sesame and the breeding of new salt tolerant varieties.

  The Response Mechanism of Crop Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization to Salt and Alkali Stress and Related Regulating Managements: A Review GAO Jingwen, GUO Ziyan, Wang Feng 2024, 40 (24):  44-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0828 Abstract + ( 105 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1177KB )   ( 26 ) In order to elucidate the response of crop nitrogen absorption and utilization to salt and alkali stress and the regulation mechanisms, based on domestically and internationally research progress, this article summed the effect of salt and alkali stress on crop growth from the aspects of seed germination, seedling growth, root growth, photosynthesis, osmotic regulation system, redox system, and ion balance; discussed the impact of salt and alkali stress on crop nitrogen absorption and utilization and the undying mechanisms from the aspects of soil nitrogen cycling, root nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen assimilation; summarized the regulatory methods on crop nitrogen uptake and utilization under salt alkali stress such as nitrogen efficient variety selection, soil conditioner application, organic matter application, growth regulator application, and endophytic mycorrhizal colonization, and discussed the undying mechanisms. This article pointed out that soil salinization was one of the key soil barrier factors limiting crop production. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application was an effective way to alleviate salt stress, but improper nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to a decrease in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further in-depth research on crop nitrogen response mechanisms and regulatory pathways under salt stress from the soil-crop system could be of great significance for crop nutrient management and stable and high crops yield under soil salinization.

  Study on Leaf Anatomical Structure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Seven Poplar Varieties at Seedling Stage MIAO Tingting, WU Zhongneng, LIU Junlong, DING Changjun, CAO Zhihua, SUN Hui, YAN Caixia 2024, 40 (24):  51-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0819 Abstract + ( 100 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2027KB )   ( 16 ) In order to screen the fine poplar varieties with strong resistance and adaptability, seven poplar varieties were taken as the research objects in this paper. The growth, leaf anatomical structure and chlorophyll fluorescence physiological characteristics of poplar varieties were comprehensively and systematically studied. Using one-way ANOVA method, comparative analysis was conducted on the differences in various indicators among different varieties. Principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the ecological adaptability of seven poplar varieties at seedling stage. The results showed that: (1) there were significant differences in growth, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters among different poplar varieties. There were significant differences in the thickness of lower palisade tissue, upper epidermis, and relative thickness of upper epidermis in the leaf anatomical structure. Among them, ‘Xianglin 75’ and ‘Juba’ had higher chlorophyll content, as well as higher chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Y(II), ETR, qP and stronger photosynthetic capacity. ‘Jianghuai No.1’ had higher leaf thickness, well-developed lower palisade tissue and stronger drought resistance. (2) There was a correlation between leaf anatomical structure and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, with a significant negative correlation between principal vein thickness and ETR, Y(II), and a significant positive correlation between palisade tissue, CTR and Fv/Fm. There was a correlation between chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, but did not reach a significant level. (3) The order of ecological adaptability of seven poplar varieties at seedling stage was ‘Xianglin 75’> ‘Juba’> ‘Xianglin 90’> ‘Xianglin 80’> ‘Jianghuai No.1’> ‘2025’> ‘Wanlin No.1’(CK). The results of this paper provided a reference basis for selecting suitable stress-resistant poplar varieties in the Jianghuai region of Anhui Province.

  Shrub and Grass Covering: A New Path for Vegetation Restoration in Dry-hot Valleys LIU Zhenwen, LIU Qian, XIAO Xiao, MA Renyi, CHANG Enfu, MENG Guangtao, ZHANG Zhenghai 2024, 40 (24):  60-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0878 Abstract + ( 82 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1205KB )   ( 121 ) The dry-hot valleys are primarily distributed across the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China, where a distinctive combination of water and heat conditions are formed under the influence of unique topography and local microclimate, making it the northernmost “hot spot” in China. Under the dual pressures of long-term intense human disturbance and harsh natural environments, the ecosystems in the dry-hot valleys has become extremely degraded, with structure and function on the verge of collapse, which severely restricts local economic and social development and makes them one of the most typical eco-fragile zones, extremely degraded areas, and the most difficult regions for vegetation restoration in China. This paper first briefly reviewed the history of vegetation restoration in the dry-hot valley region, then systematically analyzed the opportunities and challenges of ecological restoration in the valley area, and clearly proposed that shrub coverage technology may be the most suitable ecological restoration method for this region. This technology could overcome drought and high temperatures, two key limiting factors of vegetation restoration in valley areas, and achieve the technology goals of water conservation, soil fixation, and fertility improvement. In this paper, three principles for vegetation restoration in dry-hot valley areas were put forward for the first time: trees if suitable for trees, shrubs if suitable for shrubs, grasses if suitable for grasses, barren if suitable for barren; implement zonal vegetation restoration combining ecological conservation and industrial development; prefer native species for vegetation restoration. To assess the effects of vegetation restoration, four criteria were proposed: water and soil conservation capacity, soil ecosystem health, plant community health, and comprehensive benefits. Finally, the research on vegetation restoration in the valleys were expected to be carried out in the following four aspects: to strengthen the study on the evolution law of the community and its adaptive mechanism in the dry and hot river valley area, to establish and improve the long-term dynamic monitoring system, to select and cultivate native species, to carry out research of new vegetation restoration technologies, and implementation of demonstrations and extension.

  Research Status of Water-soluble Fertilizers Containing Amino-acids and Its Application in Agricultural Production YAN Hong, BAI Yani, FENG Zhizhen, LU Yuxin, FENG Puyang, QIN Tao, ZHAO Wenjuan 2024, 40 (24):  67-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0807 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1070KB )   ( 49 ) To enhance the efficient application of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids in agricultural production, and to promote green, high-quality development of agriculture. The study reviewed the source and production technology of amino-acids raw material, the functional characteristics, the development status, the application in agricultural production and the future development trend of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids. The results showed that water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids were widely used in food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and cash crops, had positive effects on crop growth, formation of fruit quality and soil improvement. However, the application of fertilizer on different crops needed to be further explored according to the growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of the plant. The water-soluble fertilizers containing single amino-acids cannot satisfy the market demand, it is necessary to develop new types of fertilizers combining function and nutrition of amino acids.

  Effect of Straw Returning and Organic Fertilizer Measures on Remediation of Soil in Ningxia Saline-alkali Land GUO Juncheng, WANG Mingguo, GENG Rong, WANG Yanqi, YIN Xuehong, WANG Xumin, ZHU Zhiming, LI Zhen 2024, 40 (24):  73-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0824 Abstract + ( 114 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1179KB )   ( 35 ) To study the effects of agronomic improvement treatments on soil available nutrients, enzyme activities and physical structures of Yinbei saline-alkali land in Ningxia, this experiment adopted two treatments of applicating organic fertilizer (OM) and straw incorporation, with application of chemical fertilizer as control. The results showed that OM and straw return (RS) effectively increased the content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, and significantly enhanced the activities of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase. The proportion of mechanical stability aggregates with particle size over 5 mm treated with OM increased by 22.3%, while particle size ranging from 0.5 to 0.25 mm decreased by 3.8%; the proportion of mechanical stability aggregates with particle size over 5mm treated with RS increased by 19.1%, while particle size ranging from 0.5 to 0.25 mm and under 0.25 mm decreased by 3.1% and 3.2%, respectively. The proportion of water-stable aggregates with particle size over 5 mm treated with OM and RS increased by 29.0% and 43.3%, respectively, while particle size ranging from 0.5 to 0.25 mm treated by OM and RS decreased by 23.1% and 30.1%, respectively. The mean weight diameter (MWD) increased by 105.9% and 139.7%, the soil water stability coefficient (K) increased by 136.4% and 150.5%, and the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) decreased by 28.2% and 31.1%, respectively, under OM and RS treatments. The soil physical structure was also effectively improved with OM and RS treatment. The results indicate that organic manure and straw returning are effective measures to improve the quality of salinized soil in the Yinchuan Irrigation Area of Ningxia.

  Effects of Five Conditioners on Speciation of Cadmium in Paddy Soil and Evaluation of Their Passivation Efficacy LIU Liaoyuan 2024, 40 (24):  79-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0814 Abstract + ( 75 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1287KB )   ( 18 ) To assess the efficacy of five conditioning agents of lime powder (SCⅠ), dolomite powder (SCⅡ), oyster shell powder (SCⅢ), peat soil (SCⅣ) and silicate-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer (SCⅤ) on passivation repair cadmium (Cd) pollution in paddy soils, this study conducted pot experiments using slightly acidic paddy soil with Cd pollution, and the effects of these conditioners on soil pH, the distribution characteristics of Cd speciation in the soil, and its bioavailability were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that after 60 days of each treatment, the soil pH increased by 1.81, 1.49, 1.17, 0.48 and 0.60 units, respectively. The distribution characteristics of water-soluble fraction, mild acido-soluble fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction and residue fraction Cd in the soil had changed in different degrees. Specifically, the distribution coefficient of water-soluble fraction Cd was reduced by 0.70%, 0.54%, 0.63%, 0.21%, and 0.24%, respectively; mild acido-soluble fraction Cd was reduced by 17.68%, 8.39%, 11.52%, 18.13%, and 15.95%; and the distribution coefficient of residual fraction Cd was increased by 14.27%, 5.33%, 11.54%, 17.70%, and 14.34% (P<0.05). This indicated that SCⅠ, SCⅡ, SCⅢ, SCⅣ and SCⅤ reduced the bioavailable Cd and increased the non-bioavailable Cd in the soil to varying degrees (P<0.05), and the passivation effects were 38.98%, 18.42%, 25.33%, 39.98% and 35.12% for Cd pollution in soils respectively. Therefore, all five conditioners demonstrated certain effectiveness in passivation repair Cd pollution in acidic paddy soils, warranting further test and verification demonstration application in safe utilization production technologies of Cd polluted acid paddy fields.

  Effects of Panax notoginseng Seed on Fungal Community Structure in Wenshan Red Loam Soil WANG Can, YANG Yuling, PENG Cuixian, ZHAO Dawei, LI Ling, YANG Qingsong, SUN Hongwei, QU Yonghan, TAO Yonghong 2024, 40 (24):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0861 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1432KB )   ( 15 ) The early development of plants plays a crucial role in shaping the microbial community within the rhizosphere soil. This study aims to investigate the impact of Panax notoginseng seedling strips on the fungal community structure in red loam soil. Rhizosphere soil (HA) samples were collected from healthy P. notoginseng seedling strips, while non-rhizosphere soil (CK) samples were obtained without any P. notoginseng seedlings. High-throughput sequencing was performed on these samples using ITS rRNA. The results showed that the number of orders, families, genera and species in non-rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than those in the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng seedlings (P<0.05). At the taxonomic level, Ascomycota accounted for a major proportion of fungal communities (CK 50.84%, HA 78.12%), followed by k__Fungi_Unclassified (CK 17.96%, HA 5.09) and Basidiomycota (CK 16.50%，HA 2.53%). Diversity analysis revealed significantly higher values for ace, chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices in non-rhizosphere soil compared to rhizosphere soil (P<0.05). PCoA analysis demonstrated a significant difference in fungal community structure between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils with low community similarity (R2=0.6776，P=0.005). Enrichment analysis identified several fungi groups enriched in non-rhizosphere soil including Basidiomycota, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes; whereas only Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes and Xylariales were significantly enriched in rhizosphere soil including Trichoderma, Scopulariopsis and Monographella. Notably, Trichoderma (CK 0.33%，HA 1.73%) was known as a biocontrol microorganism capable of promoting plant growth.

  Characteristics Analysis of Climate Factors Changes During Growth Period of Flue-cured Tobacco in Shiyan Tobacco Growing Area over Past 30 Years REN Heng, ZENG Fanrui, DU Shiye, CHEN Zifan, SHEN Yu, YAN Yilin 2024, 40 (24):  92-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0885 Abstract + ( 106 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1620KB )   ( 127 ) According to the current situation that the probability distribution and periodic-change law of climate factors have different differences in different growth stages of tobacco leaves in field stage, the least square method was used to study the interannual trend of climate factors in different growth stages of tobacco leaves from April to September in 2020, based on the climatic statistical data of 7 national meteorological stations in Shiyan tobacco-growing area of Hubei Province. Secondly, the kernel density estimation function was used to study the probability distribution characteristics of climate factors at different growth stages. Finally, wavelet transform algorithm was used to study the difference of multi-time scale periodic transformation. The results showed that the climatic factors in different growth stages of tobacco had certain age differences, and the temperature conditions were relatively stable. The sunshine duration showed a decreasing trend in prosperous period, and the sunshine duration in other growth period was stable. There were great differences in precipitation in different growth stages. The probability distribution of temperature and precipitation in different growth stages of tobacco leaves was different, and the probability distribution of sunshine hours was concentrated. There were multi-time scale periodic changes in climate factors at different growth stages, and there was a long time scale first main cycle change in tobacco ripening stage, which was much more sensitive to climate factors than the other stages. The research findings provide a more scientific guidance for tobacco cultivation, optimizing the layout and enhancing the quality and efficiency of tobacco production.

  Explanation of Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome for Anthocyanins Synthesis Mechanism in Cassava Leaves LUO Xiuqin, WEI Zhuowen, CAI Jie, AN Feifei, CHEN Songbi, XUE Jingjing 2024, 40 (24):  100-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0432 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2014KB )   ( 53 ) Cassava is the sixth largest staple food crop in the world, which storage root is rich in starch while lack of proteins, anthocyanins and carotenes and so on. Two types of leaves of cassava with different color (FL and PL) were selected as materials to explore the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis by combining with transcriptome and metabolome in this work. The transcriptome results showed that there were 6864 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 4112 up-regulating and 2752 down-regulating in PL compare with FL. The metabolome results showed that there were 26 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) in PL compare with FL, and 21 of them belonged to anthocyanins. The result of combination of transcriptome and metabolome showed that there were seven DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and all of them were positively correlated to anthocyanin biosynthesis. The expression of MeANS1 showed the most difference. It provided candidate genes for elucidating the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in cassava and laid a scientific foundation for enhancement content of anthocyanin in future.

  Acceleration of Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops by CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing System REN Wenjing, SI Jinchao, CHEN Li, YANG Limei, ZHUANG Mu, LV Honghao, WANG Yong, JI Jialei, ZHANG Yangyong 2024, 40 (24):  107-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0722 Abstract + ( 96 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1255KB )   ( 17 ) Modern breeding techniques based on biotechnology have a great impact on crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas gene editing system’s components, mechanisms, breakthrough progresses of gene editing technology in the gene functional verification and crop genetic improvement, current utilization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, watermelon, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, and others, were summarized in this review. The CRISPR/Cas gene editing system stands out as the most extensively utilized gene-editing tool. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system and promote its vital role in vegetable crop improvement. This review discusses the factors affecting genetic transformation efficiency, methods to improve genetic transformation efficiency, the defects of the CRISPR gene editing system and the constraints in its current utilization in vegetable crops, including challenges related to the transformation and regeneration processes, and the genotype dependent for certain crops. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research should focus on extensive genotype screening to facilitate easier genetic transformation, the advancement of efficient crop transformation and regeneration systems, and the development of more efficient, innovative, precise, and multi-functional gene editing tools.

  HtMYB2 Gene of Helianthus tuberosus L.: VIGS System Construction and Functional Validation WANG Ying, LI Juan, SUN Xuemei 2024, 40 (24):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0749 Abstract + ( 88 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1381KB )   ( 11 ) Color is an important agronomic trait that affects the value of crops. The purple-skinned Jerusalem artichoke has superior appearance, nutritional value, and commercial value compared to the white-skinned variety. To explore the mechanism of color formation in Jerusalem artichoke tubers, we utilized transcriptome sequencing technology to study both purple and white varieties. We identified the transcription factor HtMYB2, which is associated with anthocyanin synthesis and metabolism. In this study, the HtMYB2 gene in a purple Jerusalem artichoke variety was silenced using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology to verify its function. Results showed that the tuber epidermis color lightened after infection, anthocyanin content decreased to 15.34 mg/g, HtMYB2 gene expression was 2.06, and silencing efficiency reached 73.96% compared to the control group. It was speculated that silencing the HtMYB2 gene blocked the expression of anthocyanin-related genes in Jerusalem artichoke tubers, leading to reduced anthocyanin synthesis. The HtMYB2 gene positively regulated the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding anthocyanin biosynthesis in the epidermis of Jerusalem artichoke tubers and highlights the importance of HtMYB2 in regulating tuber color and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.

  The Inoculation Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Tissue Culture Seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. and Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f. LI Jinghong, ZHANG Lihua, ZHONG Jing 2024, 40 (24):  122-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0506 Abstract + ( 102 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1582KB )   ( 26 ) This study was conducted to further explore the mutual relationship between tissue-cultured seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. and Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f. and inoculated strains in the arbuscular mycorrhizal cultivation system. Tissue-cultured seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. and Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f. were used as materials, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal cultivation system was established by inoculating strains. The morphological and physiological indicators of the tissue-cultured seedlings at different growth stages were measured to compare their responses to different strains. The A2 strain of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. had a significant promoting effect on the aboveground and underground growth of tissue-cultured seedlings. The average fresh weight growth rate of A2 treatment was 20.9% and 19.1% higher than that of A1 and CK1 treatments. The number of leaves, plant height, root growth rate, number of roots, and root length of A2 treatment were 21.7%, 2.7 cm, 16.9%, 48.3%, and 65.8% higher than those of CK1 treatment, respectively. The B1 and B2 strains of Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f. promoted the aboveground and underground growth of tissue-cultured seedlings. The growth indicators of B1 and B2 treatments were higher than the control. The fresh weight growth rate, number of leaves, plant height, root growth rate, number of roots, and root length of B1 treatment were 3.9%, 41.8%, 3.7 cm, 25.8%, 33.0%, and 52.6% higher than those of CK2 treatment, respectively. In conclusion, except for the negative impact of the A1 strain in the early stage, other strains had a positive promoting effect on the growth of tissue-cultured seedlings throughout the symbiotic cultivation period.

  Preliminary Study on Control Effects of Five Herbicides on Invasive Species of Xanthium sibiricum in Ningxia LU Zhanjun, YANG Hongbo, DU Wei, LI Zongze, SUN Faguo, YANG Junli, CHEN Caifang, GAO Yong, WANG Shengming, WU Ping 2024, 40 (24):  129-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0833 Abstract + ( 245 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1100KB )   ( 105 ) This study aims to screen one or two kinds of herbicides which are suitable for the control of X. sibiricum in Ningxia region. The plant control effects and fresh weight control effects of 5 herbicides, including 2 methyl 4 chlorodimethylamine salt, fluroxypyr, saflufenacil·glyphosate, nitrosulone, topramezone on X. sibiricum, were determined by field experiments. After 21 days, the results of plant control effects showed that among the five herbicides, 2 methyl 4 chlorodimethylamine salt 60% AS with 750 mL/hm2, fluroxypyr 200 g/L EC with 900 mL/hm2, and saflufenacil·glyphosate 40% OD with 1500 mL/hm2 presented excellent plant control effect, and the control effects were 96.62%, 98.31%, and 100%, respectively; the results of fresh weight control effects showed that fluroxypyr 200 g/L EC with 900 mL/hm2 and saflufenacil·glyphosate 40% OD with 1500 mL/hm2 had remarkable control effects, which were 93.94% and 100%, respectively. Based on the results of control effects, as well as the different crops, the biocidal herbicide saflufenacil·glyphosate can be selected for the control of X. sibiricum in wasteland, forest land, ditches, etc. In the control of X. sibiricum in gramineous crop fields such as wheat and corn, fluroxypyr herbicides were the first choice.

  Effect of Oligosaccharides Combined with Purpureocillium lilacinum on Efficacy of Chemical Nematicides on Flue-cured Tobacco Root-knot Nematode Disease ZHAO Xiaoming, ZHANG Xuehui, DAI Kuai, LI Jiangzhou, CAO Hailong, XU Shuang, ZHANG Cuiping, XUE Meng, CUI Yonghe, YIN Heng 2024, 40 (24):  133-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0834 Abstract + ( 118 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1542KB )   ( 19 ) In order to better control the harm of tobacco root-knot nematode and reduce the dosage of chemical nematocides, oligosaccharide immunoinducer was used together with fosthiazate, avermectin and Purpureocillium lilacinum in field plot experiment to study the control effect on tobacco root-knot nematode (RKN). The results in 2021 showed that the synergistic application of 15 L/hm2 chitosan oligosaccharides combined with 22.5 kg/hm2 fosthiazate, or 15 L/hm2 chitin oligosaccharides combined with 22.5 kg/hm2 fosthiazate had a significantly higher control effect to RKN than that of fosthiazate alone. The relative control effect of chitosan oligosaccharides combined with fosthiazate, chitin oligosaccharides combined with fosthiazate treatment was 64.42% and 65.38%, respectively, and that of fosthiazate treatment was 45.20%. These two treatments significantly promoted the growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results in 2022 showed that when 1 kg/hm2 chitin oligosaccharides, 15 kg/hm2 P. lilacinum and 16.875 kg/hm2 fosthiazate (25% reduction) were used together, the relative control effect to RKN and overall effect on tobacco growth was better than that of normal amount (22.5 kg/hm2) and 50% reduction of fosthiazate (11.25 kg/hm2). Therefore, the synergistic application of oligosaccharide with fosthiazate, and oligosaccharide with P. lilacinum and fosthiazate can improve the control effect of tobacco root-knot nematode disease and reduce the amount of chemical nematicides, and which can be used as one of the effective control technologies for plant nematode disease control.

  The Major Components and Functions of Edible Plant Enzymes in the Fermentation Process: A Review CHEN Yuxin, YANG Fengshan, FU Haiyan, SONG Xinyu, LIU Chunguang 2024, 40 (24):  143-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0210 Abstract + ( 117 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1132KB )   ( 24 ) As a kind of plant functional food, edible plant enzymes have received wide attention in the fields of food and health products, and the related production processes have made progress in terms of raw materials, fermentation microorganisms and fermentation conditions. A review was conducted to analyze the current research status of edible plant enzymes. The main fermentation methods, main active ingredients, main functional roles, and the risks and challenges faced by edible plant enzymes were summarized. The fermentation of edible plant enzymes generally adopted natural fermentation and artificial inoculation fermentation. The use of artificial inoculation technology had the significant advantages of effectively reducing the time required for fermentation and improving the production efficiency. The main active ingredients of edible plant enzymes were polysaccharides, polyphenols, vitamins, etc., which had certain preventive and therapeutic effects in lowering blood lipids, antioxidant and cardiovascular diseases. In the production process of edible plant enzymes, artificial inoculation and fermentation required the selection of the right strain, control of fermentation conditions, and prevention of environmental pollution. The analysis results showed that the development prospect of edible plant enzymes was very promising. The aspects needed to be focused on in the futurewas proposed, and the mechanism of edible plant enzymes was made a prospective, aiming to provide a more valuable reference for the further research and development and promotion of edible plant enzymes.

  Effects of Rice Planting in Ponds on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal and Fish Growth in Aquatic Water ZU Xiaoguang, YANG Bingkun, LIU Tiegang, LI Xiuying, ZU Xiujie, LIU Yanhui 2024, 40 (24):  151-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0850 Abstract + ( 107 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1366KB )   ( 182 ) This research is to explore the effect of rice planting in ecological floating bed on nitrogen and phosphorus removal and fish growth in northern ponds. Six ponds with an area of 0.267 hm2 were selected and divided into two groups, test group and control group, with three replicates in each group. The area of floating bed rice accounted for 20% of the pond area. The species, specification, quantity, collocation proportion and feed feeding of fish cultivation in test group and control group were identical. During the experiment, the total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), phosphate (PO43-P), total phosphorus (TP) and some relevant statistics had been supervised in each half a month. After the test, all kinds of fish out of the tank specifications were measured, and the output per unit area, total output, survival rate and feed coefficient of all kinds of fish were counted. The results showed that at the beginning of the experiment on June 15, there was no difference in hydration indexes between the test group and the control group (P>0.05), all the hydration indexes in the test group were significantly lower than those of control group from July 1 to the end of the experiment (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TP, PO43--P in the test group decreased by 55.31%, 70.25%, 54.61%, 68.68%, 53.79%, respectively. At the end of the experiment, TN and TP of the test group were 0.73 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L respectively, which reached the first-class discharge standard of our country. The ex-pond size and yield per unit area of crucian carp and gurnard in test group were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05) 14.48%, 12.68% and 12.98%, 15.01% respectively. The total yield per unit area in test group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05) 11.59%, there was no significant difference in survival rate, fish size and yield per unit area between the test group and the control group (P>0.05). The feed coefficient of the test group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05) 7.48%. Rice planting on floating bed in ponds can significantly remove N and P from the water body of ponds, and significantly increase the yield of fish and feed efficiency.

  Invasion Status and Hazard Assessment of Alien Fishes in Three Major Rivers of Fujian FANG Minjie 2024, 40 (24):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0830 Abstract + ( 102 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 40 ) In order to understand the invasion status and hazards of alien fishes in three major rivers of Fujian, from March to April 2023, 10 sites were sampled in the west branch of Jiulongjiang River, Zhangjiang River and Tingjiang River to investigate the species composition, quantity, and distribution of alien fishes by using flow gill nets and ground cage nets. The degree of harm was evaluated based on weight proportion of alien fishes in the catches. The survey results showed that there were 7 species of alien fishes, including Coptodon zillii, Sarotherodon galilarea, Oreochromis niloticus, Parachromis managuensis, Pterygoplichthys pardalis, Clarias gariepinus, and Labeo rohita. The species number of alien fishes in the three rivers was 6, 5, and 2, with a quantity proportion of 58.97%, 81.35%, and 45.22%, and a weight proportion of 65.53%, 82.52%, and 41.28%, respectively. Alien fishes had distributed in the three rivers and became the main group of fishes, with the majority being tilapia such as C. zillii, S. galilarea, and O. niloticus. The degree of harm caused by alien fishes in all three rivers was high. This study investigated the invasion status of alien fishes in rivers, providing basic data support for the protection of fish diversity and the prevention and control of alien invasive species.