哈尔滨市典型森林对雪水量的影响研究

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010088

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 森林对于雪水资源的调控具有重要的意义,目前在东北地区森林对雪水文生态过程的影响仍不明确。2012～2013年,以哈尔滨市试验林场为研究区域,选择区域内具有代表性的3种森林类型为研究对象,通过定期观测林内外的雪深、雪密度和雪水当量,对不同森林对各雪水分量的影响进行了研究。结果表明：2013年3月9日为积雪量最大期,樟子松林和落叶松林的积雪深度分别比无林地的小20.1%(5.98cm)和13.7%(4.08cm)；不同森林的地表雪密度与环境温度皆呈显著正相关,樟子松林和落叶松林的地表雪密度要小于白桦林和无林地的；樟子松林、落叶松林和白桦林的最大雪水量要分别比无林地的小32.9%、14.2%和7.0 %,在融雪期间,樟子松林、落叶松林和白桦林的平均融雪速率分别为无林地的39%(1.21mm/天)、70%(2.18mm/天)和93%(2.89mm/天),樟子松林的地表积雪比落叶松林、白桦林和无林地的要延迟10天完全融化；在整个冬季期间樟子松林、落叶松林和白桦林的累积截雪量分别为18.4mm、7.95mm和3.89mm。综上所述,樟子松林对于降雪再分配的调控作用具有显著的影响,其稠密的冠层结构是重要的影响因素。

关键词: 新城疫病毒, 新城疫病毒, HN基因, 基因克隆, 序列分析

Abstract: Revealing the regulation mechanism of forest on snow and water resources is of great significance. However, the effect of forest on snow hydrological process is poorly understood in the area of northeast China so far. From 2012 to 2013, three forests were selected as the research areas among the experimental wood farms of Harbin. Through regular observation of the snow depth, snow density and snow equivalence of the interior and exterior forests, the influence of different forests on snow water equivalence component was studied. The results showed that the peak snow accumulation period was March 9, 2013. The snow depth of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii was 20.1% (5.98 cm) and 13.7% (4.08 cm) smaller than that of the clearing respectively. The snow density of different forests’surface and the environmental temperature were significantly and positively correlated. The snow density of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii was smaller than that of Betula platyphylla and the clearing. The peak snow water equivalence (SWE) of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla was 32.9%, 14.2% and 7.0% smaller than that of the clearing respectively. During the ablation period, ablation rates of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla were 39% (1.21 mm/d), 70% (2.18 mm/d) and 93% (2.89 mm/d) as rapid as that of the clearing, respectively. Compared with Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla and the clearing, the snow accumulation of Pinus sylvestris surface melt completely 10 days later. The accumulation snow interception of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla was 18.4 mm, 7.95 mm and 3.89 mm respectively in winter. Above all, the regulation effect of Pinus sylvestris forest on snow redistribution is obvious and the dense canopy structure of Pinus sylvestris forest is an important influencing factor on snow redistribution.

肖洋. 哈尔滨市典型森林对雪水量的影响研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2016, 32(25): 132-137.

参考文献

[1] Roger C.B., Noah P.M., Thomas H.P., et al. Mountain hydrology of the western United States [J]. Water Resources Research, 2006, 42: WO8432, doi.10.1029/2005WR004387.
[2]Takala M., Luojus K., Pulliainen J., et al. Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, 115(12): 3517–3529.
[3]Tim Horstkotte, Samuel Roturier. Does forest stand structure impact the dynamics of snow on winter grazing grounds of reindeer [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, 291: 162-171.
[4]Beniston M. Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of possible impacts [J]. Climatic Change, 2003, 59: 5-31.
[5]Breiling M., Charamza P. The impact of global warming on winter tourism and skiing: a regionalised model for Austrian snow conditions [J]. Regional Environmental Change, 1999, 1: 4-14.
[6]Keith N. Musselman, Noah P. Molotch, Steven A. Margulis et al. Influence of canopy structure and direct beam solar irradiance on snowmelt rates in a mixed conifer forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2012, 161: 45-56.
[7]Schelker J., Kuglerová L., Ekl?f K., et al. Hydrological effects of clear-cutting in a boreal forest – Snowpack dynamics, snowmelt and streamflow responses[J]. J. Hydrol., 2013,484:105-114.
[8]Ulrich Strasser, Michael Warscher, Glen E. Liston. Modeling Snow–Canopy Processes on an Idealized Mountain [J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2011, 12(4): 663-677.
[9]任青山,魏晓华,葛剑平,蔡体久,宋逊.黑龙江省东部森林中雪的水文效应的初步研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1994,22(2):11 - 16.
[10]刘海亮,蔡体久,闫丽,等.不同类型原始红松林对降雪融雪过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6): 24 - 31.
[11]刘海亮,蔡体久,满秀玲,等.小兴安岭主要森林类型对降雪、积雪和融雪过程的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2012,34(2):20-25.
[12]Janet P. Hardy, Katherine J. Hansen-Bristow. Temporal accumulation and ablation patterns of the seasonal snowpack in forests representing varying stages of growth [J]. Western snow conference, 1990, 23-33.
[13]Angela Lundberg, Harri Koivusalo.Estimating winter evaporation in boreal forests with operational snow course data [J]. Hydrological processes, 2003, 17:1479-1493.
[14]Lundberg, A., Y. Nakai, H. Thunehed and S. Halldin. Snow accumulation in forests from ground and remote-sensing data [J]. Hydrol. Process., 2004,18(10): 1941–1955.
[15]Niu, G.-Y. and Z.-L. Yang. Effects of vegetation canopy processes on snow surface energy and mass balances [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D23), D23111,2004:1-15.
[16]Lundberg A. and Halldin S. Evaporation of intercepted snow: analysis of governing factors [J]. Wat. Resour. Res., 1994, 30: 2587-2598.
[17]Ulrich Strasser, Michael Warscher, Glen E. Liston. Modeling Snow–Canopy Processes on an Idealized Mountain [J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2011, 12(4): 663-677.
[18]Skidmore P., Hansen K. and Quimby W. Snow accumulation and ablation under fire-altered lodgepole pine forest canopies [J]. Western Snow Conference, 1994:43-52.
[19]Leonard Katherine C., Tremblay L. Bruno, Thom Jonathan E., MacAyeal Douglas R. Drifting snow threshold measurements near McMurdo station, Antarctica: A sensor comparison study [J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2012, 70: 71-80.
[20]Bernhardt M., Schulz K., Liston GE., Z?ngl G. The influence of lateral snow redistribution processes on snow melt and sublimation in alpine regions [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 424-425:196-206.
[21]Jost G., R. Dan Moore, Russell Smith, David R. Gluns. Distributed temperature-index snowmelt modelling for forested catchments [J]. J. Hydrol., 2012, 420-421: 87–101.
[22]Hendrick RL., Filgate BD., Adams WM. Application of environment analysis to watershed snowmelt [J]. J. Appl. Meteorol, 1971, 10: 418–429.
[23]Boon S. Snow accumulation and ablation in a beetle-killed pine stand in northern interior British Columbia. BC [J]. J. Ecosyst. Manage., 2007, 8 (3): 1–13.
[24]Price AG. and Dunne T. Energy balance computations in a subarctic area [J]. Wat. Resour. Res., 1976, 12, 686-694.
[25]Harding RJ. and Pomeroy JW. The energy balance of the winter boreal landscape [J]. J. Climate, 1996, 9: 2778-2787.
[26]Hardy JP., Davis RE., Jordan R., et al. Snow ablation modelling at the stand scale in a boreal jack pine forest [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1997, 102:29397-29406.
[27]Sade Rotem, Rimmer Alon, Litaor Iggy M., et al. The sensitivity of snow-surface temperature equation to sloped terrain [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, 408(3-4):308-313.