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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2020, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3): 23-29.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18080029

所属专题： 小麦

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

华北地区冬小麦生产中磷素利用特征研究

蔺飞阳1, 王利明2, 许秀春1, 杜艾芳1, 孟凡乔1()   

  1. 1中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100193
    2内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特 010018
  • 收稿日期:2018-08-08 修回日期:2018-11-16 出版日期:2020-01-25 发布日期:2020-01-22
  • 通讯作者: 孟凡乔
  • 作者简介:蔺飞阳,女,1996年出生,山西运城人,硕士研究生,研究方向:面源污染与农田元素循环。通信地址:100193 北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号 中国农业大学资源与环境学院,E-mail: 569830580@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“潮土区控氮磷增碳综合技术模式研发与应用”(2017YFD0800605-2)

Phosphorus Utilization in Winter Wheat Production in North China

Lin Feiyang1, Wang Liming2, Xu Xiuchun1, Du Aifang1, Meng Fanqiao1()   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193
    2College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018
  • Received:2018-08-08 Revised:2018-11-16 Online:2020-01-25 Published:2020-01-22
  • Contact: Meng Fanqiao

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摘要：

目前,中国农业集约化过程中普遍存在着化肥,特别是磷肥利用效率不高、土壤残留磷量较大的问题,这造成了磷肥资源的浪费以及由淋溶和径流造成的面源污染。笔者通过文献查阅,收集和筛选了自1980年以来中国公开发表的小麦田间试验论文,对华北平原及山西和陕西等地区小麦田间试验数据进行分析,对小麦生产和磷肥利用特征进行统计分析。本研究获得了冬小麦籽粒与秸秆产量的回归方程,以及施磷量与籽粒和秸秆含磷量的回归方程。在施磷为61 kg P2O5/hm 2时,冬小麦-土壤系统表现为磷素表观平衡;随着磷肥数量增加,磷素表观盈亏量呈线性增加。在当前华北地区常规磷肥(102 kg P2O5/hm 2)水平下,冬小麦一季在土壤中磷肥累积量约为25.7 kg P2O5/hm 2。华北地区冬小麦磷肥平均利用效率为(14.7±7.6)%,氮肥增加有利于提高磷肥利用效率。整体上,冬小麦对磷酸二铵的利用效率高于过磷酸钙,有机肥和化肥配施有利于提高磷肥利用效率,‘郑麦9023’的磷肥利用效率较高。所以选择合适的磷肥品种,通过合理的氮肥水平以及有机肥与化肥配施,能够提高华北地区的冬小麦磷肥利用效率。这对于该地区提高磷肥利用效率、降低磷肥损失和土壤污染风险,具有重要参考价值。

关键词: 冬小麦, 华北地区, 磷肥, 利用效率, 作物品种

Abstract:

In China’s agricultural intensification process, the low utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and the high residual of P fertilizer in soil could cause the waste of P resources and the increase of diffusion pollution risk from P leaching and run-off. Through literature review, this paper collected the publications on winter wheat experiments in North China and Shaanxi and Shanxi since 1980, analyzed the data of wheat production and P fertilization. A regression modeling equation on grain and crop yield of winter wheat and P fertilizer application rate and the P content of wheat grain and straw was developed. At the fertilizer rate of 61 kg P2O5/hm 2, the winter wheat-soil system exhibited the balanced input and output of P. With the increase of fertilizer P, the positive P balance (input-output) increased linearly with the fertilizer P rate. At the current fertilizer rate of 102 kg P2O5/hm 2, the fertilizer P residual after crop harvest was about 25.7 kg P2O5/hm 2. The average utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer in winter wheat production in North China was (14.7±7.6)% and nitrogen fertilizer helped to increase this efficiency. On the whole, the use efficiency of diammonium phosphate via winter wheat is higher than that of calcium superphosphate, and the mixed application of organic fertilizer with chemical P fertilizer also favors the P utilization efficiency. Among the wheat varieties, ‘Zhengmai 9023’ has the highest P fertilizer efficiency. The utilization efficiency of fertilizer P via winter wheat in North China can be improved by selecting appropriate type of phosphate fertilizer and wheat varieties, the reasonable nitrogen fertilization as well as the combined use of organic and chemical P fertilizers. These practices have high implications for improving fertilizer P use efficiency, reducing the losses of fertilizer P and mitigating diffusion pollution in North China.

Key words: winter wheat, North China, phosphate fertilizer, utilization efficiency, crop varieties

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