油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18110084

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明：随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30、60、120天逐步减少0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度的降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0~5 cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0~5 cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500 kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理较一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500 kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂。

关键词: 棉田杂草, 油菜秸秆覆盖, 免耕移栽棉田, 土壤杂草种子库, 多样性

Abstract:

Field studies were conducted in cotton fields under rapeseed-cotton continuous cropping system to determine rapeseed straw mulching effect on weed control, the dynamic pattern of soil weed seed bank, the growth and yield of cotton along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province. The results showed that with the increase of straw mulching, the weed control effect in cotton field was enhanced. The boll number per plant and seed cotton yield in 7000 kg/hm² straw mulching treatment were significantly higher than those of no-weeding treatment without straw mulching. The weed seed bank density in 0-20 cm soil layer gradually decreased under 7000 kg/hm² straw mulching treatment after 30, 60 and 120 d, which was in consistent with the whole-course herbicide treatment. The decline degree of the weed seed bank density in 0-20 cm soil layer was decreased by the decline of rapeseed straw mulching amount. The weed seed bank diversity in 0-5 cm soil layer was decreased by whole-course herbicide treatment, while that might be increased by rapeseed straw mulching. In the treatment of 3500 kg/hm² mulching + spraying herbicide 30 d later after straw mulching, the effect on weed control and cotton yield was more identical with that of the whole-course herbicide treatment. As a result, it is recommended that 3500 kg/hm² mulching + spraying herbicide 30 d later after straw mulching should be put in practice in the rapeseed-cotton continuous cropping system along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.

Key words: cotton fields weeds, rapeseed straw mulching, transplanting cotton fields with no tillage, weed seed bank in soil, diversity

中图分类号:

李淑英, 路献勇, 程福如, 闫晓明, 郑曙峰, 马艳. 油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(9): 138-144.

Shuying Li, Xianyong Lu, Furu Cheng, Xiaoming Yan, Shufeng Zheng, Yan Ma. Dynamic Influence of Rapeseed Straw Mulching on Weed Occurrence and Weed Seed Bank in Cotton Field Under Rape-cotton Continuous Cropping System[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(9): 138-144.

图/表 6

参考文献 44

[1]	马小艳,马艳,彭军,等.我国棉田杂草研究现状及发展趋势[J].棉花学报,2010,22(4):372-380.
[2]	周小刚. 我国杂草科学研究现状及展望[J].农药市场信息,2000,2:13-24.
[3]	Campiglia E, Radicetti E, Manicinelli R.Weed control strategies and yield response in a pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) mulched with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) residues[J].Crop Protection,2012,33:65-73.
[4]	Carolina G P, Lorena A, Manuel J R, et al.Eucalyptus globulus leaves incorporated as green manure for weed control in maize[J].Weed Science,2013,61(1):154-161.
[5]	Webster T M, Scully B T, Grey T L, et al.Winter cover crops influence Amaranthus palmeri establishment[J].Crop Protection,2013,52:130-135.
[6]	Kruidhof H M, Gallandt E R, Bastiaans L.Selective weed suppression by cover crop residues: effects of seed mass and timing of species’ sensitivity[J].Weed Research,2011,51(2):177-186.
[7]	左胜鹏,马永清,稻永忍,等.不同基因型小麦麦茬对杂草的化感抑制作用[J].植物保护学报,2009,32(2):195-200.
[8]	李香菊,吕德滋,李扬汉.小麦对升马唐(Digitaria ciliaris)种子发芽的异株克生作用研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2000,23(2):74-77,81.
[9]	王敬亚,董立尧,李俊,等.利用前茬作物残茎根防除直播稻田杂草[J].植物保护学报,2009,36(1):82-88.
[10]	韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,等.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147.
[11]	李昌新,赵锋,芮雯奕,等.长期秸秆还田和有机肥施用对双季稻田冬春季杂草群落的影响[J].草业学报,2008,18(3):142-147.
[12]	王国忠,杨佩珍,陆峥嵘,等.秸秆还田对稻麦田间杂草发生的影响及化除效果[J].上海农业学报,2004,20(1):87-90.
[13]	陈庆华,周小刚,郑仕军,等.不同耕作方式对小麦田杂草的发生及小麦产量的影响[J].杂草科学,2013,31(2):50-52.
[14]	Monica J M, Terry J G, Clarence J S.Effect of cover crop mulches on weed emergence, weed biomass, and soybean (glycine max) development[J].Weed Technology,1994,8(3):512-518.
[15]	Buhler D D, Hartzler R G, Forcella F.Implications of weed seedbank dynamics to weed management[J].Weed Science,1997,45:329-336.
[16]	Cavers P B, Benoit D L.Seed banks in arable land. in Leck M A, Parker V T Simpson R L, eds. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks[M].San Diego, CA: Academic,1989:309-328.
[17]	Gallandt E R.How can we target the weed seedbank?[J].Weed Science,2006,54:588-596.
[18]	Long R L, Steadman K J, Panetta F D, et al.Soil type does not affect seed ageing when soil water potential and temperature are controlled[J].Plant Soil,2009,320:131.
[19]	Narwal S, Sindel B M, Jessop R S.Dormancy and longevity of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) as affected by soil type, depth, rainfall, and duration of burial[J].Plant Soil,2008,310:225.
[20]	Andreasen C, Streibig J C, Haas H.Soil properties affecting the distribution of 37 weed species in Danish fields[J].Weed Research,1991,31:181-187.
[21]	牛永志,李凤博,柳建国,等.秸秆还田和不同耕作方式对稻麦轮作田土壤杂草种子库的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2008,1: 79-81.
[22]	赵森霖,黄高宝.保护性耕作对农田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2009,44(3):122-127.
[23]	马波,强胜,魏守辉.农田杂草种子库研究方法[J].杂草科学,2004,2:5-8.
[24]	Alkhatib K, Libbey C, Boydston R.Weed suppression with Brassica green manure crops in green pea[J].Weed Science,1997,45,439-445.
[37]	Cardina J, Herms C P, Doohan D J.Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks[J].Weed Science,2002,50:448-460.
[38]	魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.土壤杂草种子库与杂草综合管理[J].土壤,2005,37(2):121-128.
[39]	Légère A, Samson D N.Relative influence of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management on weed associations in spring barley cropping systems[J].Weed Science,1999,47:112-122.
[40]	Shrestha A, Knezevic S Z, Roy R C, et al.Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil[J].Weed Research,2002,42:76-87.
[41]	Steenwer T H K, Baumgartner K, Belina K, et al. Vineyard weed seedbank composition responds to glyphosate and cultivation after three years[J].Weed Science,2010,58:310-316.
[42]	Davis A S, Cardina J, Forcella F, et al.Environmental factors affecting seed persistence of annual weeds across the U.S. corn belt[J].Weed Science,2005,53:860-868.
[43]	Davis A S.When does it make sense to target the weed seed bank?[J].Weed Science,2006,54:558-565.
[44]	Clarence J S, Barbara D B.Management of weed seedbanks in the context of populations and communities[J].Weed Technology,2004,18:1496-1502.

处理	内容
1	对照,全生育期不除草
2	全生育期除草剂除草（分别在移栽前和棉花蕾期喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦）
3	7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
4	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
5	1750 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
6	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖+覆盖前喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦
7	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖+覆盖30d后喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦

处理	内容
1	对照,全生育期不除草
2	全生育期除草剂除草（分别在移栽前和棉花蕾期喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦）
3	7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
4	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
5	1750 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖
6	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖+覆盖前喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦
7	3500 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖+覆盖30d后喷施840 g/hm²草甘膦

处理	禾本科杂草				阔叶类杂草				物种数
	杂草密度/(株/m²)		鲜物质量/(g/m²)		杂草密度/(株/m²)		鲜物质量/(g/m²)		物种数
	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d
1	54.3a	62.3a	244.2a	536.4a	42.3ab	29.3 a	75.5a	129.5a	5.0a	7.0a
2	6.7d	3.3c	28.3c	1.4d	28.7abc	13.0a	58.9a	3.1b	5.7a	2.0c
3	14.0cd	10.3c	46.5c	106.6cd	11.3cd	12.7a	12.7a	25.2b	5.3a	7.0a
4	16.3c	11.7c	69.7c	159.4bc	23.0bcd	14.0a	40.6a	47.7b	5.0a	5.3ab
5	35.0b	24.3b	144.7b	264.4b	43.3a	24.3a	57.3a	56.2b	7.3a	7.7a
6	10.7cd	8.0c	58.7c	170.6bc	7.3d	9.7a	19.0a	49.2b	4.3a	5.3ab
7	11.3cd	2.3c	60.1c	3.2d	24.3abcd	21.7a	34.7a	3.8b	6.3a	3.3bc

处理	禾本科杂草				阔叶类杂草				物种数
	杂草密度/(株/m²)		鲜物质量/(g/m²)		杂草密度/(株/m²)		鲜物质量/(g/m²)		物种数
	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d	30 d	60 d
1	54.3a	62.3a	244.2a	536.4a	42.3ab	29.3 a	75.5a	129.5a	5.0a	7.0a
2	6.7d	3.3c	28.3c	1.4d	28.7abc	13.0a	58.9a	3.1b	5.7a	2.0c
3	14.0cd	10.3c	46.5c	106.6cd	11.3cd	12.7a	12.7a	25.2b	5.3a	7.0a
4	16.3c	11.7c	69.7c	159.4bc	23.0bcd	14.0a	40.6a	47.7b	5.0a	5.3ab
5	35.0b	24.3b	144.7b	264.4b	43.3a	24.3a	57.3a	56.2b	7.3a	7.7a
6	10.7cd	8.0c	58.7c	170.6bc	7.3d	9.7a	19.0a	49.2b	4.3a	5.3ab
7	11.3cd	2.3c	60.1c	3.2d	24.3abcd	21.7a	34.7a	3.8b	6.3a	3.3bc

处理	株高/cm	果枝数/台	铃数/个	单铃重/g	衣分/%	衣指/g	子指/g	子棉产量/(kg/hm²)
1	127.0a	17.8b	25.1b	4.74b	44.73a	8.97a	11.75a	3602.1b
2	129.4a	20.2a	31.0a	5.30a	45.10a	8.86a	11.45a	4433.1a
3	128.7a	18.3ab	31.0a	5.11ab	44.47a	8.97a	11.98a	4550.9a
4	124.5a	18.6ab	29.5ab	5.00ab	45.06a	9.06a	11.75a	4350.2a
5	122.7a	18.6ab	29.0ab	5.26a	45.49a	9.03a	11.78a	4231.8ab
6	125.4a	18.2ab	33.6a	5.08ab	44.89a	9.13a	11.91a	4957.3a
7	120.9a	19.7a	31.9a	5.26a	44.70a	9.04a	11.93a	4613.0a