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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (20): 100-108.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0496

• 植物保护 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆异地覆盖对作物病虫草害及土壤环境因子的影响

曹红妹1(), 胡桂萍1(), 黄振侠2, 石旭平1, 蔡翔1, 王丰1, 刘宇新2, 王亚威1, 王礼献1   

  1. 1 江西省经济作物研究所，南昌 330202
    2 江西省农业生态与资源保护站，南昌 330006
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-21 修回日期:2022-08-26 出版日期:2023-07-15 发布日期:2023-07-10
  • 通讯作者: 胡桂萍，女，1985年出生，福建龙岩人，博士，主要从事微生物及土壤健康与作物病虫害防治方面的研究。通信地址：330203 江西省南昌市南昌县黄马乡省蚕桑茶叶研究所，Tel：0791-85023010，E-mail：hugp_2007@163.com。
  • 作者简介:

    曹红妹，女，1989年出生，江西九江人，硕士研究生，主要从事农业资源综合利用及土壤健康与作物病虫害防治方面的研究。通信地址：330203 江西省南昌市南昌县黄马乡省蚕桑茶叶研究所，Tel：0791-85023010，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    江西省农业技术应用与公共服务资金农业资源与生态保护财政专项项目“秸秆异位覆盖还田试验示范”

Effects of Remote Straw Mulching on Crop Habitat Diseases, Insect Pests, Grass Damage and Soil Environmental Factors

CAO Hongmei1(), HU Guiping1(), HUANG Zhenxia2, SHI Xuping1, CAI Xiang1, WANG Feng1, LIU Yuxin2, WANG Yawei1, WANG Lixian1   

  1. 1 Jiangxi Economic Crops Research Institute, Nanchang 330202
    2 Jiangxi Agricultural Ecology and Resources Protection Station, Nanchang 330006
  • Received:2022-06-21 Revised:2022-08-26 Online:2023-07-15 Published:2023-07-10

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摘要：

探究秸秆异地覆盖对作物生境病虫草害及土壤环境因子的影响。以江西地区重要经济作物茶树和梨树的茶园和梨园为研究对象，在园间定位试验条件下，设置4种秸秆入园覆盖量（7500、15000、22500 kg/hm2和对照0 kg/hm2），比较分析2021年6月夏季和2021年10月秋季茶园和梨园主要病虫草害、不同深度（茶园、梨园0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm）土壤生物、温湿度及pH的变化响应。秸秆覆盖可有效降低茶园和梨园主要病虫害的发病率，茶云纹叶枯病和梨轮纹病发病率分别下降53.13%和50.00%；叶蝉、茶尺蠖虫口密度分别下降54.54%和66.66%；秸秆覆盖后茶园和梨园杂草丰富度分别下降为6种和5种；杂草密度分别下降为16.73株/m2和109.73株/m2，均与对照CK存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。与未进行秸秆覆盖的对照CK茶园梨园土壤中生物种类和数量相比，秸秆覆盖后茶园梨园土壤中的生物呈现：有益生物增加、不利生物减少的变化趋势。秸秆覆盖可对茶园和梨园土壤具有控温作用，同时对茶园和梨园土壤发挥夏季散热、秋季保温的作用，其中以7500 kg/hm2和15000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量作用较好；秸秆覆盖对茶园和梨园的土壤均表现出较好的保湿作用，且3种秸秆覆盖量的保湿作用均较好、蓄水能力强；秸秆覆盖可有效提升茶园和梨园表层土(0~10 cm)的土壤pH，且随着秸秆异地覆盖量的增加而增加；而对深层土(20~40 cm)的土壤pH影响不大。通过秸秆覆盖可大幅改善茶园梨园主要伴生生物群落、提升土壤环境条件，为秸秆高值化利用提供有效途径。

关键词: 秸秆, 异地覆盖, 病虫草害, 土壤, 环境因子

Abstract:

The aim of the study is to explore the effects of remote straw mulching on crop habitat diseases, insect pests and grass damage and soil environmental factors. Plantations of tea and pear, which are important cash crops in Jiangxi Province, were selected as the research objects. Under the condition of inter-garden positioning experiment, four amount of straw mulching (7500 kg/hm2, 15000 kg/hm2, 22500 kg/hm2 and control 0 kg/hm2) were set in the plantations. The responses of main diseases, insect pests, grass damage, soil organisms, temperature and humidity, and pH at different depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm) of tea garden and pear orchard in summer (June 2021) and autumn (October 2021) were compared and analyzed. Straw mulching could effectively reduce the incidence of main diseases and insect pests in tea garden and pear orchard, and the incidence of tea mottled leaf blight and pear ring blight decreased by 53.13% and 50.00%, respectively. The density of leaf hopper and tea inchworm decreased by 54.54% and 66.66%, respectively. After straw mulching, the richness of weeds in tea garden and pear orchard decreased to 6 and 5 species, respectively. The weed density decreased to 16.73 plants /m2 and 109.73 plants /m2, respectively, which were significantly different from that of CK (P<0.05). Compared with the tea garden and pear orchard without straw mulching, the biological species in the soil of tea garden and pear orchard after straw mulching showed a trend of increasing beneficial organisms and decreasing unfavorable organisms. Straw mulching could control the temperature of the soil in tea garden and pear orchard, and exert the effect of heat loss in summer and heat preservation in autumn, among which, 7500 kg/hm2 and 15000 kg/hm2 straw mulching had relatively good effect. Straw mulching had good moisture retention effect on the soil of tea garden and pear orchard, and the three amount of straw mulching all had good moisture retention effect and strong water storage capacity. Straw mulching could effectively increase the pH of topsoil (0-10 cm) of tea garden and pear orchard, and the pH of soil increased with the increase of straw mulching amount. However, straw mulching had little effect on the pH of deep soil (20-40 cm). Straw mulching can greatly improve the main associated biological communities of tea garden and pear orchard, improve the soil environmental conditions, and provide an effective way for the high-value utilization of straw.

Key words: straw, remote mulching, disease, insect pest and grass damage, soil, environmental factors