化肥减施对番茄生长特性和肥料利用率的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0233

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究减施化肥配施生物菌肥和黄腐酸对番茄生长发育和肥料利用率的影响。在设施栽培条件下，以番茄‘园艺504’为试验材料，采用随机区组试验，设计CK处理为常规施肥、基肥减40%处理为基肥施用化肥减40%、追肥减20%处理为追施水溶肥减20%、追肥减40%处理为追施水溶肥减40%，空白处理为不施用任何肥料5个处理。结果表明：番茄株高随着施肥量的减少而减低，CK、基肥减40%和追肥减20%处理间不显著。基肥减施40%处理对番茄茎粗影响不大。叶节数和果穗数CK、基肥减40%和追肥减20%处理间差异不显著。化肥减施提高了番茄肥料利用率，肥料农学利用率以基肥减40%最高，与追肥减20%差异不显著。肥料偏生产力以基肥减40%最高分别比CK、追肥减20%、追肥减40%高17.1%、9.4%和16.4%。产量以CK处理较高，但与基肥减40%和追肥减20%处理差异不显著。综上所述，在适当增施生物菌肥和黄腐酸的条件下，减少基施化肥40%或者减少追肥20%对设施番茄生长发育和产量影响不大。

关键词: 番茄, 化肥减施, 生产发育, 肥料利用率, 生物菌肥, 黄腐酸

Abstract:

To study the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with bio-fertilizer and fulvic acid on tomato growth and fertilizer use efficiency under the condition of facility cultivation, tomato variety ‘Yuanyi 504’ was used as the experimental material. The experiment adopted randomized block design. Five treatments were set as: conventional fertilization (CK), base fertilizer reduction by 40%, top dressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20%, top dressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 40%, and no fertilizer application (blank). The results showed that the plant height of tomato decreased with the fertilizer application reduction. There was no significant difference among CK, base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment and topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% treatment. The base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment had little effect on tomato stem diameter. There was no significant difference in the number of leaf nodes and panicles among CK, base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment and topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% treatment. The fertilizer use efficiency of tomato was improved by reducing fertilizer application. The fertilizer use efficiency of base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment was the highest, which was not significantly different from that of topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% treatment. The partial productivity of base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment was higher than that of CK, top dressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% treatment and topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment by 17.1%, 9.4% and 16.4%, respectively. The yield of CK was the highest, but was not significantly different from that of base fertilizer reduction by 40% treatment and topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% treatment. To sum up, under the condition of appropriate application of bio-fertilizer and fulvic acid, base fertilizer reduction by 40% or topdressing soluble fertilizer reduction by 20% had little effect on the growth and yield of facility tomato.

Key words: tomato, chemical fertilizer reduction, production development, fertilizer use efficiency, bio-fertilizer, fulvic acid

郑剑超, 董飞. 化肥减施对番茄生长特性和肥料利用率的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(6): 52-57.

ZHENG Jianchao, DONG Fei. Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on Growth Characteristics and Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Tomato[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(6): 52-57.

图/表 8

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处理	茎粗/cm	叶长/cm	叶宽/cm	根长/cm	叶节数	果穗数
CK	0.70±0.01 a	29.80±0.52 a	26.30±0.64 a	32.00±1.42 b	34.40±1.21 a	9.80±0.45 a
基肥减40%	0.70±0.02 a	28.20±0.58 a	25.30±0.51 a	35.60±2.41 a	35.00±2.54 a	9.08±0.31 a
追肥减20%	0.67±0.01 b	27.90±0.76 a	25.01±0.71 a	30.20±1.84 b	35.80±2.11 a	9.20±0.51 a
追肥减40%	0.66±0.01 b	26.80±1.92 c	24.81±0.31 b	28.00±2.41 c	31.80±1.98 b	8.60±0.57 b
空白	0.61±0.03 c	25.07±0.45 c	23.61±0.24 b	26.40±3.01 d	30.20±2.85 b	7.00±0.27 b

处理	茎粗/cm	叶长/cm	叶宽/cm	根长/cm	叶节数	果穗数
CK	0.70±0.01 a	29.80±0.52 a	26.30±0.64 a	32.00±1.42 b	34.40±1.21 a	9.80±0.45 a
基肥减40%	0.70±0.02 a	28.20±0.58 a	25.30±0.51 a	35.60±2.41 a	35.00±2.54 a	9.08±0.31 a
追肥减20%	0.67±0.01 b	27.90±0.76 a	25.01±0.71 a	30.20±1.84 b	35.80±2.11 a	9.20±0.51 a
追肥减40%	0.66±0.01 b	26.80±1.92 c	24.81±0.31 b	28.00±2.41 c	31.80±1.98 b	8.60±0.57 b
空白	0.61±0.03 c	25.07±0.45 c	23.61±0.24 b	26.40±3.01 d	30.20±2.85 b	7.00±0.27 b

处理	SPAD值	N含量/(mg/g)
CK	59.28±3.14 a	4.47±0.24 a
基肥减40%	57.18±1.51 a	3.94±0.12 a
追肥减20%	58.68±3.84 a	4.15±0.21 a
追肥减40%	54.24±2.41 b	3.39±0.27 b
空白	43.49±2.17 c	3.06±0.15 c

处理	SPAD值	N含量/(mg/g)
CK	59.28±3.14 a	4.47±0.24 a
基肥减40%	57.18±1.51 a	3.94±0.12 a
追肥减20%	58.68±3.84 a	4.15±0.21 a
追肥减40%	54.24±2.41 b	3.39±0.27 b
空白	43.49±2.17 c	3.06±0.15 c

处理	水解氮/(mg/kg)	有效磷/(mg/kg)	有效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)
CK	291.12±8.41 a	431.14±2.94 a	1940.25±24.24 a	11.04±0.54 b
基肥减40%	313.24±2.87 a	447.25±6.78 a	2180.61±35.14 a	13.51±0.67 a
追肥减20%	292.14±7.84 a	434.17±9.14 a	2080.14±64.74 a	12.95±1.42 a
追肥减40%	269.35±5.21 b	421.96±1.92 b	1910.24±15.94 a	13.04±0.15 a
空白	237.27±3.24 c	207.51±26.78 c	799.34±51.4 b	10.45±1.12 b