Abstract: In order to clarify the ecological characteristics of the Allium mongolicum populations in Minqin desert area, and better preserve and rationally develop and utilize the germplasm resources. Through field survey methods, using the theory of plant ecology populations, selecting the wild Allium mongolicum populations as the research object, the author carried on the study of Allium mongolicum’s characteristics, population composition, quality characteristics and population spatial distribution pattern, and analyzed the soil type, soil nutrients and salt of the distribution of Allium mongolicum in Minqin. The results showed that: in different distribution area, there were two kinds of soil, gray-brown desert soil and wind sand. Soils were relatively barren, and all for alkaline soil. The population structure of Allium mongolicum was relatively simple, in total of 10 families, 21 genera and 25 kinds. From the vegetation geographical elements, the dominant plants were typical gobi desert and grassland of the dessert plant, and part of the ancient Mediterranean ingredients and desert endemic constitute. On the spatial distribution pattern, most of Minqin area were uniformly distributed, only a small part of is random distribution.