Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500109

Abstract

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in soil is a global problem. Bioremediation has received widespread attention for its environment friendliness and cost-effectiveness. However, different bioremediation technologies have their advantages and limitations, so fully understanding the characteristics of remediation technologies can make it more economical and effective to remediate contaminated soil. In this paper, we described and compared the mechanism, advantages, limitations and applicability of popular bioremediation methods, including phytoremediation (phytovolatilization, phytostablizatioin and phytoextraction), genetically modified phytoextraction, chelate assisted phytoextraction, and microbial assisted phytoextraction, and suggested the combination of soil chemistry, plant biology, genetics, microbiology and environmental engineering to form efficient and practical bioremediation technology. According to the characteristics of contaminated soil, combining transgenic plants with corresponding improved properties could be an effective method to achieve large-scale remediation of contaminated soil; meanwhile, the stimulating effect of agronomic measures on the biomass of natural super accumulation plant and heavy metal extraction capacity should be further explored. In conclusion, phytoremediation could be combined with other traditional remediation techniques, and the integration of soil, plant and microorganism by transgenic technology could be the best way to develop future remediation technology.

Key words: heavy metal, bioremediation, phytoremediation, microorganism, chelate

CLC Number:

S511
S143.1

Zhao Shouping, Ye Xuezhu, Zhang Qi, Xiao Wendan. Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(20): 83-91.

Figures/Tables 2

References 61

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植物名称	富集重金属	地上部富集浓度/(mg/kg)	超积累植物阈值/(mg/kg)	富集值/阈值	参考文献
豆科植物光叶桑 Prosopis laevigata	Cd	8176	100	81.8	Buendía-González et al, 2010^[18]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		5000		30.0	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		1201		12.1	Wan et al, 2016^[25]
叶下珠属 Phyllanthus serpentines	Ni	38100	1000	38.1	Chaney et al, 2010^[26]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		16200		16.2	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
水生蕨类 Salvinia minima		16600		16.6	Fuentes et al, 2014^[27]
芥菜型油菜 Brassica juncea	Pb	10300	1000	10.3	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
黑芥菜 Brassica nigra		9400		9.4	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
向日葵 Helianthus annuus		5600		5.6	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
尖叶柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		2350		2.4	Wan et al., 2016^[25]
蕨类植物 Pteris vittate	As	6017	1000	6.0	Han, et al, 2016^[28]
菊科的雀苣属 Corrigiola telephiifolia	As	2110	1000	2.1	Garcia-Salgado et al, 2012^[29]

植物名称	富集重金属	地上部富集浓度/(mg/kg)	超积累植物阈值/(mg/kg)	富集值/阈值	参考文献
豆科植物光叶桑 Prosopis laevigata	Cd	8176	100	81.8	Buendía-González et al, 2010^[18]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		5000		30.0	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		1201		12.1	Wan et al, 2016^[25]
叶下珠属 Phyllanthus serpentines	Ni	38100	1000	38.1	Chaney et al, 2010^[26]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		16200		16.2	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
水生蕨类 Salvinia minima		16600		16.6	Fuentes et al, 2014^[27]
芥菜型油菜 Brassica juncea	Pb	10300	1000	10.3	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
黑芥菜 Brassica nigra		9400		9.4	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
向日葵 Helianthus annuus		5600		5.6	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
尖叶柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		2350		2.4	Wan et al., 2016^[25]
蕨类植物 Pteris vittate	As	6017	1000	6.0	Han, et al, 2016^[28]
菊科的雀苣属 Corrigiola telephiifolia	As	2110	1000	2.1	Garcia-Salgado et al, 2012^[29]

修复技术	修复过程	优势	局限性	适用性	公众接受度	复合污染点位	修复所需时间
植物挥发	植物从土壤吸收重金属并以水蒸气的形式释放到大气中	经济成本低, 破坏性小	仅限挥发性的重金属,且会产生环境问题,重金属挥发后无法控制	中小规模地块,长期修复	低、中	不适合	长期
植物固定	植物根系吸收隔离,降低土壤金属生物有效性和移动性	经济成本低, 破坏性小	效果是暂时的,且有效性随土壤、植物和重金属类型变化	中小规模地块,短期修复	中	不太适合	长期
植物提取	超级累植物从土壤中吸收、转移和浓缩重金属到地上可收获部分	经济成本高、环境友好,破坏性小	有效性取决于植物生长条件及其对重金属耐性,且重金属超级累植物一般比较少	大规模地块, 长期修复	高	不太适合,除了某些特殊植物	长期
螯合辅助植物提取	使用有机、无机螯合剂增强植物提取的能力	修复周期短,增加重金属的吸收和转运	费用高,可能带来破坏性,仅对低中度污染土壤有效,可能有地下水污染风险	中小规模地块,短期修复,低中度污染水平	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短
微生物辅助植物提取	利用微生物增强植物提取的能力	经济成本低,修复时间短,促进植物生长和重金属的吸收和转运	效果依赖微生物、土壤、植物和重金属类型	大规模地块, 长期修复	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短

修复技术	修复过程	优势	局限性	适用性	公众接受度	复合污染点位	修复所需时间
植物挥发	植物从土壤吸收重金属并以水蒸气的形式释放到大气中	经济成本低, 破坏性小	仅限挥发性的重金属,且会产生环境问题,重金属挥发后无法控制	中小规模地块,长期修复	低、中	不适合	长期
植物固定	植物根系吸收隔离,降低土壤金属生物有效性和移动性	经济成本低, 破坏性小	效果是暂时的,且有效性随土壤、植物和重金属类型变化	中小规模地块,短期修复	中	不太适合	长期
植物提取	超级累植物从土壤中吸收、转移和浓缩重金属到地上可收获部分	经济成本高、环境友好,破坏性小	有效性取决于植物生长条件及其对重金属耐性,且重金属超级累植物一般比较少	大规模地块, 长期修复	高	不太适合,除了某些特殊植物	长期
螯合辅助植物提取	使用有机、无机螯合剂增强植物提取的能力	修复周期短,增加重金属的吸收和转运	费用高,可能带来破坏性,仅对低中度污染土壤有效,可能有地下水污染风险	中小规模地块,短期修复,低中度污染水平	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短
微生物辅助植物提取	利用微生物增强植物提取的能力	经济成本低,修复时间短,促进植物生长和重金属的吸收和转运	效果依赖微生物、土壤、植物和重金属类型	大规模地块, 长期修复	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短