Current issue

• 2020 Vol.36 No.20 Published:15 July 2020

  Main Agronomic Characters of Female and Male Plant of Fiber Industrial Hemp: A Preliminary Study Zhang Xiaoyan, Sun Yufeng, Cao Kun, Jiang Ying, Zhao Yue, Hang Chengwei, Han Xicai, Wang Xiaonan 2020, 36 (20):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500123 Abstract + ( 377 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1415KB )   ( 40 ) To clarify the differences between female and male hemp plants and provide a theoretical basis for all-female, all-male and monoecious breeding of hemp, ‘Huoma 1’, ‘Hanma 5’ and ‘Hanma 2’ were used as experimental materials to analyze the difference and correlation of stem yield and agronomic traits between male and female hemp plants. The results showed that the stem yield of female plants was 18.18%-24.56% higher than that of male plants, and the difference was significant. The plant height and node number of male plants were 3.08 cm-5.86 cm and 0.28-1.92 nodes higher than those of female plants, respectively, with significant difference in plant height. The stem diameter and panicle length of female plants were 0.05 cm-0.08 cm and 3.35 cm-4.90 cm higher than those of male plants, respectively, with significant differences in panicle length. The root length of female plants was slightly higher than that of male plants, while the technological length of male plants was 3.26%-5.55% higher than that of female plants, with significant differences. The stem dry weight and root dry weight of female plants were 22.16%-27.06%, 21.97%-31.91% higher than that of male plants, respectively, with significant differences in stem dry weight. The number of nodes, panicle length and leaf dry weight of male and female plants were negatively correlated with the stem weight of the male and female plants. The height, stem diameter, root length, technological length and dry weight of the male and female plants were positively correlated with the stem weight of the male and female plants. High-yielding cultivation techniques and high-yielding breeding of hemp for fiber industry should aim at small ratio of male to female plants, fewer leaves, fewer nodes, shorter panicles, moderate plant height and stem diameter, long technological length, big root-dry weight and high stem weight per plant.

  Saccharum spp. × Erianthus fulvus and Their Hybrid Offspring: Identification of Drought Resistance Shen Xianyue, Xu Rong, Wu Qinglian, Xie Linyan, Meng Yu, Di Yining, Wang Xianhong, He Lilian, Li Fusheng 2020, 36 (20):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500147 Abstract + ( 293 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1316KB )   ( 37 ) The purpose of this study is to screen out excellent drought-resistant breeding materials, and to provide a basis for drought-resistant breeding and drought-resistant cultivation techniques of sugarcane. A total of 12 materials of Saccharum spp × Erianthus fulvus and their hybrid offspring were treated with pot drought treatment at seedling stage. Eight physiological and biochemical indexes related to drought resistance were tested. The drought resistance of the tested materials was evaluated comprehensively by pole-sorting method. The results showed that the indexes of Pro, MDA, SS and PMP of the 12 tested materials had an upward trend, the indexes of SP, Chl and SOD had a downward trend, while the CAT activity increased or decreased under drought stress. The results of pole-sorting method analysis showed that the drought resistance of the 12 tested materials was as follows: ‘ZM99-2’> ‘ZM99-1’> ‘ZM99-4’> ‘ZMI91-8’> ‘ZM99-3’> ‘ZM90-29’> ‘DZ01-58’> ‘DZ04-14’>‘DZ02-39’>‘ZMII91-2’>‘ROC10’>‘YC89-9’. It indicated that the high quality drought resistance traits of Erianthus fulvus could be transmitted to offspring by gene penetration. ‘ZM99-2’ showed positive physiological response in osmotic adjustment and other aspects at seedling stage under drought stress.

  Advances in Research on Plant Ubiquitin Genes Wang Yixi, Yu Bingwei, Yan Shuangshuang, Qiu Zhengkun, Chen Changming, Lei Jianjun, Tian Shibing, Cao Bihao 2020, 36 (20):  14-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500148 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 54 ) In this paper, the composition of the ubiquitin proteasome system, the structure of monoubiquitin, polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin-like gene and the role of ubiquitin system in plant growth and development, and the function of E3 ligase in response to biotic and abiotic stress were reviewed. In view of the existing related research, it is proposed that there are few studies on the target protein itself, few reports on the HECT family of E3 ligase, and the timing site of E3 regulatory network and ubiquitination is still unclear. The future research on ubiquitin, such as strengthening the research on cloning related genes and gene interaction, strengthening the research on target protein information and E3 molecular mechanism, is expected to provide references for the research on plant ubiquitin system, the structure and function of ubiquitin genes.

  Light Intensity: Effects on Leaf Chlorosis of Rice HS Lv Dongxu, Ni Hairui, Zeng Yanda 2020, 36 (20):  23-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19040043 Abstract + ( 262 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1600KB )   ( 43 ) The experiments on leaf chlorophyll content of shading and high temperature of rice HS was carried out to verify that strong light, rather than high temperature, was the cause of leaf chlorosis (yellowing), and to confirm the shade rate of eliminating leaf chlorosis (yellowing). The results showed that: under the condition of natural light intensity, the leaf chlorophyll content of rice HS during the tillering stage dramatically decreased, resulting in chlorosis; however, when 3/4 or 2/4 of the natural light intensity (under the same temperature condition) was removed, the leaf chlorophyll content showed little change and no obvious leaf chlorosis was observed; when the natural light intensity was restored for those plants which were shaded for one month but did not show leaf chlorosis, the plants also started to show detectable leaf chlorosis, confirming that the leaf chlorosis was caused by strong light intensity. When more than 2/4 of the natural light intensity was removed, the leaf chlorosis and photooxidation of HS were not detectable. High temperatures (under medium and weaker light) do not cause significant changes in the chlorophyll content and leaf color of rice HS.

  Corncob Hemicellulose Hydrolysate: Optimized Pretreatment and Detoxification Process Wang Jiawang, Yang Xiaofeng, Liu Guoming, Ge Jingping 2020, 36 (20):  28-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400042 Abstract + ( 235 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1431KB )   ( 47 ) To reduce the content of toxic substances such as acetic acid, furfural and phenols in the corncob hemicellulose hydrolyzate, and to increase the available sugar content, corncob was used as raw material to prepare hydrolysate, and the pretreatment and detoxification process were optimized, and the optimization effect was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the removal rate of acetic acid and phenolic substances could be increased to 93.4% and 32.3%, respectively, after the 10~20 mesh corncob was soaked in 10% ammonia water for 24 h, and the content of furfural was also greatly reduced. After vacuum concentration, CaO detoxification and 2% activated carbon adsorption, the content of toxic substances was reduced again. At this time, the hydrolyzate could be completely used for the strain fermentation, and the purpose of removal was achieved. The optimal hydrolyzate treatment step obtained in this study could meet the standards for the fermented strain, indicating that the treatment method of hydrolyzate directly affects the preparation of hydrolyzate. The study provides an idea for the research and utilization of renewable resources such as lignocellulose, and lays a research foundation for fermentation production.

  The Growth Phenotype of Tomato: Response to Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Straw Mixed Seedling Matrix Wang Xiaowu, Wang Zhifang, Qin Xinzheng, Chen Jing, Dai Jinping, Zhang Huitao, Xie Yuqing, Feng Lei, Gurinur Ahmaiti, Guo Wenchao, Yang Xinping 2020, 36 (20):  36-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500144 Abstract + ( 251 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1473KB )   ( 39 ) The relationship between the physical and chemical properties of cotton straw mixed seedling matrix and tomato growth phenotype was studied to provide a theoretical basis for rational and efficient utilization of straw resources. Path analysis was carried out, the physical and chemical properties of compound nursery substrate of cotton straw were independent variable, and the growth phenotype of tomato seedling was dependent variable. The mature cotton straw increased the germination rate of tomato seeds significantly, after adding AM soil, mushroom residue & soot mixture and vermiculite (P<0.05). T4 (cotton straw: AM soil: Perlite = 3:0.5:1) was the best, and the tomato seedling quality had no significant difference with CK (PINDSTRUP) (P>0.05); cotton straw mixed with other base materials increased bulk density and reduced EC value (P<0.05) significantly. Path analysis showed that the main factors affecting tomato growth phenotype were density, total porosity, pH value and EC, among which aeration porosity and water-holding voids had synergistic and promoting effect, while other factors had negative effect. Moderately increasing the aeration porosity and water holding voids of the cotton-straw mixed seedling-raising matrix and reducing the bulk density, pH value and EC value could be conducive to the cultivation of tomato seedlings.

  Characteristics and Law of Soil Water and Salt Changes in the Desert and Oasis Transition Zone of the Manas River Basin Wang Danying, Ma Yandong, Jia Zhifeng, Guan Zilong, Zhen Feimin 2020, 36 (20):  44-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200200094 Abstract + ( 382 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2073KB )   ( 39 ) Salinized soil has always been a major problem in Xinjiang's economic development and ecological construction. Soil samples were collected from two cultivated soil profiles and a wasteland soil profile in the southern margin of the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang. The soil particle size, bulk density, water content, and salt content were measured indoors, and the characteristics and law of water and salt changes in native saline-alkali wasteland and cultivated farmland were discussed in order to provide a necessary basis for the prevention and control of salinization in this area. The main conclusions are: 1) the differences in physical properties of soil layers have a more obvious effect on the distribution characteristics of soil water and salt, and the phenomenon of salt accumulation in soil layers with more clay and silt is more distinct; 2) the structural heterogeneity of soil layers has a blocking effect on water and salinity, leading to the existence of a salt accumulation layer in the soil; 3) irrigation water causes an increase in the leaching strength of the soil, which can reduce the salt in the soil but increase the risk of groundwater mineralization. It is suggested that corresponding drainage measures should be set up for soil salinity control in this area due to the heterogeneity of the soil layer, and the combination of irrigation and drainage is used to achieve the purpose of soil salinization prevention and groundwater protection.

  Soil Moisture Retrieval of Farmland in Southern Shanxi: Based on Sentinel Multi-source Data Liu Zhengchun, Feng Meichen, Xu Lishuai, Jing Yaodong, Bi Rutian 2020, 36 (20):  51-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000776 Abstract + ( 396 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1935KB )   ( 53 ) Using remote sensing data to retrieve soil moisture of farmland is essential for monitoring agricultural drought and crop status, and predicting crop yield. Taking the winter wheat planting area in Wenxi of Shanxi as the study area, we wiped off vegetation influence by “water-cloud model”, established the relationship between soil backscattering coefficient and soil moisture to retrieve the soil moisture of the winter wheat planting area of Wenxi on March 19 th 2018. The results showed that: fusion image of microwave (Sentinel-1 image) combined with visible spectrum remote sensing image (Sentinel-2 image) could remove vegetation influence to improve the retrieval accuracy of soil moisture, VV polarization determination coefficient R 2 was increased by 0.0914, and the RMSE was decreased by 0.0895%; the soil at middle valley plain and southeastern and northwestern tablelands of Wenxi was mildly drought, while it was moderately drought at the southwestern hills and eastern mountain lands. The spatial distribution of soil moisture retrieved is highly consistent with hypsographic condition, irrigation condition and farmland productivity grade, with low-lying terrains and favorable irrigation condition corresponding to regions of high soil moisture.

  Isothermal Adsorption/Desorption of Phosphate at Sediment Surface: Responses to Oxygen-consuming Organic Matters Zhang Yuqun, Ge Changzi, Liu Lixiao 2020, 36 (20):  59-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400068 Abstract + ( 173 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1326KB )   ( 26 ) To study the responses of isothermal adsorption and desorption of phosphorus at sediment surface to oxygen-consuming organic matters, the sediments sampled from Jinhai Bay of Weihai City were used as materials. The glucose represented the oxygen-consuming organic matters. Sediments were exposed to oxygen-consuming organic matters with different concentrations for 30 hours and the apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface were determined and analyzed. Without exogenous PO4-P, the apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface was negative, -2.31±0.63, -42.70±0.98, -7.84±0.83, -3.54±0.39 mg/kg respectively when the concentrations of oxygen-consuming organic matters were 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 mg/L. With exogenous PO4-P, the apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate varied between positive and negative. The apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface under the same concentration of oxygen-consuming organic matters was -5.47±13.90, -13.29±0.97, -13.85±4.36, -0.44±6.44 mg/kg respectively when the initial concentration of phosphate was 2.26 mg/L. The apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface under the same concentration of oxygen-consuming organic matters was -59.74±7.33, 28.51±29.28, 87.72±48.19, -30.70±31.52 mg/kg respectively when the initial concentration of phosphate was 6.78 mg/L. The apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface under the same concentration of oxygen-consuming organic matters was -13.15±12.17, -7.57±21.09, -55.05±2.79, 87.38±107.33 mg/kg respectively when the initial concentration of phosphate was 9.04 mg/L. The apparent isothermal adsorption capacity of phosphate at the sediment surface under the same concentration of oxygen-consuming organic matters was 67.62±12.80, 257.53±51.72, 122.08±138.24, 201.67±105.42 mg/kg respectively when the initial concentration of phosphate was 11.30 mg/L. Thus, organic matters have double effects on adsorption and desorption of phosphate at sediment surface with exogenous PO4-P, and the effects depend on the concentration of oxygen-consuming organic matters and the initial concentration of PO4-P.

  Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Returning: Effects on Soil Aggregates and Organic Carbon Distribution Zhou Fangliang, Li Feng, Huang Ya’nan, Xu Yonghao, Geng Mingjian, Huang Li 2020, 36 (20):  65-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400065 Abstract + ( 211 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1407KB )   ( 45 ) To study the distribution characteristics of soil aggregates and organic carbon under Chinese milk vetch and straw returning, we selected the rice-Chinese milk vetch rotation experiment in Jingzhou, Hubei, and studied the aggregates and organic carbon by the methods of wet sieve and density fractionation. The results showed that: the content of aggregates in each particle size was mainly >5 mm (57.08%-80.01%), and Chinese milk vetch and straw returning increased the content of aggregates >5 mm and the stability of aggregates; the treatment of Chinese milk vetch returning with chemical fertilizer (NPK+G) and Chinese milk vetch and straw returning with fertilizer (NPK+G+S) significantly increased the content of organic carbon in the aggregates of 5-2 mm, 2-0.25 mm; the aggregates were mainly dominated by the mineral-associated organic carbon; different treatments increased the content of mineral-associated organic carbon and fine particulate organic carbon in aggregates, and reduced the content of coarse particulate organic carbon. Compared with the control (CK), the Chinese milk vetch and straw returning could increase the stability of aggregates and promote the accumulation of fine particulate organic carbon in aggregates.

  Chinese Milk Vetch Varieties: Accumulation Effect on the Rice Growth in Cadmium Contaminated Soil Fan Meirong, Zhang Chunxia, Liao Yulin, Xie Baicheng, Lu Yanhong, Wen Jihui, Nie Jun 2020, 36 (20):  72-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400038 Abstract + ( 321 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1388KB )   ( 30 ) The paper aims to study the effects of different Chinese milk vetch varieties on rice growth and soil quality in cadmium contaminated soil. The results showed that: compared with the two control groups, returning Chinese milk vetch significantly increased the pH value of soil solution, and decreased the Eh value (P<0.01), lowered the content of soil available Cd significantly, cut down the accumulation of Cd in rice growth process; the effect of ‘Xiang purple 3’ treatment was most obvious, compared with single chemical fertilizer treatment, the soil effective cadmium content under ‘Xiang purple 3’ treatment was decreased by 21.9%, the Cd content in straw and rice was reduced by 39.1% and 43.5%, respectively, the falling of Cd content in rice was the maximum among the 4 varieties. Different varieties of Chinese milk vetch could promote the reproductive growth of rice and effectively increase the yield of rice, but there was no significant difference in agronomic traits and yield index among the treatments. In conclusion, ‘Xiang purple 3’ with the best effect on decreasing Cd can better reduce the absorption of Cd in crops and improve the safety of the products.

  Biological Activated Carbon Fluidized Bed: Degradation Effect and Chemical Potential Change of Bio-diesel Wastewaters Liu Zixuan, Shi Hui, Wang Ping, Wang Peiying, Zhu Jian 2020, 36 (20):  77-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500097 Abstract + ( 185 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1419KB )   ( 37 ) To solve the problem of difficult and low efficient biochemical treatment of bio-diesel wastewater, we treated the bio-diesel wastewater by adopting the biological activated carbon fluidized-bed process and studied the degradation effect and chemical potential change of test system COD. The results indicated that: the test system had good treatment effect, and the COD concentration of terminal effluent could meet the Standard of Level I B in GB 18918-2002 by using the four-level series system; the basic process of test system COD removal could be described by two-level reaction: adsorption-aerobic biodegradation; COD removal rate in the aerobic degradation reaction increased as the series increased, indicating that the total contribution of aerobic degradation was positively correlated with levels of system series; the chemical potential of test system COD removal reaction was a negative value and its absolute value increased as unit series increased, indicating that the system COD removal was a spontaneous reaction, the ability to remove COD was strengthened with the increase of series levels, and aerobic biodegradation played a significant role in stable treatment effect of the maintenance system.

  Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods Zhao Shouping, Ye Xuezhu, Zhang Qi, Xiao Wendan 2020, 36 (20):  83-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500109 Abstract + ( 344 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1302KB )   ( 156 ) Heavy metal pollution in soil is a global problem. Bioremediation has received widespread attention for its environment friendliness and cost-effectiveness. However, different bioremediation technologies have their advantages and limitations, so fully understanding the characteristics of remediation technologies can make it more economical and effective to remediate contaminated soil. In this paper, we described and compared the mechanism, advantages, limitations and applicability of popular bioremediation methods, including phytoremediation (phytovolatilization, phytostablizatioin and phytoextraction), genetically modified phytoextraction, chelate assisted phytoextraction, and microbial assisted phytoextraction, and suggested the combination of soil chemistry, plant biology, genetics, microbiology and environmental engineering to form efficient and practical bioremediation technology. According to the characteristics of contaminated soil, combining transgenic plants with corresponding improved properties could be an effective method to achieve large-scale remediation of contaminated soil; meanwhile, the stimulating effect of agronomic measures on the biomass of natural super accumulation plant and heavy metal extraction capacity should be further explored. In conclusion, phytoremediation could be combined with other traditional remediation techniques, and the integration of soil, plant and microorganism by transgenic technology could be the best way to develop future remediation technology.

  Sunshine Duration in China: Variation Characteristics and Its Influence Xiao Fengjin, Zhang Xuguang, Liao Yaoming, Liu Qiufeng 2020, 36 (20):  92-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19030090 Abstract + ( 1809 )   HTML ( 45 )   PDF ( 2035KB )   ( 256 ) The paper aims to study the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of sunshine duration in China under the background of climate change. Based on the observation data from 2089 national meteorological stations during 1961-2017, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of sunshine duration in different regions of China and the influencing factors by using the methods of the linear trend, partial correlation, and Mann-Kendall mutation. The results showed that the spatial distribution of sunshine duration was high in northern China and low in southern China, and had a significantly decreasing trend with a rate of -45.8 h/10 a. The sunshine duration had a mutation in 1989 in southwestern China, in 1983 in northwestern China, and in 1985 in northeastern China, and no mutation occurred in other regions. Summer had the highest sunshine duration, followed by spring, autumn and winter; and the decline rate was also the highest in summer, followed by autumn, winter and spring. Sunshine duration had a highly negative correlation with total cloud amount, visibility, haze, precipitation, while had a positive correlation with wind speed, and no significant correlation with fog.

  Uniconazole (S3307) Improving Resistance of Crops: A Review Li Wan, Xiang Hongtao, He Ning, Wang Xueyang, Liu Miao, Wang Manli, Wang Tongtong, Tang Xiaodong, Li Yidan 2020, 36 (20):  101-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500106 Abstract + ( 390 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1066KB )   ( 52 ) Global warming has caused natural disasters from time to time and worsened the growing environment of crops. In order to alleviate the impact of stress on crop growth, the research summarized the biological function of increasing crop resistance to lodging, salinity-alkalinity stress resistance, resistance to water stress and temperature stress of S3307, analyzed research status and development trend of S3307 in crop resisting adverse environmental fields. It was pointed out that when plant growth regulator was applied to improve the stress resistance of crops, the application mode and concentration should be adjusted scientifically according to the actual situation. Rational application of plant growth regulators is of great significance to anti-stress, anti-adverse growth and development of crops, as well as to reduce cost and increase yield, providing theoretical basis and scientific guidance for future research on anti-stress of agricultural production.

  Development of a Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Visual Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Melon Seeds Yuan Yingzhe, Luo Ming, Han Jian, Pan Yanan 2020, 36 (20):  107-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190800499 Abstract + ( 316 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1596KB )   ( 36 ) The paper aims to develop a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid and visual detection of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in melon seeds. Two sets of LAMP primers were designed according to the coat protein (CP) gene of CMV and ZYMV. Based on the optimization of reaction conditions, RT-LAMP detection method was developed and verified for specificity and sensitivity. It is suggested that the 2 kinds of LAMP method have specific amplification action respectively for CMV or ZYMV. The sensitivity for the detection of CMV and ZYMV is 10 and 100 times higher than that of the conventional PCR method. The detection result could be judged by visual color change without requiring complex equipment. The method is suitable for detection in field condition and could provide a novel rapid detection approach for CMV and ZYMV in melon seeds.

  The Internal Organs of Dead Calf of Somatic Cloning Holstein Cows: Histopathological Observation Sun Wei, Bao Xiangnan, Wu Yungaowa, Wang Jianguo, Li Yongsheng, Li Shanduo, Zhang Tiezhu, Wang Feifei, Li Xihe 2020, 36 (20):  114-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500184 Abstract + ( 527 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2066KB )   ( 49 ) To investigate the death causes of cloned Holstein bulls, we compared major tissues and organs of the neonatal-death cloned holstein bull and natural propagation Holstein bull calf. We observed and analyzed the main tissues and organs by anatomy and HE (hematoxylin-eosin staining) staining. The results showed that the lung structure of the neonatal-death cloned Holstein bull was clear. Its liver cells were obviously swollen and the liver had slight degeneration. The renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney had slight degeneration. The interstitial space between the myocardium fibers was enlarged. Skeletal muscle fiber gap was obvious, and vacuolar degeneration, which might lead to muscle weakness and insufficiency of the cloned bull. The boundaries of the lymphoid cortex and medulla were not distinct. Lymph node cells were sparse, germinal center was not obvious, and lymphatic sinus cells were less. There were fewer red blood cells in the spleen, which might indicate that the cloned bull had imperfect hematopoietic function. The boundary between the cortical and the medulla of the thymus was not obvious. The eosinophilic thymus gland was not easily identifiable and might be hypoplasia. The cloned Holstein bull’s immune organs had different degrees of hypoplasia, which might be the main reason for the high mortality after birth.

  Chlorophyll Content in Winter Wheat: Inversion and Monitoring Based on UAV multi-spectral Remote Sensing Xi Xue, Zhao Gengxing 2020, 36 (20):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400050 Abstract + ( 534 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2464KB )   ( 78 ) The aim is to accurately estimate the chlorophyll content of winter wheat at different growth stages, and to explore its temporal and spatial change. The multispectral image with high resolution of winter wheat at overwintering stage, returning green stage, jointing stage, booting stage and filling stage were photographed by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and SPAD ground data were collected at the same time. Three kinds of spectral parameters were selected to establish the inversion model, the best prediction model for each growth stage was screened out, and the temporal and spatial changes of chlorophyll content in winter wheat in the experimental area were quantitatively monitored. The results showed that the original wave band model and the reciprocal logarithmic wave band model were the best models for predicting chlorophyll content in overwintering stage and other growth stages, respectively, the inversion accuracy R2 were all greater than 0.59. In terms of temporal and spatial changes, before the filling stage, the chlorophyll content of winter wheat in the experimental area exhibited the high in the north and south, and the low in middle. During the filling stage, the chlorophyll content exhibited the high in the north and the low in the south. The chlorophyll content in winter wheat increased gradually from overwintering stage to jointing stage, decreased from jointing stage to booting stage, and decreased significantly from booting stage to filling stage. The wave band reciprocal logarithm model established in this study has higher prediction accuracy, it is suitable for the four growth stages from returning green stage to filling stage, and it has a good temporal and spatial monitoring effect on the chlorophyll content of winter wheat in the experimental area.

  Lysimeter in Agricultural Scientific Research: Application Status and Development Trend She Yingjun, Qi Xuebin, Han Yang, Bai Fangfang 2020, 36 (20):  127-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500201 Abstract + ( 166 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1365KB )   ( 66 ) The lysimeter has a great significance to the study of farmland water circulation. The objective of the study is to clarify the application status and the developmental trend of lysimeter, and better apply it to agricultural science research. The authors systematically review the development of lysimeter in China in recent 20 years, and summarize the measuring principle and classification of lysimeter, the development of manufacturing technology of the large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter, and the application of lysimeter in studying the evapotranspiration of crops, groundwater utilization in shallow groundwater areas, condensate water in arid and semi-arid areas, etc. It is considered that the lysimeter should be oriented to the needs of network information development, to achieve network terminal control, online communication and network information sharing and other targets; the observation task and long-term application should be considered comprehensively, and the station (group) development should be combined with other instruments, and the environmental effect should be considered in the meantime; the regional reference standards of micro-lysimeter should be formulated by referring to the soil conditions, hydrology and meteorology of the research area, rather than the large-scale industrial norms; great importance should be attached to exploring the mechanism and application of water transport in all interfaces of the groundwater-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum; and the supporting role of lysimeter should be considered in basic research of disciplines and industries, to expand the scope of research objects.

  Surface Temperature in the Northern Tibetan Plateau: Variation Characteristics Based on MODIS Remote Sensing Data and Meteorological Observed Data null null, Bian Duo, Ci Zhen, null null, Niu Xiaojun, null null 2020, 36 (20):  136-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19030087 Abstract + ( 346 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2750KB )   ( 44 ) The paper aims to study the variation characteristics of surface temperature in the northern Tibetan plateau. Based on the land surface temperature (LST) remote sensing data from MODIS/TERRA satellite during 2002-2015 and the meteorological data for the same time, we analyzed the interannual variation of surface temperature in the northern Tibetan plateau. The results showed that: (1) the surface temperature in the northern Tibetan plateau had a slowly rising trend during 2002-2015, with the highest value of 35.3℃ in the summer of 2013 and 2015; and the lowest temperature of 5.2℃ appeared in the winter of 2011; the spatial distribution of surface temperature showed that: the high temperature area gradually expanded from the west to the east in the northern Tibetan plateau and mainly located in counties or towns where the population was relatively dense, but the low temperature areas were in the north part or sparsely populated areas with no significant variation; (2) there was a good positive correlation between the surface temperature of satellite retrieval and the observed meteorological data, while the surface temperature was negatively correlated with precipitation. In recent years, with the rapid development of towns in the eastern part of the northern Tibetan plateau, the human activities have increased significantly, which result in the increase of high-temperature areas reaching the largest in 2015.

  The Financing Situation of Cultivated Land Use Management Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China in 1999-2018 Qiu Min, Cao Yingui, Song Lei, Su Ruqing, Wang Wenxu 2020, 36 (20):  143-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400056 Abstract + ( 335 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1386KB )   ( 72 ) Based on the official data on cultivated land use management projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China from 1999 to 2018, using the methods of quantitative analysis, classified statistics, qualitative and quantitative analysis, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the annual situation, project types, project departments, project units and research directions of cultivated land use projects. The results show that: in the 20 years, under the guidance of national policies, the number and amount of cultivated land use management projects are increasing; the types of projects are mainly youth science fund projects, general projects and regional science fund projects; the youth scientific research team is growing, and the scope of project approval units is wide, but most of the projects are concentrated in institutions with strong research strength; the project departments and research directions tend to be diversified. While deeply exploring the traditional mainstream directions, the funding expands the research theme, innovates the research ideas and grasps the new hot spot of the research. According to the analysis, the research content of the fund project is becoming more abundant and the research system is gradually systematic, but the depth and real-time of the research should be strengthened, the protection, the sustainable utilization and the evaluation of cultivated land are the hot spots in recent years, and the related research needs to be improved.

  Planting and Comparative Benefit of Sugar Beet in Heilongjiang: Investigation and Analysis Lu Bingfu, Zhang Wenbin, Liu Xiaoxue, Wu Yanling, Zhou Yanli, Liu Na 2020, 36 (20):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500176 Abstract + ( 465 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1295KB )   ( 39 ) The Chinese sugar beet industry started in Heilongjiang and has a history for more than 100 years. The result of investigation show that sugar beet planting could gain the best benefit among the main dry crops in Heilongjiang, and the income increases by 2.38%, 60.85% and 75.48%, respectively, compared with potato, maize and soybean. For the sugar beet planting in Heilongjiang, the average area is 15.62 hm2 per household, the average density is 59300 plants/hm2, and the years of rotation are more than 4 years. The main labor force is hire hands, the farmland is mostly leased, the seeds are mainly pelleted or coated and imported from abroad, the fertilizers are mainly special fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used, and the level of mechanization is relatively high. The input cost of sugar beet production is successively the labor force, farmland, agricultural means of production and agricultural machine operation. The sugar beet production is generally at a low level in Heilongjiang, and the development tendency is to increase the yield and sugar content for comparative benefit of sugar beet planting, to change the existing planting methods, to develop the production mechanization vigorously, and to improve the application of new techniques.

  The Development Strategy of Urbanization in Henan Province Based on SWOT Analysis Chen Yu, Zhu Mengke 2020, 36 (20):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400008 Abstract + ( 328 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1309KB )   ( 28 ) The purpose is to analyze the development level of urbanization in Henan Province at present stage, and to analyze its advantages and problems, thus to put forward relevant strategies for promoting the sustainable and healthy development of urbanization. Taking the urbanization of Henan Province at the historical transition period as the entry point, using the SWOT analysis method, we clarify the significant advantages of current urbanization construction in history and culture, regional transportation and national policies, and reveal the problems existing in the process of urbanization, including imbalanced urban and rural development, lag in infrastructure construction and industrial development, frequent occurrence of "urban diseases" and the restriction of population quality and resource environment. Based on the analysis, we propose that the urbanization construction in Henan Province should concentrate on four things in the future: using the coordinated development of "new three" to promote the construction of new urbanization; accelerating the integration of urban and rural areas to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas; strengthening ecological environmental protection to pursue the new urbanization of sustainable development; highlighting the improvement of rural population quality to help the transformation and upgrading of urbanization.