Wheat

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Isolation and Identification of Glarea lozoyensis P1 and Antagonistic and Detoxification Activity Against Fusarium graminearum

GUO Haozhen, ZHOU Huazhong, DENG Chunlin, LI Yan, YANG Lijun, GONG Shuangjun

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (12): 107-112. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0431

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This study aims to screen biocontrol strains against Fusarium graminearum species complex in order to provide new biocontrol resources for the sustainable management of fusarium head blight. A high-efficiency biocontrol strain was isolated from non-agricultural soil samples collected in Badong County, Enshi, Hubei Province, using the dilution plate method with Fusarium graminearum as the indicator strain. The inhibitory effects of the isolate Glarea lozoyensis fermentation broth on mycelial growth and spore germination of F. graminearum were assessed,as well as its degradation rates on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in vitro. The strain was identified through morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Further experiments were conducted to assess control efficacy in field plots. The results showed that a 10-fold dilution of its fermentation broth inhibited F. graminearum mycelial growth and spore germination by 91.98% and 100%, respectively, and achieved 100% degradation rates for DON and ZEN. Morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene analysis identified as Glarea lozoyensis (GL), designated GL-P1. Field trial results demonstrated that the fermentation broth of GL-P1 achieved a 71.36% control efficacy against Fusarium head blight, comparable to the fungicide tebuconazole. The above study indicates that Glarea lozoyensis P1 is a biocontrol isolate with promising field efficacy against Fusarium head blight, showing potential for further application and development.

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Wheat Germplasm Resources in Wheat-growing Area of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River: Yield and Quality Traits and Correlation Analysis

CAI Jinhua

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (12): 19-25. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0455

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To study the performance of yield and quality traits of wheat germplasm resources and their correlation and path analysis，35 wheat germplasm resources from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used as materials in this study. The plant height, spike number, spikelet number per spike, 1000-grain weight and yield were investigated manually, and the wheat quality was determined by Perten DA 7200 near-infrared analyzer. The results showed that the yield range of 35 wheat germplasm resources was 5679.00-6331.50 kg/hm², the effective spike range was 427.50-502.50 million/hm², the growth period range was 195.00-202.00 d, the plant height range was 73.00-93.00 cm, the spikelet number per spike range was 32.60-40.00, and the 1000-grain weight range was 37.00-47.10 g. The correlation analysis of yield traits showed that effective spike, growth period, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield (r=0.1707, r=0.0401, r=0.2277, r=0.0299), while plant height was negatively correlated with grain yield (r=-0.0587). Path analysis showed that grain yield increased while effective spike, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased. The effect of increasing the number of grains per ear was the greatest (direct path coefficient Py=0.8390), followed by the effect of increasing the 1000-grain weight (direct path coefficient Py=0.6668), and the effect of increasing the number of effective ears was the smallest (direct path coefficient Py=0.4916). In general, the quality traits of 35 wheat germplasm resources were quite different, indicating that wheat has rich diversity, which provides a large selection space for wheat quality breeding and selection of offspring.

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Effect of Spraying Alginate Enhancing Solution at Different Growth Stages on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Winter Wheat

TIAN Cuiling, TIAN Jialiang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (9): 25-31. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0778

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To explore the effect of alginate enhancing solution on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat, four different concentration treatments were set during the regreening stage, jointing stage and booting stage of winter wheat, which were 0 mg/kg (CK), 30 mg/kg (N30), 60 mg/kg (N60) and 90 mg/kg (N90). The indexes such as chlorophyll content, grain filling rate, dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics and yield among different treatments were studied. The results showed that spraying alginate enhancing solution could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of wheat flag leaves and the grain filling rate, especially in the late stage of flowering, it still maintained a significant advantage compared with CK. The dry matter accumulation of stem sheath + leaves, ear shaft + glume, grain and distribution ratio were significantly higher than those of CK, among which the advantage of N30 treatment at the jointing stage was the most obvious. In photosynthesis, spraying alginate enhancing solution significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves, reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) of flag leaves, keeping the crops at a high photosynthetic rate all the time. In terms of yield and composition factors, there were no significant differences in the number of spikes and grains per spike among different concentration treatments compared with CK, but the thousand grain weight and yield were significantly higher than CK. Among them, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage had the best yield-increasing effect, with a yield of 8811.96 kg/hm², which was 12.01% higher than that of the CK treatment in the same growth period. In summary, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage is a more reasonable fertilization scheme.

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Study of Yield and Quality Traits of New Wheat Cultivar ‘Hemai 26’

REN Qingguo, WU Guangjun, LIN Ping, ZHANG Jiyu, ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Yongshan, HAI Tao

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (9): 32-37. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0405

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To further understand the production characteristics and applicable value of the wheat variety ‘Hemai 26’, its yielding ability, yielding stability and adaptability as well as resistibility and quality characteristic were analyzed with ‘Zhoumai 18’ as the contrast using the regional tests of wheat varieties in southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region consisted of institutions and enterprises during 2016-2018 and production tests in 2018-2019. The results showed that the yield of ‘Hemai 26’ increased by 4.5%, 11.53% and 5.28% respectively compared with that of ‘Zhoumai 18’ during 2016-2019, and reached a significant level. Coefficient of variation (CV) of ‘Hemai 26’ was slightly smaller, the high stability coefficient (HSC) was larger and adaptability was higher than that of ‘Zhoumai 18’. The average yield of each experimental variety showed linear regression with the average yield of ‘Hemai 26’ in different test sites, and the regression coefficient tended to 1. ‘Hemai 26’ has strong lodging resistance and general disease resistance. ‘Hemai 26’ has good grain uniformity, high grain bulk density and good quality. ‘Hemai 26’ has outstanding yielding ability, good yielding stability, wide adaptability and excellent quality, which has good promotion and utilization value in Southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region.

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Simulation of Response of Spring Wheat Yield and Biomass to Increasing Nitrogen Fertilizer and CO₂ Concentration in Dryland Under Different Sowing Dates

YANG Tingting, LIU Qiang, MA Xiaoyi

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (3): 93-100. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0082

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This study explores the changes in nitrogen application rate and the effects of increased CO₂ concentration on wheat yield and biomass in semi-arid areas under different sowing dates. This article used the adjusted APSIM model to set up three different sowing dates of early sowing ESW (March 3rd), normal sowing NSW (March 19th), and late sowing LSW (March 31st), five nitrogen application treatments of N1(0 kg/hm²), N2(52.5 kg/hm²), N3(105 kg/hm²), N4(157.5 kg/hm²), and N5 (210 kg/hm²), and five CO₂ concentrations of C1 (370 ppm), C2 (420 ppm), C3 (470 ppm), C4 (520 ppm), and C5 (570 ppm) for simulation experiments. The results indicated that the APSIM model had good applicability in the experimental area; both nitrogen application rate and CO₂ concentration had an impact on the yield and biomass of dryland spring wheat, and the effects varied under different sowing dates. As the sowing date was delayed, both nitrogen application rate and CO₂ concentration had a positive effect on wheat yield and biomass, with nitrogen application rate having a much greater impact than CO₂ concentration; under specific nitrogen application rates and CO₂ concentrations, the choice of sowing date had a significant impact on yield and biomass. Higher yields were typically achieved during normal sowing periods, while late sowing was beneficial for biomass accumulation. When climate and soil conditions change, adjusting the sowing date can optimize wheat production. When the nitrogen application rate was N4 and the CO₂ concentration was C1, the wheat yield was highest under normal sowing, and the wheat biomass was highest under late sowing. This study holds significant importance in guiding wheat production in semi-arid regions. In practical production, based on local climate and soil conditions, parameters such as sowing dates, nitrogen application rates, and CO₂ concentrations can be adjusted to optimize wheat production and enhance both yield and biomass. Especially in the context of global climate change and the numerous challenges faced by agricultural production, this research provides robust support for the sustainable development of wheat production in semi-arid areas.

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Effect of Adjusting Sowing Date on Yield and Quality Traits of Spring Wheat in Ningxia

TAO Yuan, HE Yaling, ZHANG Qian, SUN Qian, LIU Yongliang, LI Qianrong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (6): 10-21. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0634

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In order to clarify the effects of adjusting sowing date on the yield and quality of spring wheat in Ningxia, 20 main spring wheat varieties (lines) in Ningxia irrigation areas were used as the experimental materials. A two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted with sowing date as the main plot and different wheat varieties as the subplot. The differences in wheat yield and quality under different sowing dates were compared and analyzed. The results showed that compared with the normal sowing date, the growth period of the tested varieties was shortened by 8-14 days after the sowing date was delayed by 20 days. The yield, effective panicle number, and thousand-grain weight were significantly reduced by 18.8%, 7.22%, and 3.54% respectively, while the number of grains per panicle did not change significantly; the hardness, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, stability time, and maximum tensile resistance increased significantly by 9.21%, 3.66%, 14.13%, 55.92%, and 160.56%, respectively, while the content of protein decreased significantly by 19.30%. There were no significant changes in bulk density and water absorption. The analysis using the membership function method revealed that under late sowing conditions, the varieties with better comprehensive performance in terms of yield and quality were 'Ningchun 52', 'Ningchun 61', 'Yongliang 15', 'Ningchun 54', 'Ningchun 53', 'Ningchun 48', and 'Ningchun 56'. Among these, 'Ningchun 52' and 'Ningchun 61' had the highest comprehensive evaluation values, which was 0.8. Delayed sowing date had a significant impact on the yield and quality of spring wheat.

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Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Varieties with Different Gluten Strength Under Mixed Planting and Their Effects on Bread and Noodle Quality

FAN Hua, CHENG Dungong, LIU Jianjun, LIU Aifeng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (6): 148-152. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0234

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To explore the effects of mixed planting of different gluten strength wheat varieties on quality characteristics and yield traits, 'Jimai 44' and 'Jimai 23' were used as materials for field mixed sowing. The quality characteristics, food processing quality, and yield-related traits were studied. The results showed that the grain protein content of mixed culture exceeded 15.0% and was significantly higher than that of monoculture of 'Jimai 23' (T₂₃). The wet gluten content, gluten index and dry gluten value were all higher than the lower value of monoculture. The development time, stability time, degree of softening and farinograph quality index were all significantly better than that of T₂₃. The water absorption exceeded 63.0% and was higher than that of monoculture of 'Jimai 44' (T₄₄), both reaching the level of strong gluten. The color, texture and crumb structure of bread core, the increased neck length and total score were not significantly different from T₄₄, but were significantly better than T₂₃. The appearance, hardness, viscoelasticity, smoothness and total score of noodles were not significantly different from those of monoculture, and taste was similar to that of T₄₄, but the color was significantly different from that of T₄₄. The qualities of both bread and noodles reached an excellent level. At the same time, the changes of yield traits such as maximum total number of stems, number of spikes per hectare, heading ratio and grain weight of plot were all higher than those of monoculture. In summary, the reasonable mixed culture of 'Jimai 44' and 'Jimai 23' at a ratio of 60-70 to 40-30 not only improved the quality characteristics and food processing properties but also increased the yield. The results could provide the scientific and technnological support for the production of special end-use flour by reasonable mixed planting.

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Effect of Planting Density on Yield and Quality Traits of a New Weak Gluten Wheat Variety 'Yunmai 114'

TIAN Jingmei, LIU Jia, YANG Xiaoyun, LI Shaoxiang, ZHANG Cuiping, ZHANG Lin, LIU Kun, ZHU Runyun, DING Mingliang

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (2): 14-21. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0009

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The study aims to investigate the impact of planting density on the yield and quality of the newly approved high-quality weak gluten wheat variety 'Yunmai 114' in Yunnan, providing a theoretical basis for determining a reasonable planting density for the large-scale promotion of weak gluten wheat varieties in Yunnan. Using 'Yunmai 114' as the experimental material, seven treatments including 900000 plants/hm² (A), 1.35 million plants/hm² (B), 1.8 million plants/hm² (C), 2.25 million plants/hm² (D), 2.7 million plants/hm² (E), 3.15 million plants/hm² (F), and 3.6 million plants/hm² (G) were set up for basic seedlings, with three replicates and incomplete random block arrangement. The yield and yield related traits, grain type traits, quality traits and stem tiller dynamics of the variety were investigated under different planting densities, and variance analysis and correlation analysis were conducted on these traits. The highest number of tillers, effective panicles, and the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages of 'Yunmai 114' showed extremely distinct differences at 7 planting densities. There were also significant differences in spike rate, grain number, plant height, water absorption rate, protein content, stable time, formation time, and hardness value at each planting density. However, there were no significant differences in theoretical yield, actual yield, thousand grain weight, grain area, grain circumference, grain length to width ratio, and grain length and width among different planting densities. The changes in both theoretical and actual yields showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, then increasing, and finally decreasing with the increase of planting density. There was a highly significant positive correlation (r=0.778**, 0.908**, 0.767**, 0.924**, 0.850**, and 0.752**) between the effective panicle, the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages of the variety and its basic seedlings. The plant height and theoretical yield were significantly positively correlated with their basic seedlings (r=0.536* and 0.520*). There was a significant negative correlation between the number of grains per panicle, protein content and stability time with their basic seedlings (r=-0.450*, -0.449*, and -0.467*), while there was a certain correlation but not significant between actual yield and 16 other traits with the basic seedlings. Planting density could significantly affect the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages, highest tiller number, effective panicle, spike rate, grain number, plant height, water absorption rate, protein content, stability time, formation time, and hardness value of 'Yunmai 114', but it did not significantly affect the theoretical yield, actual yield, thousand grain weight, grain area, grain circumference, and grain length to width ratio, grain length and grain width. Moreover, a low planting density was not conducive to the performance of the yield and quality characteristics of the variety. When the basic seedlings were 1.35 million -3.6 million plants/hm², the yield of the variety remained stable at 14389.50-16078.50 kg/hm², maintaining good yield and stability, as well as maintaining the quality characteristics of weak gluten wheat. These planting densities are suitable for promotion in areas with better water and fertilizer conditions in Yunnan.

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Study on Resistance of Wheat Varieties to Wheat Black Point Kernel in Huang-Huai Wheat Area

LI Xinhua, ZHANG Ke, OU Xingqi, WANG Zijuan, OU Yangjuan, ZHANG Shuailei

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (2): 8-13. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0002

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The aim was to understand the incidence and resistance performance of black point disease in major cultivated wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai wheat region. A total of 33 wheat varieties from the region were collected, and the rates of black point kernel in grains and diseased index were statistically analyzed for each variety. Disease index was also analyzed, and the resistance to black point disease was categorized. Significant differences in the rate of black point kernel were observed among the tested wheat varieties (lines), with the rate of black point kernel ranging from 6.17% to 63.17%. Varieties such as ‘Bainong 607’, ‘Bainong 207’, ‘Shannong 17’, ‘Shannong 116’, ‘Weilong 169’, and ‘Xinmai 45’ had low rates of black point kernel in grains and a light disease index, all were classified as having a low susceptibility to wheat black point disease; whereas ‘Zhoumai 36’, ‘Zhoumai 28’, ‘Gaomai 6’, ‘Tunmai 127’, ‘Anke 1602’, and ‘Aikang 58’ had high rates of black point kernel in grains and a heavy disease index, all were classified as having a high susceptibility to wheat black point disease. There were significant differences in the rate of black point kernel among different wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai wheat region. The research results provide important information for variety selection and disease management in the region, which will help guide agricultural production practices, reduce the occurrence of black point disease, and improve wheat yield and quality.

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Study on Meteorological Suitability of Winter Wheat in Jianghan Plain Based on Optimized Sowing Date

XIA Yan, LIU Kaiwen, YE Pei, DENG Yanjun, XIAO Xiao, GENG Yifeng, WU Qixia

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 102-107. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0375

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In order to optimize wheat sowing date in the Jianghan Plain, enhance the adaptability to climate change, and promote wheat yield and quality, the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteorological suitability in winter wheat were compared based on the meteorological suitability evaluation model. Results showed that, climate change could increase the temperature suitability and precipitation suitability, but reduced that of sunlight. Delaying the sowing date could appropriately improve the meteorological suitability. Among them, November 11^th was the best sowing date, next was November 21^st and November 1^st, by enhancing the temperature and precipitation suitability from the jointing to maturity stage. Compared with the traditional sowing date (October 21^st), delaying sowing for about 20 days (November 11^th) is beneficial for improving the meteorological suitability in the Jianghan Plain.

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Analysis of Evolution of Climate Factors and Wheat Regional Experimental Variety Traits in Xuzhou Region from 2004 to 2022

LIU Liwei, LIU Jing, WANG Jing, YI Yuan, ZHU Xuecheng, ZHANG Na, ZHANG Huiyun, MA Hongbo, LIU Dongtao, FENG Guohua

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (3): 76-83. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0056

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The study aimed to provide theoretical support for identifying the growth characteristics of new wheat strains in Huaibei District, Jiangsu Province, and for new varieties breeding direction and green high-efficiency and high-yield cultivation technology measures in Xuzhou and the same ecological area. Multiple agronomic character data and meteorological data such as temperature, precipitation and light during wheat growth period of 335 new wheat lines in Huaibei wheat regional experiment in Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2022 were used to analyze the evolution law and their correlation in the past 20 years. The results showed that during the wheat growing period, the total precipitation increased by 2.1451 mm per year, and the total sunshine duration decreased by 5.5074 h per year. In January, February and March, the overall temperature rise was obvious, the overwintering period of wheat was gradually shortened, and the regreen jointing period was advanced. The proportion of increased wheat varieties in the test was fluctuating, but the overall trend was rising. The basic seedlings, maximum tiller, plant height, volume weight, number of ears and grain yield showed an increasing trend, the growth period was slightly shortened; the 1000-grain weight and grans per spike were basically flat, but slightly decreased. The coefficient of variation was the smallest in the growth period (2.71%). The highest number of tillers per hectare was 19.86%. The coefficient of variation of growth period, bulk weight and plant height was less than 10%, and the coefficient of variation of other traits was more than 10%. The results of comparison between the top 10 and the bottom 10 showed that wheat lines with more than 6.2 million panicle number, more than 35 grains per spike, more than 43g 1000-grain weight and more stable agronomic traits were more likely to obtain high yield. The correlation analysis results showed that the three factors of yield were positively correlated with yield, while the effective panicle number was negatively correlated with 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle. Cultivating new varieties with three factors of yield synergistic improvement and matching cultivation measures to cope with climate change is an important way to achieve high and stable yield of wheat in Xuzhou and the same ecological area.

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The Impact of Climate Warming on Growth, Development, and Yield of Winter Wheat in Northern Henan Province-Taking Qinyang City as an Example

ZHANG Xingang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (3): 98-106. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0264

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Climatic factors are the main factors affecting crop growth and development, and have a significant impact on crop growth, yield, and quality. In order to explore the characteristics of climate factor changes in northern Henan and their impact on winter wheat production, this study used agrometeorological observation data of winter wheat from 1984 to 2022 in Qinyang County, Henan Province, combined with meteorological observation data from the same period, and used methods such as linear tendency estimation, Mann Kendall test, HP filtering, and correlation analysis to study the quantitative impact of climate factor changes and climate yield during the growth period of winter wheat. The results showed that from 1984 to 2022, the temperature during the growth period of winter wheat showed a significant fluctuation and upward trend, with a climate tendency rate of 0.35℃/10a (P<0.05). There were obvious seasonal changes in temperature during the growth period, and a sudden change in temperature occurred in 1994. In the past 39 years, the accumulated temperature at ≥0℃ had increased, with a climate tendency rate of 53.5℃/10a (P>0.05), and the mutation points were in 2010 and 2021. The precipitation and sunshine hours during the growth period showed a fluctuating decreasing trend, with the linear tendency rates of 13.4 mm/10a (P>0.05) and -43.0 h/10a, respectively. Affected by climate change, the duration of winter wheat growth season was significantly shortened, and the yield was greatly affected by climate factors. Within a certain temperature range, the climate yield of winter wheat increased with the increase of temperature. For every 1℃ increase in temperature, the climate yield increased by 14.53 g/m². The suitable threshold for accumulated temperature of ≥0℃ during the growth period was 2281℃. There are differences in the impact of climate factors on the climate yield of winter wheat in different growth periods. The sunshine hours from tillering to over wintering, booting to heading, booting to heading temperature, heading to flowering, and precipitation throughout the entire growth period are key factors affecting winter wheat yield. This study can provide important references for regional winter wheat response to climate change and agricultural scientific decision-making.

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Analysis of High and Stable Yield of A New Wheat Variety ‘Chuanmai 614 ’with Efficient Nutrient Utilization

ZHENG Jianmin, PU Zongjun, LV Jijuan, LIU Xue'an, LUO Jiangtao, DENG Qingyan, LIU Peixun, LI Chaosu

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (1): 7-12. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0224

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In order to explore the potential advantages of ‘Chuanmai 614’, and better serve production and application, this study analyzed its yield performance. Using 3-year regional trial data, the yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Chuanmai 614’ were studied using the analysis method of multi-year and multi-point comparison test and the GGE biplot model. The results showed that the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 6031.50 kg/hm², ranking second, with good stability and adaptability to multiple environments. In the production experiment, the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 7031.55 kg/hm², which ranked the first, and there was an increase of 8.79% compared to the control. Among the GGE biplot model analysis, the ‘variety with highest yield in different places’ functional diagram indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had high production and good adaptability in Dazhou, Neijiang, Nanbu, Shuangliu, and Zhongjiang; the functional diagram of ‘high yield and stable yield’ showed that among all the varieties, ‘Chuanmai 614’ had the highest yield and good stability. The GGE biplot chart with concentric circles indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had good yield and stability. Overall, ‘Chuanmai 614’ is a new nutrient efficient variety with good yield and stability.

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Research Progress on Winter Wheat Growth Period Recognition Methods

WANG Miaomiao, WANG Beibei, LI Mingfang, ZHANG Zhihong, YAN Xue

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (1): 1-7. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0752

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China is a major agricultural country. With the rapid development of agricultural science and technology, agriculture has entered a new stage of development with high yield, high quality, and high efficiency. Achieving automation and intelligent observation of crop growth period recognition is a crucial part of agricultural modernization. This paper introduced the current research status of crop growth period recognition and presented two methods for automatic observation and identification of winter wheat growth period, one based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the other based on deep learning. Using winter wheat in Henan as an example, the results of automatic observation and identification from both methods were compared with manual observations. The results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of both identification methods, showing high accuracy and efficiency, thereby improving measurement efficiency and reliability. In terms of identification accuracy, the two methods had their own strengths at different growth periods and could complement each other. The deep learning-based identification method demonstrated better generalizability compared to the NDVI-based method. However, both methods required optimization and upgrading in the future to further enhance identification accuracy.

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Effects of Biochar Application and Reducing Irrigation Amount on Soil Agglomeration Structure and Yield of Winter Wheat

LI Tingyu, SHEN Yi, TONG Junfei, LU Shunfeng, LI Qin, GUO Song, YANG Weijun

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (36): 110-116. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0382

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To explore the influence of biochar on soil structure and wheat yield under different irrigation conditions, the experiment was conducted in combination of field experiment and indoor experiment. Two levels of biochar application, 0 t/hm² (B₀) and 20 t/hm² (B₁), and two levels of irrigation amount, 4500 m³/hm² (W₀) and 4050 m³/hm² (W₁) were set to investigate the distribution of soil aggregates, stability changes and wheat yield. The results showed that the application of biochar and the reduction of irrigation water would affect soil aggregate distribution and soil aggregate stability. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, biochar application increased the soil aggregate content of > 2 mm GMD and MMD, but reduced irrigation would decrease the soil aggregate content of > 2 mm and reduce the stability of soil mechanical aggregate. In the soil layer of 20-40 cm, the trend between each treatment was basically consistent with that of the 0-20 cm soil layer. However, the application of biochar in conjunction with reduced irrigation can maintain the stability of soil mechanical aggregates and increase winter wheat yields to a certain extent. The highest winter wheat yield was recorded in B₁W₁ treatment, which was 9.73 % higher than that of B0W0 treatment. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate reduction of irrigation volume (4050 m³/hm²) and the application of biochar (20 t/hm²) could significantly improve the distribution and stability of soil aggregates in wheat fields in the irrigated area, which was conducive to the improvement of soil structure and the increase of wheat yield.

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Rheological Characteristics of Black Wheat Dough and Effects of Flour Blending on Quality of Steamed Bun and Bread

YANG Lijuan, REN Xingxu, ZHOU Siyuan, LI Yongzhen, MA Huaping

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (36): 147-155. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0772

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In order to screen the high-quality black wheat germplasm resources for color wheat breeding and guide the black wheat industrialization, 15 black wheat varieties were used as materials, and the farinograph parameters were measured by E-farinograph. At the same time, the effects of the ‘Zhouheimai1’ flour blending and ordinary wheat flour on the quality of steamed bun and bread were also analyzed. The results showed that the water absorption of the tested varieties was 57.4%-67.2%, the formation time was 2.7-7.8 min, the stability time was 2.3-10.8 min, the softness was 49-141 Fu, and the farinograph quality number (FQN) was 41-165. The water absorption of ‘Luozhen 1’, ‘Tesexiaomai 1’ and ‘Jiziheimai 9’ was higher than that of the control ‘Jimai 44’. The formation time, stability time and FQN of ‘Jiziheimai 9’ were higher than that of other varieties, which could be used as the key germplasm for strong gluten color wheat breeding. The stability time of 5 black wheat varieties, including ‘Shuzimai 1801’, was less than 3 min, which could be used as key germplasm for weak gluten color wheat breeding. The quality of steamed bun or bread was lower than that of ordinary wheat flour when it was blended with ‘Zhouheimai1’ flour. The optimal proportion of flour was different from previous studies. The purpose of this study is to provide reference for the formulation of color wheat quality evaluation standards, as well as to provide technical support for the promotion of color wheat and the industrialization development of related foods products.

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Study on Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Wheat and Maize Double-Cropping Farmland Based on Century Model—— A Case Study of Xiangcheng County, Henan Province

YUAN Chenguang, SONG Yanhua, TIAN Meng, FAN Peng, YANG Qingwei, YANG Xihui

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (35): 70-75. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0357

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To study the soil carbon sequestration potential, a long-term monitoring site of wheat and maize double-cropping farmland in Xiangcheng County, Henan Province was selected as the research object. The Century model was used to simulate the dynamic change process of soil organic carbon during the monitoring period (2010-2023), and the applicability of the Century model was verified by comparing with the measured data. At the same time, one basic agricultural management measure and four optimized agricultural management measures were selected to simulate and predict the soil carbon sequestration potential in the next 20 years (2024-2043) by using the Century model. The simulation results showed that during the monitoring period, soil organic carbon density at the monitoring sites increased by 0.31 mg/hm² annually, showing a “carbon sink” status, mainly due to the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. The results of Century model validation found that the model had good applicability in simulating and predicting the dynamic change of soil organic carbon. Under the condition of basic agricultural management measures, the soil carbon sequestration potential was low, and the state was weak and stable. Under the condition of agricultural management measures combining less tillage and 50% straw returning, the soil carbon sequestration potential was the highest, which was the most effective agricultural management measure. Therefore, the implementation and popularization of optimized agricultural management measures in the wheat and maize double-cropping farmland area of Henan Province is an important means to enhance soil carbon sequestration capacity, which is of great significance for alleviating greenhouse effect and realizing national food security.

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Wide Sowing in Narrow Rows Sowing Technology of Wheat

ZHOU Daowei, WANG Shuyong, SHI Jibo, SHEN Jun, MENG Fanguo, CHEN Guang, ZHI Jian, WANG Yiming, HU Juan, LI Qiang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (34): 1-7. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0039

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In order to improve the utilization efficiency of farmland and increase the wheat yield per unit area, wheat sowing production experiment of the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ was carried out through the transformation of the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’ wheat sower, and a designed experiment was conducted for checking the wheat yield change in 15 cm narrow row with sowing belt increased. The results showed that the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’ wheat sower’s opener could be transformed into the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ sower’s opener, and the sowing belt increased from 2.6, 2.9 cm to 7.6 cm, and the area of the sowing belt increased by 176% on average. Within a limited row, the wheat yield per unit area increased with the increase of sowing belt width; the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ yield increased by 11.3% to 17.3% than the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’. The direct cause of the yield increase per unit area of ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ is that the area per plant, the number and proportion of large plants increased, the number and proportion of small plants decreased, and the yield of small plants increased. ‘Narrow sowing in narrow row’ wheat sower needs to be reformed to improve the utilization efficiency of wheat land and develop efficient wheat farming.

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Nitrogen Ratios of Base and Topdressing on Yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’

WANG Hongmei, LV Jilong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (33): 18-23. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0235

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Nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer are key factors affecting wheat yield. Different nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer have important effects on the number of tillers and yield components at different growth stages of wheat. Exploring the optimal combination of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer can effectively improve wheat yield. A two-factor design was used in this study. Four different nitrogen application rates were set for the main treatment, including F₁ 120 kg/hm², F₂ 180 kg/hm², F₃ 24kg/hm² and F₄ 300 kg/hm². Six different base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer were set for secondary treatment, including N₁ 3:7, N₂ 4:6, N₃ 5:5, N₄ 6:4, N₅ 7:3 and N₆ 10:0. Nitrogen topdressing was carried out at the jointing stage. The number of internal tillers was investigated at seedling stage, overwintering stage, jointing stage, booting stage and maturity stage. The 1000-grain weight was measured at the filling stage. Effective spike number, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight were measured at the maturity stage. The results showed that the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ was significantly affected by nitrogen application rate, base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction. Among them, F₃ effectively increased the population number of wheat, F₂ reduced the tiller loss rate at the heading stage, and F₂ had the greatest effect on the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’, increasing yield by 9.74%-33.58%. Wheat yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer proportion in the base fertilizer. Compared with N₁, N₂ and N₃, wheat yield decreased significantly under N₅ and N₆. Under the interaction of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, F₂N₁ had the highest wheat yield, with a maximum increase of 52.12% compared to other treatments. The results showed that nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer affected the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ by affecting the effective spike number and 1000-grain weight. Among the treatments, the wheat yield under the interactive treatment of F₂N₁ reached the highest. This study provided an important theoretical basis for optimizing high-yield cultivation measures of ‘Zhengmai 369’.

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Effects of New Types of Urea on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization, and Production Efficiency of Winter Wheat-Summer Corn Rotation

WANG Wenzan, HAN Jian, LI Xin, WANG Chen, LI Ruijuan, YUE Yanjun, ZHANG Lijuan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (33): 24-33. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0259

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The aim was to explore the effects of different new urea on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the application of new urea in practical production. Using common urea as a control, six new types of urea were applied for 5 consecutive years to measure the yield of wheat-maize rotation, analyze the effect of new urea on the composition of the yield, and at the same time, determine the nitrogen uptake of plants and seeds, and account for the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, bioproductivity, and production benefits of the new types of urea. The results showed that compared to the ordinary urea, continuous application of the new urea all significantly increased the yield of wheat-maize rotation system (P<0.05), with the range of yield increase from 7.08% to 11.77%, of which 9.02% was increased by the loss-control urea in the wheat season, and 15.52% was increased by the zinc-containing urea in the maize season; there was no significant difference in nitrogen absorption and utilization of the new urea during the wheat season, while the average nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency of loss-control urea fertilization and zinc containing urea in the corn season reached 9.49 kg/kg and 10.63 kg/kg, respectively. From the perspective of production efficiency, the net benefit of using loss-control urea in batches and zinc (manganese) containing urea was the highest. Under the conditions of this experiment, it was recommended to apply loss-control urea or zinc (manganese) containing urea in the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China.

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