Edible Fungi
To enrich high-quality mushroom cultivation substrates and expand the high-value utilization of reed straw, the raw material ratio for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus with reed base was studied by using test fungus ‘Xiahui No.1’. Seven modified substrates with 0%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 67%, 75%, and 100% reed substitution ratios were set up to cultivate the P. ostreatus, and the impact of the reed addition amount on the nutritional quality of P. ostreatus fruit bodies was analyzed. The zinc and selenium contents of P. ostreatus fruit bodies increased by more than 18.9% when reeds replaced 50% of wood chips compared to pure wood chips. In addition, their crude protein, medical amino acid, essential amino acid, and total amino acid contents increased by more than 10.5%, sweet and delicious amino acids increased by more than 11.6%. Similarly, selenium content increased by 65.9%, and zinc, iron, and vitamin B2 increased by more than 30.4% when reeds replaced 67% of wood chips compared to pure wood chips. In addition, medical amino acid, essential amino acid, and total amino acid contents increased by 3.3%, 14.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. Moreover, the score of ratio coefficient of amino acids, essential amino acid index, biological value, and nutrition index values were the highest among the seven modified substrates. The substrate with a 50% reed substitution ratio had higher medicinal value and better edible flavor. The amino acid composition of mushrooms grown with a 67% substitution ratio was closer to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and egg model protein, with higher contents of multiple trace elements and better overall nutritional value. From the nutritional balance perspective, the reed substitution ratio in substrate should not be too high.
The research methods and recent progress of domestication breeding (systematic breeding), crossbreeding including single-single hybridization, single-double hybridization, multi-spore hybridization (self-crossing) and protoplast fusion breeding, mutation breeding and molecular breeding technologies of Auricularia cornea in China were summarized. Some newly bred cultivars and their characteristics were introduced, and the research methods for the propagation of A. cornea in solid and liquid strains were summed up. Molecular marker-assisted breeding, genome editing, genomic selection and other molecular breeding methods are proposed for future crossbreeding of A. cornea in China. The high-efficiency breeding technology will be rapidly applied, the commercial breeding of A. cornea will be actively promoted, and the ‘breeding- propagation- promotion’ system will be gradually improved.
Volvariella volvacea can be produced by straw substrate. In order to improve the utilization rate and benefit of straw wastes, and promote the new high-efficiency cultivation technology, we explored the feasibility of the annual rotation pattern of rice-straw mushroom-vegetable from the perspectives of nutritional evaluation and economic benefit analysis. The straw was collected and used for straw mushroom cultivation, the fruiting-body protein, amino acid, mineral ions and other components of mushroom were detected. The proportion of essential amino acids (EAA), ratio of essential amino acids to WHO/FAO model spectral values (RAA), amino acid ratio coefficient (RC) and amino acid ratio coefficient evaluation score (SRC) were evaluated. Soil organic matter was detected and the economic benefits were calculated. The fresh protein, fat, carbohydrate, potassium and phosphorus were 2.93% (36.63% for dry), 0.3%, 3.8%, 3.05×103 mg/kg, and 1.05×103 mg/kg, respectively. The cultivated mushroom contained 17 kinds of hydrolyzed amino acids, of which essential amino acids accounted for 32%, glutamate content was the highest, and branch chain amino acids accounted for 15.13%. RAA values of six essential amino acids were close to those of WHO/FAO model, and SRC values were 64. Twenty kinds of free amino acids were detected, and sweet and umami amino acids accounted for 44.43%. Glutamic acid was the main umami amino acid. Soil organic matter content increased by 20.33% after fungus residue was returned to the field. Straw mushroom cultivation earnings are eight times that of rice. The pure straw substrate cultivation of Volvariella volvacea has many benefits, such as rich in nutrition, good economic benefit, and improving soil organic matter content by fungus residue, so it is suitable for application in main rice producing areas in south China.
Taking fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes in the same cultivation shed as the materials, the effects of environmental factors in different seasons on amino acid biosynthesis of Lentinus edodes were studied. We analyzed the amino acid content of Lentinus edodes fruiting bodies in different seasons and the monitoring data of environmental factors, and explored the correlation between them. The results showed that the content of total amino acids from fresh Lentinus edodes of the first crop could reach 2.81%, and there was no significant difference in the content of total amino acids between the second crop and the third crop, which was 1.56% and 1.51%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration had significantly positive correlation with amino acid content in fruiting bodies, indicating that these factors had significant effect on the biosynthesis of amino acid in a certain range. From the perspective of the comprehensive meteorological conditions, the environmental temperature is the main factor affecting the biosynthesis of amino acid in Lentinula edodes, and during the Lentinula edodes growth, environmental temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration have effects on the nutritional quality of its fruiting bodies.
Taking Pleurotus eryngii cultivated on wood as the control, the mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis substrate was analyzed for morphology, organic nutrients, and the contents of mineral elements and heavy metals. The feasibility of using Phragmites australis to cultivate mushroom instead of wood was proposed from morphology and nutrition perspectives. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology, fresh weight and water content of Pleurotus eryngii between the two kinds of cultivation, as well as in the contents of crude protein, crude fat and amino acid. The contents of crude polysaccharide and zinc were significantly lower in mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis than those on wood, but the calcium and iron contents were significantly higher in the former than in the latter. Although there were some differences of arsenic and cadmium contents of mushroom between Phragmites australis and wood cultivation, the mushroom cultivated on both substrates could meet the food safety standards. In general, Phragmites australis cultivating mushroom instead of wood has a huge potential for promotion.
To explore the edible and medicinal value of edible fungi with cinnamon as cultivation material, based on cinnamon wood cultivation material and common cultivation material, the polysaccharides of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus were extracted and determined respectively. The antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides was evaluated by ORAC method, and the hypoglycemic effect was analyzed by animal experiment. The results showed that there were great differences in polysaccharide content of edible fungi among different varieties and different cultivation materials. The polysaccharide content of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 16.89% and 14.44% respectively, and that of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 4.22% and 5.95% respectively. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was significantly higher than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom, and the antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides from cinnamon cultivation material was significantly higher than that from common cultivation material. The polysaccharide high dose groups of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material could significantly relieve the diabetes symptoms in mice. The low dose groups also had a certain degree of improvement on the diabetes symptoms in mice. The efficacy of the experimental groups increased with the increase of dosage. At the same experimental concentration, the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material was better than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from cinnamon cultivation material. It could be seen that ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material had considerably high polysaccharide content, and both had strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. The results of this experiment can provide theoretical reference for the development and utilization of cinnamon resources in the production of rare edible fungi such as ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus.
The study aims to understand the contents of mineral elements in Dictyophora rubra in Zhijin County of Guizhou Province to facilitate D. rubra growth by properly regulating the soil, and to provide a basis for the nutritional and safety evaluation of Dictyophora rubra. Through the determination of mineral elements of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in the soil of D. rubra production base, the correlation analysis was carried out. The results showed that the average content of mineral elements in soil was in the order of Fe > K > Ca > Zn > Se. The average content of mineral elements in Dictyophora rubra was in the order of K > Ca > Fe > Zn > Se, potassium is the most abundant element. The correlation statistics of mineral elements between the base soil and D. rubra showed that the mineral element Fe had a significantly negative correlation with soil pH (P<0.05); there was a very significantly positive correlation between soil Ca and D. rubra Ca and Zn, and soil Se and D. rubra Se (P<0.01); there was a significantly positive correlation between soil K and D. rubra Fe and Zn, and soil Fe and D.rubra Fe (P<0.05). The correlation of mineral elements in the soil showed very significantly positive correlations between K and Fe, K and Se, and Ca and Zn; there was a significantly positive correlation between K and Ca, and Ca and Se at the level of 0.05; there was a very significantly negative correlation between Ca and Fe, and K and Fe. The mineral elements K and Zn, and Ca and Fe in D. rubra had a significantly positive correlation; K and Ca, K and Fe, and Ca and Zn had very significantly positive correlation. Other mineral elements had no significant correlation. Adding a certain concentration of potassium and calcium in the soil could promote the absorption of other mineral elements and improve the quality of D. rubra to a certain extent.
The aims are to obtain the optimal extraction condition of Auricularia auricula lectin and study its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells MCF-7. Single factor test and response surface method were used to optimize the extraction time, extraction temperature and material-to-liquid ratio; CCK-8 reagent method, morphological observation and scratch method were used to explore the effects of Auricularia auricula lectin on the proliferation, morphological change and migration rate of MCF-7 to study the anti-tumor activity. The results indicated that: when the extraction time was 8.47 h, the material-to-liquid ratio was 1:51.71, and the (NH4)2SO4 concentration was 50.23%, the agglutination activity in the crude extract was the highest, and the maximum theoretical value was 5.4795HU. After Auricularia auricula lectin treated the cells, the survival rate of the cells was decreased, the number of cells was reduced, the cell morphology was changed, and the scratch closure speed slowed down. And the change of cells was dependent on the concentration of lectin. The higher the concentration, the lower the cell viability and the smaller the number of cells, the stronger the inhibition on cell migration. This experiment obtained the optimal extraction condition of Auricularia auricula lectin and clarified its inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells, which could provide certain reference for studying lectin extraction methods and its anti-tumor activity.
In this study, 18 strains of Agrocybe aegerita (4 wild strains, 7 commercially cultivated strains, 5 strains mutated by cobalt-60 irradiation and 2 mutagenesis strains from Shenzhou 10 spacecraft) were used as experimental materials, to study the genetic relationship of Agrocybe aegerita and screen out strains with better agronomic traits for industrial production. Molecular markers ISSR, antagonistic test and isozyme techniques were used to analyze the genotyping and genetic relationship of the strains. By analyzing the cap thickness and diameter, stalk length and diameter, growth period and yield, the agronomic traits of the 18 strains of Agrocybe aegerita were compared. The 18 strains of Agrocybe aegerita were divided into 7 groups by antagonistic test. The 20 ISSR primers screened out could amplify 164 clear bands, and the average ratio of polymorphic bands was 81.1%. Clustering analysis of ISSR markers showed that the 18 strains could be divided into 6 groups when the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.828. The 18 strains were also divided into 6 groups by esterase isozyme test. The agronomic traits analysis showed that ‘Cha 5’, ‘AS-1’, ‘Cha 3’, ‘Baicha’, ‘Chayuan 1’ and ‘Yangshudong 1’ had better comprehensive traits. The results of ISSR molecular marker test, antagonistic test and esterase isozyme test were basically consistent. The optimal strains ‘Chayuan 1’, ‘Yangshudong 1’, ‘AS-1’, ‘Cha 3’, ‘Baicha’ and ‘Cha 5’ were selected as the industrial production strains of Agrocybe aegerita.
The effect of mulberry straw substrates on fruiting traits of Lentinus edodes was explored. ‘Ming60’ was taken as the L. edodes variety, and conventional sawdust formula was used as the control, including 80% sawdust, 18% bran, 1% gypsum and 0.5% mushroom element. Mulberry straw substituting sawdust with different proportions of 5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75% and 100% were set in this experiment to broaden the practical scope of mulberry straw substrates for edible fungi cultivation. The results showed that the average mycelium growth rate presented a trend of increase first and then decrease along with the increase of substitution rate. Time from inoculation to end of mycelia, fresh mushroom production per bag, pileus weight, pileus thickness, pileus diameter, stipe length, and fruit body weight were inversely proportional to mulberry straw substitution rate, but the mushroom shape and color were not affected. And at the same time, when the proportion of mulberry straw substitution was 5%-50%, the growth traits, commodity characteristics and economic benefit of mushroom were significantly better than those of the control group, and the effect reached the best when the proportion of mulberry straw substitution was 15%.
In order to solve the resource waste and environmental pollution caused by Agaricus bisporus residue, the effect of Agaricus bisporus residue application on amino acid content of waxy corn was studied. Using Agaricus bisporus residue as fertilizer, the effects of Agaricus bisporus residue application on amino acid content in fresh grains of ‘Jinnuo 18’ and ‘Jinnuo 20’ were analyzed. The results showed that with the application of Agaricus bisporus residue, the content of amino acids in fresh grains of ‘Jinnuo 18’ and ‘Jinnuo 20’ increased compared with the control group. The increase of amino acids in different varieties was different, ranging from 2.94% to 13.11%, indicating that Agaricus bisporus residue as fertilizer is beneficial to the increase of amino acid content in fresh grains of waxy corn.
The role of Ficus carica sawdust in the cultivation of edible fungi is explored to find a new way for the application of agricultural waste in the edible fungi industry. The effects of F. carica sawdust on the growth and yield of Pleurotus geesteranus and Hericium erinaceus were analyzed to select the optimum addition level by studying the nutrient contents of F. carica sawdust, the extract and the contents added in the culture material. The result shows that adding F. carica sawdust could significantly reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate. Although the F. carica sawdust extract has a positive effect on the growth of hyphae of both P. geesteranus and H. erinaceus, but the addition of F. carica sawdust to the culture material could slow the growth rate of mycelium. Adding F. carica sawdust could make the P. geesteranus bud appear earlier, extend the harvest time of H. erinaceus, increase the protein content of fruiting bodies. During the cultivation of P. ostreatus and H. erinaceus, adding 50% and 28% F. carica sawdust respectively could increase the yield of both edible fungi.
The effects of different peach sawdust formulas and cultivation techniques on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus were studied to provide a basis for the resource utilization of peach sawdust. This paper used cottonseed hull and corn cob (1:1) formula as control, adopted the rod-making technique of adding 55% and 70% peach sawdust combined with clinker and fermented material of short-term high temperature (short for fermented material), to explore the physical and chemical properties of substrate, the dynamic of lignocellulose and related enzyme activities during the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus Huimei No.2, as well as the effects of sawdust addition on agronomic traits and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies. The moisture content of the culture material with peach sawdust as the main ingredient was lost more in the later period. The pH value, ash content and nitrogen content of the fermented material were slightly higher than those of the clinker. The cellulase activity and xylanase activity of the culture material added with peach sawdust were significantly increased, and the culture material with fermented process showed higher laccase activity from full bag of mycelium to first flush stage. The single weight of Pleurotus ostreatus in the clinker process is greater than that in the fermented process. The pileus diameter in the formula of adding sawdust was greater than that in the control formula. The thickness of pileus, diameter of stipe and single longitudinal and transverse longitude had little significant change in different formulas and processes, and the S-5 formula with 55% sawdust had better agronomic indicators such as single weight, branch number, and pileus diameter. As to the formula of adding 55% sawdust, the yield of the first and second flush was higher by using clinker and fermented material. The bioconversion efficiency was 63.1% and 60.1% respectively. As to the formular of adding sawdust to 70%, the yield of the first and second flush decreased by 18.7% and 28.6% respectively. There was no significant difference in crude protein content of fruiting bodies between the two formulas, and the content range was 19%-21%. The formula of peach sawdust can significantly improve the total amino acid content of fruiting bodies, and the addition of sawdust to 70% can also significantly improve the crude fat content of fruiting bodies. The ideal yield and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus can be obtained by adding 55% peach sawdust with clinker or fermented materials of short-term high-temperature.
In this research, we studied the most suitable formula and preparation techniques of Stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation in the sunlight greenhouse by using peach sawdust and corn agricultural waste from Pinggu in Beijing. This article set up 3 preparation and 6 formulas, and comprehensively compared the agronomic traits such as physical and chemical traits, fruiting traits, average yield and biological efficiency. We find that raw materials are significantly superior to fermentation materials in agronomic characters and yield. Fermentation material + short time high temperature is slightly better than fermentation material in yield and agronomic characters. In raw materials, the maximum yield of S-1 (peach sawdust and corn cob) formula is 11.97 kg/m2, its biological efficiency is 99.75%, and its fruit body traits are excellent. The formula of S-2 (peach sawdust and corn straw) is the best in fruiting body characters, such as mushroom shape index and weight of single mushroom, the time from sowing to fruiting is short, and the yield and biological efficiency are also high. The multi-material mixing of S-3 (peach sawdust, corn stalk and corn cob) is conducive to the formation of early yield. The raw material cultivation techniques of these three formulas are all suitable for the cultivation of Stropharia rugoso-annulata in Beijing. This paper could provide technical support for popularizing and cultivating Stropharia rugoso-annulata and using peach sawdust resources in Pinggu of Beijing.
The paper aims to solve the problem of the release of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO and the immune regulation effect of Auricularia auricula lectin on RAW246.7 cells. The A. auricula lectin was separated and purified by 40% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation method, and accompanied by the detection of coagulation activity and amino acid composition, the crude product of A. auricula lectin was obtained. Through the AKTA protein purification system, pure A. auricula lectin was obtained. The molecular weight of the lectin was analyzed by using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The Griess method was used to detect the secretion of NO by macrophage RAW264.7. ELISA was used to detect the release of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. The results showed that the molecular weight of the A. auricula lectin was about 20 kDa. Through detection, it was found that A. auricula lectin could promote the secretion of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by macrophage RAW264.7, and it showed a dose dependent and immunomodulatory effect.
The paper aims to establish a method for the determination of polysaccharides in Auricularia and compare the polysaccharide content of Auricularia in different varieties and regions. Anthrone-sulfuric acid method was used to determine the content of polysaccharides in Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha from different habitats, and the methodological investigation was conducted. The results showed that: the concentration of dextran had a good linear relationship with its absorbance in the range of 3.27-23.61 μg/mL (R2=0.9993), with an average recovery rate of 101.2% and RSD of 3.5% (n=9). The polysaccharides content of A. auricula from Jiangshan, Benxi and Zhangzhou was 4.1%, 3.0% and 3.5%, respectively; the polysaccharides content of A. polytricha from Jiangshan and Xuzhou was 4.1% and 3.6%, respectively. The method is suitable for the determination of polysaccharides in Auricularia. There was certain difference in the polysaccharides content of A. auricula from different habitats, but not for the A. polytricha. The overall difference in the polysaccharides content between the two varieties was not obvious.
The study introduced the nutritional components and active ingredients, deep processing and biological activity of Lentinus edodes, summarized current situation of intensive processing of L. edodes as leisure food, seasoning and flavor food, and summed up the research and utilization of active substances of L. edodes such as lentinan, L. edodes purine and L. edodes polypeptide, aiming to provide reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of L. edodes resources. It is found that the intensive processing capacity of domestic L. edodes products is obviously insufficient, and the extraction and application of active substances have obvious shortfall, which restrict the healthy development of L. edodes industry. To transform the resource advantage of L. edodes into economic advantage, it is necessary to take the path of deep processing, especially to develop high value-added products with functional activity.
The aim is to investigate the molecular mechanism of sexual reproduction including mating type switching in Agrocybe aegerita. Homokaryon offspring isolated from Agrocybe aegerita YSG strain was employed in this study. Based on the genome annotation, B mating locus was identified using overlapping primers. Primer pairs for B mating genes were used for amplifying the monokaryotic population, and the amplification spectrum was compared with mating type. The results showed: (1) three types including mycelia, capless and stripe-like fruiting bodies occurred after the cultivation of homokaryon, and the latter two were the abnormal fruiting bodies without going through the sexual reproduction; (2) the amplified spectrum using the primer pairs based on the mating gene sequences showed that the complete B mating locus was inherited into the offspring strains without recombination event occurrence; (3) mating type analysis showed that B mating locus governed the mating behavior, and new mating type was not found. It is inferred that Agrocybe aegerita YSG only contained one B mating locus, which is also different from the three reported sublocus. More fruiting tests and mating loci identification are needed for clarifying whether the differences are caused by the group varieties.
The paper aims to investigate the effects of water extracts from two kinds of Chinese herbs on active metabolites formation during the fermentation of Auricularia auricula. Extracts of different doses of two kinds of Chinese herbs were added to basal media of Auricularia auricula, and then the polysaccharide and adenosine contents were analyzed by fluorenone-sulfuric acid method and HPLC after Auricularia auricula was cultured for 6 days. Meanwhile, the active compounds in Acanthopanax senticosus and Schisandra chinensis were determined by HPLC, respectively. The results showed that both water extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus at 4 g/L and Schisandra chinensis at 3 g/L increased the contents of polysaccharides in the ferment of Auricularia auricular, while the water extract of Acanthopanax senticosus at 1 g/L and Schisandra chinensis at 6 g/L had significant effects on contents of adenosine in the mycelium of Auricularia auricula. Moreover, the contents of syringin and eleutheroside E in Acanthopanax senticosus could not be detected and the contents of lignan ingredients in Schisandra chinensis showed a change of increasing and decreasing during the fermentation. There are dynamic changes of active compounds during the fermentation.
The aims are to establish the correlation model between the diffused Time-temperature Indicator (TTI) and the quality parameters of fresh tremella, and to obtain TTI’s monitoring for fresh tremella quality. The color changes of diffused TTI and the quality parameters (the weight loss rate, contents of soluble protein, contents of soluble sugar and contents of malondialdehyde) of fresh tremella were studied during different storage temperatures (5, 13, 17 and 23℃). Activation energy (Ea) of the color changes of diffused TTI and the quality changes of fresh tremella were obtained by reaction kinetics model and Arrhenius model, and the correlation model between RGB value of diffused TTI and quality parameters of fresh tremella was established. The results showed that during the storage process, all the RGB values of TTI showed a downward trend with the extension of the storage time. The higher the storage temperature, the greater decline the RGB values were. The activation energy value of color change was 36.1135 KJ/mol. Along with the extension of storage time and the increase of storage temperature, the quality of fresh tremella presented deterioration, and the difference between the quality parameters and the activation energy of diffused TTI was within 25 KJ/mol. Based on the color change of diffused TTI and the quality parameters of fresh tremella, the correlation model was constructed, and the relative error was within 15%, which was verified by test. It proved the application potential of diffused TTI in the quality monitoring of tremella. Therefore, it is expected that the diffused TTI can be used to monitor the quality of fresh tremella during storage and to predict the quality of tremella.
Edible Fungi
