Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.18 Published:25 July 2011

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  Progress on the Study of Soil Erosion, Evaluation and Validation 2011, 27 (18):  1-6.  Abstract + ( 1697 )   PDF ( 557520KB )   ( 1658 ) As one of global scale environmental problem, soil erosion has led land degradation, agricultural reduction, ecosystem function digression, and has been the theme of much research all the times. At present, lots of study methods of soil erosion have been developed, e.g. the application of runoff plots systems, isotopes tracer technique, rare earth elements (REE) tracer technique, soil erosion modeling, and the evaluation methods based on remote sensing (RS) and surveying techniques. Each method has the unique advantage and suit specific spatial scale. The technique of isotopes and REE tracer suit hillslope and watershed scales, have the advantage of comprehending soil erosion process, and serve as the basis for soil erosion model building and validating. Whereas, with the help of GIS and RS, soil erosion model can be used to evaluate and predict the spatial pattern of soil loss and sediment yield on regional scale. At last, suggestions for future researches on soil erosion were made, stating that it is essential to integrate different research technique to intensify the study of soil erosion process and mechanism, model building for fast forecasting soil erosion on large spatial scale.

  The Review on Measurement Method of Soil Moisture by Neutron Probe 2011, 27 (18):  7-11.  Abstract + ( 1348 )   PDF ( 611161KB )   ( 2022 ) The curves demarcation of neutron counting and the soil moisture content were central contents in determining soil moisture by neutron probe. In order to draw up the curve which could been applied in the different soil profile, soil texture, organic matter content and soil profile water content. Through packing up the literature about curves demarcation of neutron counting and the soil moisture content, the emphasis factors were analyzed from working principle of neutron probe. It was sum up that the problems were fell across in measuring soil water content. According to neutron counting value not only related with soil moisture content, moreover also related with distance of neutron probe and the position where moisture content was surveyed, the accurate demarcation water content methods were proposed during soil profile water content changing in layer.

  The Advances of Physiological Regulatory Mechanism of Plants under Boron Stress 2011, 27 (18):  12-16.  Abstract + ( 1172 )   PDF ( 511485KB )   ( 1359 ) Boron is an essential nutrient element for plant. It plays an important role in variety of biological processes of plants and may affect the normal physiological metabolism especially in the low B or high boron stress situations. This review is related on recent research about the regulatory mechanisms of plant in boron stress, focusing on the mechanism of B-efficient absorption, transport, distribution and reuse in low B stress and the possible regulatory mechanisms in high B stress in plant.

  Cluster Analysis of 22 Isolates by Virulence and 42 Rice Varieties on Rice Blast Resistance 2011, 27 (18):  17-23.  Abstract + ( 1196 )   PDF ( 607267KB )   ( 1361 ) By artificial inoculation detached leaves of 42 rice varieties, to ascertain the resistance spectrum and disease level of rice blast disease on Magnaporthe grisea of 21 strains. And the rice blast resistance of 42 rice varieties was studied. The cluster analysis on the pathogenicity of 21 isolates of Magnaporthe grisea and mulriple indexes on rice blast resistance of 42 rice varieties was made respectively. The rice blast was isolates into seven categories, and their virulence was significantly different. The pathogenic frequencies were significantly negative correlated with average virulence. The rice varieties were divided into seven categories, of which the third class, the best rice blast resistance was the first group, resistance spectrum in 85% to 100%, disease-level below 4.0. The result has a certain practical significance on breeding new varieties of resistance rice, distributing resistance rice rational in region and controlling rice blast outbreak.

  Preliminary Study on Effects of Liquid Silicon-potash Fertilizer on Lodging Resistance and Matter Production of Hybrid Late Rice 2011, 27 (18):  24-28.  Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 739238KB )   ( 945 ) Using ‘C Liangyou396’, a hybrid late rice variety, as the meterial, the effects of liquid silicon-potash fertilizer on resistant press per plant, dry matter production and seed setting rate were studied. The results showed that the application of liquid silicon-potash fertilizer shortened the basal internode length and elongated the panicle neck internode length, improved the resistant press per plant of rice, reduced the lodging index, and it was lowest at the amount of 3000 mL/hm2. Applying liquid silicon-potash fertilizer had effects on improvement of the plant biomass and matter translocation at grain-filling stage, increased the filling speed, grain weight, and the seed setting rate, both the highest values were obtained at the amount of 3000 mL/hm2. As considered comprehensively, the optimum amount of liquid silicon-potash fertilizer application was 3000 mL/hm2.

  Comparison of Organelles with the Temperature Variation among Winter Wheat Cultivars in Frigid Region 2011, 27 (18):  29-34.  Abstract + ( 1160 )   PDF ( 4657064KB )   ( 907 ) In order to compare the differences of organelles among winter wheat in the frigid region, three winter wheat cultivars with different overwintering survival rate were used as samples. The temperature variation in the period from late winter to early spring, was simulated by freezing-regrowth-freezing treatment in the laboratory. The results showed that the apical point in the sensitive cultivar suffered severe injury immediately in -3℃, one in the mediate cold hardy cultivar appeared freezing damage in -6℃, and the damage appeared in-9℃ in the most cold endurance cultivar.

  Plant Height Characteristics of Hexaploid Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) for Forage 2011, 27 (18):  35-40.  Abstract + ( 1184 )   PDF ( 606897KB )   ( 907 ) To explore the characteristics of hexoploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) for forage and understand their basic development rule, two types’ six hexaploid triticale genotypes were used to investigate their plant heights, lengths of inter-nodes, plant height components and dynamic changes of plant height, and the reaction of triticale plant height to GA3 were studied in 5 concentrations and at 2 development stages. The results showed that the plant heights of triticale varieties for forage were significant higher than triticale genotypes for food or feed. And the difference of height is mainly due to the length of upper inter-nodes. The plant height was significantly positive correlation with plant height component factors, length of inter-nodes L1 and L2 contributes more to triticale plant-height. No significant difference of plant height components indexes were found between the two types of triticale. The dynamic changes of triticale height indicated that the max development speed of forage triticale about 10 days later than the dual types. GA3 enhanced the plant height development more for forage triticale and the sensitivity was more at heading stages than at shooting stage. These results will supply some theory bases for forage triticale cultivation.

  Mineral Elements Concentration Analysis on Major Wheat Cultivars in Central Shanxi Province 2011, 27 (18):  41-44.  Abstract + ( 1082 )   PDF ( 546113KB )   ( 1156 ) The central region of Shanxi Province is very important for wheat production. Understanding the major mineral elements concentration of these cultivars and core parents will provide useful information for wheat nutritional breeding. The iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) of 17 varieties/lines were investigated by an inductively couples plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The results showed that the 4 mineral elements content appeared to have a great variation, the mean grain content of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu was 38.19 mg/kg, 29.30 mg/kg, 38.44 mg/kg and 6.89 mg/kg. The grain Fe content of three cultivars (‘Hedongwumai526’, ‘Jindong8’ and ‘Donghei10’) were over 45 mg/kg, ‘Tai10604’ showed the highest Zn accumulation (42.98 mg/kg). Two cultivars carried Mn content more than 45 mg/kg, and ‘Jinmai66’, ‘Donghei10’ were rich in Cu. Significant positive correlations between the concentrations of Mn and Fe (r= 0.58), Mn and Zn (r=0.69), but not significant between the other elements. It was indicated that genotypes screening with high concentrations of mineral elements from wheat cultivars was effectively. Four cultivars (‘Hedongwumai526’, ‘Jindong8’, ‘Donghei10’ and ‘Tai 10604’) could be used as parents of enriched with Fe and Zn in grains for wheat breeding program.

  Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Winter Wheat Frost Injury in Huanghuai Plain 2011, 27 (18):  45-50.  Abstract + ( 1158 )   PDF ( 1807563KB )   ( 1006 ) Huanghuai Plain is the main wheat production area of China, and this area is one of the places where frost happens seriously. Frost makes the wheat yield reduce, impacts on food security issues. Studying the temporal and spatial distribution of frost injury in Huanghuai Plain provided scientific basis for decision for the cultivation of wheat. This paper selected the lowest temperature after the jointing stage and the number of days from jointing stage as the indices in order to construct the frost injury disaster function. Using this function got the frost injury disaster value of various regions of winter wheat. According to the value of the frost disaster classified the grades of frost. Using the value calculated the frequency of frost injury at all levels. Using GIS got the characters of spatial and temporal distribution of frost injury. The results showed that at all levels, frequency of occurrence of frost injury tended to decrease with the years, and the mild frost happened frequently. The frequency of mild frost was about 15% at all years. The frequency of the severe frost was about 6% fewer than the mild frost. The frequency of the moderate frost was the fewest. Henan Province and Shandong Province were the areas where frost occurred frequently and seriously. The frequencies of these areas were more than 30%, and the most were 70%. Overall, the frequency of northern part was more than the south. The analysis of wheat frost injury on temporal and spatial distribution provided a theoretical basis of disaster prevention and reduction of winter wheat and the selection of winter wheat varieties.

  Near Infrared Spectroscopy Calibration Model Optimizing of Wet Gluten Based on Successive Projections Algorithm 2011, 27 (18):  51-56.  Abstract + ( 1113 )   PDF ( 1676782KB )   ( 1117 ) In order to reduce computational complexity of modeling and improve the model's robustness and prediction accuracy, successive projections algorithm (SPA) was used in the near infrared spectrum calibration modeling of wheat gluten. Firstly, a representative set of correction samples were selected by SPXY algorithm. Secondly, the spectral data was pretreated with several different methods to enhance spectral features. Thirdly, making use of SPA to extract sensitive wave points of the original spectrum and the spectrum after preprocessing and then multiple linear regression (MLR) calibration models were established. The results showed that the calibration model established with the data extracted from the spectrum after standard normal variate transformation (SNV) obtained the best results. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the prediction correlation coefficient (r) were 1.3332 and 0.94319, respectively, which was better than the model established by partial least square regression (PLSR) under the same conditions.

  Correlation Analysis of 13 Main Agronomic Characters and Drought Resistance in Corn Hybrids 2011, 27 (18):  57-63.  Abstract + ( 1394 )   PDF ( 615701KB )   ( 1314 ) Select 13 different corn hybrids as experimental material, then planted them in irrigated and dry land. Investigated 21 character values of corn, Compare with 15 character values in flood and drought between different. Among them, the production was the uppermost index. The difference between flood and drought to the maximum was 7600.5 kg. And the smallest difference was 1000.5 kg. The average cut of drought reach 4357.5 kg. Obtain 5 character values drought resisting coefficient and drought resisting index. Output drought resisting coefficient scoped 0.2245-0.8571, drought resisting index scoped 0.1289-1.3425. All these provided the basis for the selection of drought tolerant varieties. Estimate value of 12 traits to the genetic correlation coefficient of flood and drought. Yield of flood and grain weight grain weight, ear length, ear diameter, shaft diameter, kernel weight, the seed rate and other traits of the genetic correlation coefficient was positive, correlation coefficient scope 0.3513-0.9999, Yield correlated negative with plant height, growth period, ear, stem diameter, tassel branch number of genetic traits. Correlation coefficient scoped -0.6336 - -0.0846. Yield of drought correlated positive with grain weight, plant height, ear, stem diameter, ear length, ear diameter, shaft diameter, kernel weight, kernel rate of 9 traits genetic correlation coefficient, correlation coefficient scoped 0.0153-0.9898. Yield and growth stages, tassel branch number and other traits of the genetic correlation coefficient was negative, the correlation coefficient of -0.4962 - -0.0157. All data between 12 characters the relatedness size, the flood and drought between relatedness similarities and differences. These test data for corn's drought resisting breeding research to provide the basis, especially the high output in corn, stable production good, chooses other related character.

  Response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Hydrolysis Condition of Corncob Hemicellulose 2011, 27 (18):  64-68.  Abstract + ( 1650 )   PDF ( 1471159KB )   ( 1292 ) In order to hydrolyze the corncob hemicellulose fully, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrolysis condition of corncob hemicellulose. Judged by the xylose weight obtained from per gram dry corncob as hydrolysate standard, the impact of hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time and concentration of H2SO4 were studied. When the material and liquid ratio was 1:10, the optimum hydrolysis condition were hydrolysis temperature 119.8℃, hydrolysis time 1.5 h, and 1.16% concentration of H2SO4 (v/v). Under this hydrolysis condition, 0.31 g xylose was obtained from per gram dry corncob. The optimized hydrolysis condition of corncob hemicellulose raised the yield of xylose and laid a foundation to hydrolyze the corncob hemicellulose fully, which had important application value.

  Correlation and Path Analysis of Main Yield Characters of Maize Landrace in Henan Province 2011, 27 (18):  69-72.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 528895KB )   ( 1194 ) In order to more effective improve and utilize existing maize landrace, forty-six excellent maize landrace in Henan Province were selected from different genetic groups based on phenotype and genotype cluster analysis, for yield and correlated traits reduplicate identification. Correlation and path analysis indicated that the greatest impact on yield was the 1000-kernel weight (r=0.7734), followed by ear length and ear diameter, covering a very significant positive correlation, in which 1000-kernel weight had the greatest positive direct path coefficient (P=0.6518), but ear rows little effect on yield. Therefore, raising the 1000-kernel weight, taking into account other yield traits was the effective way to improve the yield of maize landrace. So we could select maize excellent inbred lines of high yield from numerous maize landrace using this result, and combine with agronomic traits under field condition. Breeding researchers could accumulate breeding materials and receive correlative reference through this method.

  Effect of Fertilization on Soil Respiration and Microbial Biomass Carbon During Maize Growth Period 2011, 27 (18):  73-78.  Abstract + ( 1206 )   PDF ( 656280KB )   ( 1143 ) The change disciplinarian of soil respiration and microbial biomass C during maize growth were studied to illuminate relation between disciplinarian and fertilization, and between disciplinarian and soil types. The effects of maize growth and fertilization on soil respiration and microbial biomass C were investigated in representative soil of south and north China (Black and Red soil) in pot experiment. The results showed that soil respiration and microbial biomass C changed with different growth stages, fertilization treatments and soil textures. The effect of maize growth on contents of soil total N and organic matter, and soil respiration in Black soil was not obvious, but soil microbial biomass C increased with maize growth, and reached maximum at maize large bugle stage. However, soil total N, organic matter, soil respiration and microbial biomass C in Red soil increased with maize growth, and showed maximum at maize large bugle stage. During the maize growth, organic manure treatments increased soil respiration and microbial biomass C in Black and Red soil, but inorganic fertilizers treatments had a little effect on them. Fertilization treatments showed no significant effects on soil total N and organic matter content in Black soil, however, significantly increased soil respiration and microbial biomass C content in Red soil. Besides, organic manure treatments decreased soil microbial metabolic quotient, but inorganic fertilizers treatments increased soil microbial metabolic quotient both in Black soil and in Red soil. In conclusion, not only maize growth stages and fertilization treatments but also soil texture influenced soil respiration and microbial biomass C content.

  The Study on Changes of Enzymes Activities in Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Peanut after Ralstonia solanacearum Inoculation 2011, 27 (18):  79-83.  Abstract + ( 1352 )   PDF ( 822435KB )   ( 950 ) In order to provide theoretical guidance for resistant disease breeding of peanut, resistant and susceptible cultivars of peanut were vaccinated by ralstonia solanacearum with different concentrations, the samples were collected in five periods, and enzymatic activities were measured by Spectrophotometer method. The activities of 4 enzymes in susceptible cultivars increased in earlier stage, but decline in later stage. Enzymatic activities of resistant cultivars increased slowly in earlier stage, but increased more and more rapidly in later stage. Not all of the 4 enzymatic activities of resistant cultivars were higher than that of susceptible cultivars in earlier stage, but all of enzymatic activities of resistant cultivars were higher than that of susceptible cultivars in later stage. Changes of enzymatic activities in the control groups were not obvious, and the differences of enzymatic activities in two cultivars were not significant too. PAL, CAT, PPO and POD as protective enzymes participated in the course reaction, their expression pattern differences were closely related with ralstonia solanacearum resistance of arachis hypogaea probablely.

  Identification and Analysis of Mature Plant Type Mutants of M1 Generation of ‘Changnong35’, a Foxtail Millet Variety, Treated with EMS Mutagenesis 2011, 27 (18):  84-89.  Abstract + ( 1681 )   PDF ( 1702852KB )   ( 1455 ) Foxtail millet cultivar ‘Changnong35’, which is widely used in agricultural production, was treated with EMS to establish foxtail millet mutant library for the molecular biology applications. We obtained 282 mutants in the M1 generation related to plant type, of which, 100 mutant plants obtained by using 0.8% EMS treatment can be divided into 10 groups; 182 mutant plants obtained by using 1.0% EMS treatment can be divided into 17 groups. The analysis results of the mature plant type traits of the M1 Generation showed that: plant height, stem diameter under spike, the diameter of the first internode and internode numbers treated with 1.0% EMS comparing with the control were significantly different, while the 0.8% EMS treatment comparing with control was not significant, therefore, the treatment of 1.0% EMS was more conducive to obtainment of a large number and multi-type mutants for ‘Changnong35’.

  Study on Polymorphism of Different Reproduction Populations of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Landrace Based on EST-SSR 2011, 27 (18):  90-93.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 527929KB )   ( 940 ) Different bulks with 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 plants were formed from an accession of 200 plants of a sesame landrace by randomly sampling. Genetic diversity of different bulks was analyzed by 15 pairs of EST-SSR markers at the DNA level. The results showed that the effective population size should be greater than 30-35 plants in order to represent the genetic characteristics of this germplasm, while it should be not less than 60-70 plants as appropriate population for reproduction of sesame landrace, to avoid gene drift and maintain the stability of genetic characteristics.

  Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Shoot Apex of Cotton and Production of Transgenic Plants Carrying Elicitor Gene pemG1 2011, 27 (18):  94-99.  Abstract + ( 1085 )   PDF ( 899821KB )   ( 929 ) In order to solve the long cycle of conventional breeding of cotton and the difficult regeneration, the low conversion rate and high rate of embryo variability in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hypocotyl of cotton. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using cotton tip as explants, by improving the genetic transformation of the tip, try to shorten the conversion period and get into seedlings.The fungal elicitor gene pemG1 was cloned from Magnaporthe grisea and its plant expression vector pCAMBIA2300-pemG1 was constructed. The apical meristems of cotton cultivar ‘Coker312’ and ‘CCRI24’ were used as explants for agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The optimum co-culture temperature, incubation time and the concentration of kanamycin were determined. The 0.1 mg/L of BAP and NAA was selected as the best concentration for bud induction. After subculture for two months, the stem was transferred to the medium containing GA3 for proliferation and elongation, and then to the medium containing 0.1 mg/L of IBA for rooting. Finally, the resistant plants were transplanted in the greenhouse and 4 transgenic plants were acquired by preliminary molecular verification.

  Study on Culture Technique of More-stalk Cotton ‘Cang198’ 2011, 27 (18):  100-103.  Abstract + ( 1100 )   PDF ( 519604KB )   ( 1028 ) To determine the high quality cotton ‘Cang198’ simplified supporting technology to further clarify the multi-stem cultivation of different soil fertility, adaptability to different climatic year types, 2007-2009, using randomized block design, with conventional plant type as a control, 3 consecutive years of ‘Cang 198’ effect of increasing yield more stems; analysis of fiber quality, boll characteristics and spatial distribution of labor efficiency and economic benefits. The results showed that: ‘Cang198’ more stems in the dry or rainy weather in different types, have shown a significant increase yield, yield increased 12.5% to 22.1%, more stems boll mass distribution, the lower fruiting branches 1 to 4 boll boll weight average 4.47 g, slightly lower than the conventional plant type 4.70 g; the upper 13 to 14 fruiting branch boll quality was significantly better than conventional plant type, boll weight by 14.5%, 7.5% increase in seed index, lint percentage high of 6.6%; urophylla average boll boll weight 5.2 g, higher than the main stem not only from 1 to 4 fruiting branches of the boll boll weight (4.47 g), also higher than normal plant type 1 to 4 fruiting branches single bolls and boll weight ( 4.70 g), fiber quality and no significant difference between conventional plant type. More stems, compared with the conventional plant type, save pruning labor 62.5%, 18.0% decrease in investment in labor and employment, labor efficiency 1.37 times, economic efficiency 39.6%. ‘Cang198’ plant types stems and leafy shoots co-ordination and development of main stem, leafy shoots early topping address leafy shoots a small bell, boll opening night, poor quality of technical problems, different climatic year types, different soil fertility conditions showed a significant increase yield and achieve the high yield and quality, simplicity, efficiency goals.

  QTL Mapping for Lint Percentage and Seed Index in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) of Different Genetic Backgrounds 2011, 27 (18):  104-109.  Abstract + ( 1395 )   PDF ( 592999KB )   ( 1107 ) In order to establish theoretical basis on the molecular marker assisted selection for upland cotton, two F2 populations and their corresponding F2:3 family lines were constructed, which included common male parent with high fiber quality, ‘Xinluzao24’, one of female parent with commercial transgenic variety, ‘Lumian28’, and the other with high-yield traits, ‘Jimian516’. 7638 pairs of SSR primer were used to screen the polymorphism between ‘Lumianyan28’ and ‘Xinluzao24’, finally 225 pairs of polymorphic primer were obtained for genotyping its F2 population, which produced 238 polymorphic loci. A genetic linkage map with 185 loci was constructed, which comprised of 44 linkage groups covering 1509.38 cM with an average distance of 8.16 cM between the two neighbor markers, and approximately 33.91% of the cotton genome. 40 linkage groups were assigned to the corresponding chromosome. Three QTLs for lint percentage and five for seed index were identified with Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) method in the population related to ‘Lumianyan28’ and ‘Xinluzao24’. According to the QTL mapping results, 14 pairs of SSR primer were selected to screen the polymorphism between ‘Jimian516’ and ‘Xinluzao24’ and its F2 population, so two linkage groups with six loci were constructed. One QTL for lint percentage and one for seed index were detected in the two genetic populations. These stable QTLs might be useful in the molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs.

  Water Use Efficiency Analysis of Different Cotton Multiple Cropping Pattern in Hebei Province 2011, 27 (18):  110-115.  Abstract + ( 1257 )   PDF ( 906934KB )   ( 957 ) Under the high water consumption pressure of wheat-maize cropping pattern, the cotton production area in southern Hebei is facing groundwater deficit and ecological deterioration problems. For this reason, there is demand for the improvement of water use efficiency and enhancement in local cotton field. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and select the optimum cotton cropping system, which could improve water use efficiency, alleviate water stress and achieve ecological restoration of soil moisture. This research designed five cotton multiple cropping patterns, and adopted comparative analysis of water use efficiency in these cropping models. Results showed that: the pepper/cotton intercropping pattern gained the highest EWUE 60.29 yuan/(mm?hm2), followed by the potato/cotton intercropping pattern. Therefore, these two cotton planting patterns were suggested to be applied to practical cotton production. All the five cotton cropping patterns maintained the field annual water balance. The pepper/cotton intercropping pattern played a good role of ecological compensation in groundwater resource. The rye-cotton rotation pattern and alfalfa/cotton intercropping pattern had comparative advantage of deep water utilization.

  Effect on Ginseng Soil Nutrient Status by Cultivated Farmland with Multi-microbial Organic Treatment 2011, 27 (18):  116-120.  Abstract + ( 1084 )   PDF ( 520869KB )   ( 1312 ) The effect of soil nutrients of cultivated ginseng were studied by different methods of application and different content of multi-microbial organic treatment. Results showed that: multi-microbial organic treatment seriously improved soil nutrients, besides, decomposed organic matter and transformed total content of NPK in the cultivated ginseng soil. When the treatment was 150 g/m2 as basic fertilizer addition after activated multi- microbial manure, the contents of soil organic matter, total N and P respectively increased 17.68 g/kg, 1.63 g/kg and 0.39 g/kg in the cultivated ginseng, the total K content no significant effect. Soil available NPK were boosted by 150 g/m2 basic fertilizer with multi-microbial organic treatment, the addition value were 18.77 mg/kg, 98.02 mg/kg and 1420.29 mg/kg, respectively. The 150 g/m2 multi-microbial organic treatment as basic cultivated ginseng fertilizer treatment not only improved soil condition but also had significant or extremely significant effect on the other treatment. Therefore, the multi-microbial manure was better biologicals for ginseng soil nutrients improvement for cultivated farmland when it was used by appropriate fertilizer content and fertilizing manner.

  Study of Soils Dissolved Organic Carbon in Different Landuse 2011, 27 (18):  121-124.  Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 638146KB )   ( 1347 ) Although dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil have little proportion in the soil organic matter, it is the most important and active parts of soil organic matter. In order to study the soil DOC content and its profile distributions in different landuse, four soils with different landuse near the city of Wuhu, Anhui province, which include the farmland, vegetable plot ,forest land and pen land, were selected and studied in this paper. the results can be provided a theoretical basis for understanding the role of DOC in soil carbon cycling in ecosystems and the relationship between DOC and soil fertility and fertilization. The results were as follows: (1) The concentration of dissolved organic carbon was the highest in the surface of the soil. The deeper the depth of soil, the higher the concentration was. (2) A positive correlation was found between the DOC concentrations in soil used in different ways and the soil fertility. The concentration of DOC in a way of soil use was significantly different from another. The series were that: farmland > forest > vegetable > pen land. These results indicated that the concentration of DOC had positive correlation with the soil fertility and could be used as a biological index in soil fertility.

  Study on Fertilizer Utilization Rate in Tobacco Growing Soils in Yunnan 2011, 27 (18):  125-129.  Abstract + ( 1084 )   PDF ( 560956KB )   ( 977 ) The results from the study on fertilizer utilization efficiency in soils of different tobacco growing areas in Yunnan showed that there existed difference on N P K fertilizer efficiency rates among different tobacco growing soils. The N P K fertilizer utilization rates in Kunming’s paddy soil and in Wenshan’s red soil were higher than the other areas; and fertilizer utilization rates were varied in different soil types and textures, it tended as the heavier the soil, the lower the fertilizer use efficiency, took Qujing for example, the yellow soil (a kind of heavy soil) in this area the fertilizer utilization rate was merely 15.54%, while in red soil of Wenshan, it reached 38.28% in average; the fertilizer utilization efficiency was negatively correlated with the soil nutrition level, it demonstrated that the higher the soil nutrition, the lower the fertilization efficiency, and vice versa. Red soil had higher nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate (73.63%), and for yellow soil, it was rather lower (31.70%), for paddy soil and purple soil, the fertilizer utilization rates were in the medium ranging between 50%-60%, 54.71% average. The results could be concluded that soil with higher nutrition level, its fertilization efficiency could be lower. The results could be used as reference for large scale leaf tobacco production fertilization.

  Variation Characteristics of Soil Thermal Regime over Changwu Tableland Region 2011, 27 (18):  130-134.  Abstract + ( 1184 )   PDF ( 796820KB )   ( 1043 ) This article had discussed the process and characteristics of energy delivering in the interface of surface and atmospheres in farmland ecosystem through analyzing the soil thermal regime, which would provide the reference to the study of land surface process and atmospheric boundary. Based on the meteorological observation data on 2008, we studied the monthly variable characteristics from surface albedo, soil temperature gradient, and soil heat flux, the relations between soil heat flux and the net radiation. The results showed that: (1) The changes of both temperature gradient and its amplitude were not obvious with the days strengthened. The monthly changes of every layer but 10-20 cm was declined to the minimum value in May and the first ten days of June, and increased to the maximum value in November and the last ten days of next February. (2) With respected to changes on soil heat flux, monthly variation was opposite to the changes of soil temperature gradient. (3) In the months of scales, the climax point of the albedo was shown in January, and changed smaller from March to September among the other period. It declined to the lowest point 0.14 in September. It significantly increased from October to December until maximum 0.66 shown in January. (4) It was not simple linear relationship between net radiation and soil heat flux .The radiation intensity of 1 day was consistent with difference heat flux, and the delaying of soil heat flux was not obvious. When radiation increase, the fitted curve between net radiation and heat flux, R12=0.766 less than R22=0.799 when radiation continuous reduction. The correlation of farmland ecosystem between net radiation and soil heat flux is much higher than that of forest land and is lower than that of grassland and sparse shrubs.

  Effects of the Key Enzymes Activity on the Stem Lodging Resistance in Brassica Napus L. 2011, 27 (18):  135-138.  Abstract + ( 1217 )   PDF ( 650615KB )   ( 1063 ) This experiment was carried out to study the effects of the activity of several key enzymes on the stem lodging resistance in Brassica napus L.. The activities of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, β-1,3-glucanase, sucrose synthase, peroxidase in lodging-resistant group (R) and lodging group (D) were tested in filling period. The results showed that the stem lodging-resistance was influenced strongly by the enzymes activity; there was some difference in the activities of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in 2 groups. Activities of β-1,3-glucanase, Sucrose Synthase and peroxidase in lodging-resistant group were significantly higher than that in lodging group. They are all the important factors which lead to different lodging resistance in Brassica napus L.. Lignin biosynthesis is a complicated polygenic and poly-pathway process. The results suggested that cellulose and lignin played a key role in stem lodging resistance.

  Isolation and Identification of Cholesterol-Degrading Strains in the Environment ZHOU Yi-Fei 2011, 27 (18):  139-142.  Abstract + ( 1079 )   PDF ( 640809KB )   ( 1137 ) In this paper, 12 strains that utilized cholesterol as sole carbon and energy sources were isolated from the sludge by the enrichment culture method. Four strains were selected for degradation of cholestero1. In the culture conditions of 30℃ and 200 r/min, the degradation rate to cholesterol of 4 strains were 51.25%, 36.65%, 55.62% and 29.59% respectively, with 30 μg/mL concentrations within 96 hours. The suitable pH values for their growth were wide, and the strains went into the stationary phase at the twelfth hour. L4 and L5 strains were identified to be Klebsiella pneumoniae by morphological characteristics and the similarity analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence.

  Optimization for ISSR Reaction System of Hopea chinensis by Orthogonal Design 2011, 27 (18):  143-147.  Abstract + ( 1223 )   PDF ( 746058KB )   ( 1050 ) To optimize the inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) reaction condition for Hopea chinensis genomic DNA, the concentrations of MgCl2, dNTPs, Taqpolymerase, primers and template DNA were studied with an orthogonal experimental design, and the optimal anneal temperature of primer and cycles were determined through gradient PCR. The optimal PCR system for ISSR analysis was 1×PCR buffer, 2 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.25 mmol/L dNTPs, 0.04 U/μL Taq polymerase, 0.2 μmol/L primer, 4 ng/μL template DNA in 25 μL reaction solution. And the augmentation procedure was pre-denaturation at 94℃ for 5 min, denaturation at 94℃ for 45 s, annealing at 53℃ for 45 s, extension at 72℃ for 1.5 min, reaction with 35 cycles, and extension at 72℃ for 7 min.

  Effect of Centrifugation on Callus Induction and Differentiation of Medicago truncatula Gaertn Anther 2011, 27 (18):  148-152.  Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 1023355KB )   ( 967 ) The effects of centrifugal force and centrifugation time on callus induction and growth of anthers of Medicago truncatula Gaertn F1 hybrids from different genotypes were detected in this study. The results showed that centrifugation could promote the formation of anther callus, especially for the genotype A anthers. The callus induction rates of anthers were significantly different (P<0.01) after given different centrifugal force, the optimum pretreatment was 1000×g for 2min. Callus growth was not obviously affected by centrifugal force and centrifugation time. However, the strength of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of callus were affected by centrifugal force. POD activity gradually increased with the increase of centrifugal force, and the trend of it was opposite with SOD and CAT.

  Callus Culture of Sophora Alopecuroides L.and its Medicinal Components Determination 2011, 27 (18):  153-157.  Abstract + ( 1102 )   PDF ( 736100KB )   ( 938 ) The effects of explants type, hormone levels, casein hydrolysate on the growth of callus were measured by tissue culture. Meanwhile, the contents of total flavonoids and sophoridine in callus of different subculture times were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and HPLC. The results showed that the cotyledon was optimum explants of callus induction, the best medium of callus induction was MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L, and the best subculture medium was MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+6-BA4.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L. Contents of total flavonoids and sophoridine in callus of fifth subculture had the maximum, and 0.53 and 0.0112 respectively. So, the callus of fifth subculture was selected to use for material of cell suspension culture of S. alopecuroides.

  The Study on Allelopathy Mechanism of Aqueous Extracts form the Different Organizations of Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb on Vicia faba and Zea mays 2011, 27 (18):  158-163.  Abstract + ( 1431 )   PDF ( 1347261KB )   ( 1429 ) The study used Alternanthera philoxeroides as material, the subjects plants were Vicia faba and Zea may. The effects of Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb on the seed germination of two species were studied by using culture dish filter paper method. The physiological index of tested crops MDA content, peroxidase (POD) activity changes, micronucleus rate changes of Vicia faba root-tip cell were detected. The result showed aqueous extracts form Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb were affected to different degrees for the tested Vicia faba and Zea mays germination rate, made seedlings malondialdehyde (MDA) content to increase, made seedlings superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity firstly to increase and then to decrease trend, also made root tip cells of Vicia micronucleus rate to increase. The tested crops were oxidative stressed by water-soluble allelochemicals form Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb. Antioxidant enzyme systems and root tip cells mitosis were inhibited. The aqueous extracts form the different Organizations Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb affected Vicia faba and Zea mays seedlings germination and growth.

  Study on the Biological Characteristics of Mycelium of Ganoderma gibbosum 2011, 27 (18):  164-167.  Abstract + ( 1086 )   PDF ( 678858KB )   ( 1105 ) The effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, pH value and temperature on the growth of mycelium in Ganoderma gibbosum were investigated by plate culture. The results showed that the suitable carbon source was glucose and maltose, tryptone and soybean peptone were the best nitrogen sources for the growth of mycelium in Ganoderma gibbosum, and the ions Mg+, Ca+, Mn+ also could be used by the fungus. The mycelium of Ganoderma gibbosum liked to grow in the acid environment and 28-32℃, respectively.

  Research on Biodegradation Effect to Phenolic Acid in Even Cook Obstacles 2011, 27 (18):  168-173.  Abstract + ( 1146 )   PDF ( 1074060KB )   ( 991 ) This experiment studied the ability of Phanerochate chrysosporium which has a biodegradation effect to phenolic acid. HPLC method was used to examine the graduation effect. The results showed that after P. chrysosporium and three kinds of phenolic acid cultured together for 3 days, the venillic acid, ferulic acid, and P-hydroxybenzoic acid had biodegradation effect of 98.39%, 97.88% and 58.20%, respectively. The research and analysis of phenolic acid biodegradation effect provide theoretical basis for governance and improving of even cook obstacles.

  Effect of Low Temperature on Rice Quality in Different Growth Period 2011, 27 (18):  174-179.  Abstract + ( 1488 )   PDF ( 669929KB )   ( 1523 ) The purposes of this paper are to research the impact of low temperature during mid and late growing period on rice quality, study the changes of nutrients of the main rice varieties in Jilin province under cold treatment and at the same time to give theory support for cultivation and resistant breeding. According to the climate feature of Jilin province, 7 main cultivars had been chosen as the material, which had been treated in low air temperature during heading, booting and filling stages. The relationship between low air temperature of different stage and rice quality had been analyzed. The results indicated that the filling stage was the most important and has the biggest influence on rice quality, and then was the heading stage, booting stage had the lowest impact on rice quality. The results also told us that different rice varieties had different tolerance to cold. The difference of three nutrients content of the same varieties in different growth period under low temperature had certain correlation with the cold tolerance, three nutrients. The reduction of three nutrients in the same growth period was no significant correlation. Above all, in order to improve rice nutritional quality, it is important to carry on some cultivated management during filling stage. And good rice varieties’ selection will be one of useful ways to strengthen cold tolerance and improve rice quality.

  Irrigation Management Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Northern Henan Province 2011, 27 (18):  180-184.  Abstract + ( 1151 )   PDF ( 857970KB )   ( 1009 ) With ‘Zhoumai 18’ as field experimental material, effects of irrigation management on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and grain yield of winter wheat during late growth stage in northern Henan Province were studied. Before seeding, there were good conditions for soil moisture. So, in this experiment, 4 irrigation managements were set in Xun County institute of agricultural sciences during 2008-2009. Those managements were CK (no irrigation during the all stage), W1 (irrigated at over-wintering stage only), W2 (irrigated at over-wintering stage and jointing stage) and W3 (irrigated at jointing stage only). The results showed that under W3 treatment, the stomatal conductance (Gs) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) of flag leaf tended to be higher while transpiration rate (Tr) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) tended to be lower. From the yield components, the spike number and grain number per ear showed higher under W3, therefore, the grain yield reached 10183.4 kg/hm2, and the difference between W3 and other 3 treatments was significant (P<0.05). From the above, on the base of enough soil moisture before sowing, irrigation at jointing stage was benefit to grain yield and water use efficiency in northern Henan Province.

  Study on Zhumadian Main Climate Environment Characteristics of Winter Wheat and High-yield Key Cultivation Techniques 2011, 27 (18):  185-191.  Abstract + ( 1209 )   PDF ( 717330KB )   ( 962 ) Zhumadian is one of the main wheat-producing areas of Henan Province. The annual planting area is about 666700 hm2, accounting for 59.5% of the city's total grain area 1120000 hm2. The total wheat production keep staying beyond 40 billion kg, accounting for 1/8 in Henan Province, and play an important role in food security of Henan province and the country. Zhumadian is a special geographical position. The climate environment characteristics are obviously different from high yield areas’ in the north of Henan. The 1000-grain weight and grains per ear of the 3 yield components were low, which were main character restrictive factors for the yield. At present its average wheat yield was 6850.5 kg/hm2, which was far more than 5670 kg/hm2 in 2004. Although we made great progress in the in the past several years there was a problem calls for immediate solution, which was the production from years were unstable and unbalanced. This paper summarized the main problems about environmental effects on wheat and provide information for the high-yield key cultivation techniques.

  Effects of Different Fertilizing Treatments on Soil Nutrient and Yield of Wheat 2011, 27 (18):  192-196.  Abstract + ( 1133 )   PDF ( 651770KB )   ( 1094 ) The purpose of this research was to optimize the conventional fertilization method in North China Plain, and to fully and rationally utilize the organic fertilizer unused and wasted. The study was carried out in china agricultural university’s testing station located in Wuqiao County, Hebei Province. Under the condition of the same N fertilizer application rate and the traditional farming method, chemical fertilizer (CF), organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (OF+CF) and straw biological fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (SF+CF) were applied to the treatment of winter wheat, in order to study the influence of fertilization treatments on wheat’s yield components and physiological property, and on SPAD values in leaves, and the correlation between SPAD values and total N content in leaves. The results show that the treatments of OF+CF and SF+CF were better than CF, and they can increase soil nutrient content and the nitrogen content on aerial part of winter wheat. Compared to CF, the wheat yields in the processing of OF+CF and SF+CF increased 3.63% and 2.11%, respectively. The probable reasons for that might be the increase of the nitrogen content in leaves could improve their photosynthesis capacity, and treatments of OF+CF and SF+CF could slow the releasing rate of fertilizer, which would delay leaf senescence.

  Effects of Irrigation on Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield of Summer Corn under Different Nitrogen Levels 2011, 27 (18):  197-199.  Abstract + ( 1064 )   PDF ( 573670KB )   ( 845 ) In order to understand the coupling effect of irrigation and nitrogen in late stage on nitrogen metabolism and yield of maize, field experiment was carried out to research effects of irrigation on nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), and yield of summer corn under different nitrogen levels. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation could increase NR activity in ear leaves, whereas GS activity showed obvious decrease following nitrogen fertilizer application. The different of the GS active under irrigation treatment and the natural precipitation treatment was small. Under the same irrigation condition, the yield increased following nitrogen application, and under the same nitrogen condition, the yield of irrigation treatment was higher. The extent of increased yield by nitrogen fertilizer was higher than irrigation.

  Crop Growth and Grain Yield of Maize as Affected by Row Space under Machine Harvest 2011, 27 (18):  200-203.  Abstract + ( 1056 )   PDF ( 637426KB )   ( 1031 ) In China, different row spacing was applied in different regions for maize cultivation, ranging from 33 cm to 90 cm. Although different row spacing provided different canopy architectures and thus high grain yield, it limited trans-regional machine harvest. Therefore, it is urgent to determine a relatively uniform row space which could achieve high grain yield and simultaneously easy for machine operation. Thus, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Pinggu District of Beijing in 2007 and 2008. The crop development and yield parameters were compared to evaluate the yield difference as affected by row spacing under machine harvest. The results were as follows: row spacing had little effect on plant height, ear height, leaf area per plant and LAI, and thus grain yield was not affected by row spacing. Therefore, we concluded that harvest machine with uniform row spacing could be applied in order to reduce the cost for machine production and realize trans-regional operations in the future.

  Effects of Drip Irrigation Under Mulching on Yield of Potato 2011, 27 (18):  204-208.  Abstract + ( 1291 )   PDF ( 761956KB )   ( 1001 ) Effects of drip irrigation under mulching on growth, yield , quality and water use efficiency of ‘Kexin1’ were studied, taking no irrigation under mulching (CK) as comparison. The experimental results showed that the effect of drip irrigation under mulching on the growth of the aerial parts, tuber yield and quality (contents of starch and reducing sugar) and water use efficiency on potato was significant. The tuber yield of drip irrigation under mulching and water use efficiency were 55596.00 kg/hm2 and 170.45 kg/(hm2?mm), being 2.86 and 1.02 times of CK , respectively. The contents of starch increased by 0.94% and the content of reducing sugar decreased by 0.02%, respectively, under drip irrigation under mulching.

  Identification of Fungi with Oil Adsorption Activity and Study on its’ Adsorption Characteristic 2011, 27 (18):  209-213.  Abstract + ( 1390 )   PDF ( 1569714KB )   ( 1200 ) In this paper, biological characteristics, carbureted hydrogen adsorption properties of a fungal strain were studied. Morphological observation, pathogenicity tests, and oil adsorption tests were used for identification and adsorption property confirmation. The results showed that the pathogen was identified as Deuteromycotina Diplodia sp. The hyphas of this strain had a favourable activity with the average adsorption ratio of 1:6. Oil phase material which was absorbed could be recovered by 100 g centrifuge. The way of the fungi work were both surface adsorption and expansion adsorption. This strain displayed an oil adsorption activity, meanwhile it had an oil resolve ability to a certain degree.

  A Kind of Simple and Efficient DNA Recovery Method from Polyacrylamide Gel 2011, 27 (18):  214-217.  Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 607157KB )   ( 1296 ) This article described a simple recovery method of DNA from polyacrylamide gels, direct recovery method. The aim was to prove the high efficiency of direct recovery method for DNA recovery from polyacrylamide gels, compared with traditional boiling method. With cassava cDNA as experimental material, this method and boiling method were compared from three aspects: experimental method, extract and amplified rates, pollution rates. The results showed that direct recovery method was more simple and fast than boiling method, pollution rates of boiling method was 59.09%, and the direct recovery method was 43.08%, the average amplification products by boiling method about 40 ng/μL, the direct recovery method was 60 ng/μL. The results indicated that the direct recovery method was easier, faster, and efficient. It had lower pollution rates.

  Construction of a Plant Expression Vector Containing the BADH and Bar Genes 2011, 27 (18):  218-222.  Abstract + ( 1123 )   PDF ( 1009116KB )   ( 1834 ) BADH (betaine-aldyhyde dehydrogenase, EC 1.2.1.8) cDNA was amplified by PCR, including XhoI (upstream) and SacI (downstream) restriction sites respectively. This BADH fragment was cloned into the vector pTA2 (obtaining pTA2-BADH) and verified by sequencing. Then the fragment was cloned from recombinant plasmid pTA2-BADH into the vector pBA002 by digestion and ligation. The obtained pBA002-BADH vector was further verified by enzyme digestion, PCR amplification, and sequencing. Using the plant expression vector pBA002-BADH, we are able to conduct further plant genetic transformation.

  Cloning and Genetic Transformation of the Candidate Genes for the Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene Xa31(t) in Rice 2011, 27 (18):  223-227.  Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 1146526KB )   ( 1133 ) To construct the expression vector with the candidate genes of bacteria blight disease resistance gene Xa31(t) in rice, and to make the genetic transformation, the candidate genes Xa31(t)-1 and Xa31(t)-2 of rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa31(t) were obtained through the method of long segments PCR with the resistant variety ‘Zachanglong’ (ZCL) genomic DNA as the template. Then the target genes were cloned to the T-vector with the way of restriction endonuclease reaction and enzyme ligation reaction. After screening the positive clones and sequencing, the target genes were cloned to the expression vector of pCMABIA1300. Finally, the recombinant plasmids were transformed into the callus of the susceptible varieties ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘Taibei309’ respectively by agrobacterium-mediated approach and a lot of transformed rice seedlings were obtained. These work laid the foundation for cloning the bacterial blight resistance gene Xa31(t) and studied its function.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Flavocytochrome C from Enterobacter cloacae NRRL B-414 2011, 27 (18):  228-232.  Abstract + ( 1143 )   PDF ( 1266594KB )   ( 1014 ) In order to study the function of flavocytochrome C (flac) in the producing-hydrogen metabolism, the authors used CODEHOP to design the degenerate primers of flavocytochrome C, chose one pair of degenerate primers named FlacJ, then used Enterobacter cloacae NRRL B-414 genome DNA as template to make degenerate PCR, got about 1740 bp PCR product, they were transformed into the E.coli DH5α through being linked with pMD18-T vector and sequenced after filtration. The fragment is 1740 bp long, the G+C content is 58.51%, the A+T content is 41.49%, and its NCBI accepted number is GU565952. Similarity alignment showed that the 1740 bp products were very similar to the flavocytochrome C genes, and shared 95% identity to the large subunit of flavocytochrome C from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047, and only had the difference of twenty-eight amino acids. Cloning this fragment would not only enrich the gene resources of flavocytochrome C genes, but also give the scientific warrant for the metabolic engineering research. And it was proved once again that using CODEHOP to design degenerate primers for cloning homologous family genes has a high success rate.

  Research and Development of a Technical System for Screening Rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) Somatic Mutant Resistance to Blast 2011, 27 (18):  233-236.  Abstract + ( 1671 )   PDF ( 537549KB )   ( 1323 ) Blast is the most serious rice diseases in the world. The prevention and controlling of it is therefore significant to the agriculture production. With the rapid development of bio-technology, an in vitro screening technique system in tissue culture for rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) was widely applied as an effective method to the resistant breeding of rice. We review three main aspects of this technique: the callus induction, the preparation of crude toxin factor and the selection of toxin resistant materials. Furthermore, we introduce questions and prospects of the application of these mutants in rice resistant breeding.

  Progress on Several Pathogenic-related Proteins of Root Knot Nematodes in Peanut 2011, 27 (18):  237-241.  Abstract + ( 1194 )   PDF ( 539591KB )   ( 975 ) The main pathogenic-related proteins of root knot nematodes that infect peanut were discussed, including β-1, 4 endoglucanase, cellulose-binding protein, pectin lyase and chorismate mutase. The current research method and research direction were analyzed.

  Advance on Endosulfan Residue and its Microbial Degration 2011, 27 (18):  242-245.  Abstract + ( 1005 )   PDF ( 531180KB )   ( 940 ) Endosulfan, a chlorinated pesticide of the cyclodiene group, is used extensively for the protection of cotton, tea and sugarcane crops. Endosulfan residue has led to the contamination of soil and water environments. It is also a serious threat to human and animal health. The toxicity, application situation and residue of endosulfan were introduced briefly. The residue causes were analyzed too. The degradation of pesticides in soil by microorganism was an effective method. The types of microorganism which degraded endosulfan, the mechanism of degradation were summarized in this paper. To realize a practical application of endosulfan-degrading microorganisms on fields, isolation of highly efficient degrading microorganisms, construction of genetically engineered microorganisms, environmental microbial ecosystem of degrading microorganisms should be enhanced.

  Advances of Integrated Control on Locusta migratoria migratoria in the Northeast of China 2011, 27 (18):  246-249.  Abstract + ( 1129 )   PDF ( 526709KB )   ( 1108 ) In order to control the Locusta migratoria migratoria effectively, control strategy must be changed. The proportion of ecological and biological control should be increased by using sustainable ways to control it. Locusta migratoria migratoria is the agricultural pest, its habit and occurrence is not clear in the northeast of China at present. In this paper, advances on its habit and control methods are mentioned. The control methods include ecological controlling, biological controlling and chemical controlling etc. It is supposed to put emphasis on prevention, controlling L. migratoria migratoria in a sustainable way.

  The Study of Efficiency of Dufulin Against Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus 2011, 27 (18):  250-254.  Abstract + ( 2168 )   PDF ( 573765KB )   ( 1496 ) To understand the control effects of creating new pesticide of Dufulin against SRBSDV and the ideal control methods, the field trials were completed in rice through field spray about the pesticides of 30% Dufulin WP, 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC, 10% Ethofenprox MG, 8% Ninnan mycin AS and its combination. The results showed that, at original field tillering stage, at a dosage of 375 mL/hm2 and 900 g/hm2, the control effects of the combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP were better, i.e. 66.67%, and the control effects of 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC, 10% Ethofenprox MG, 30% Dufulin WP and 8% Ninnan mycin AS were 50.51%, 33.33%, 33.33% and 17.12%, respectively. At harvest stage, the control effects of the combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP also were better, i.e. 73.24%, and the control effects of the others treatment goups were 46.48%, 45.07%, 43.66% and 42.25%, respectively. Meanwhile, the crop yield showed that, being comparable with CK-treatment group, the increasing yield about combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP were better, i.e. 66.67%, and its of others treatment group were 249.75%, 230.7%, 208.65% and 104.7%, respectively. Therefore the combination of 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC and 30% Dufulin WP can control SRBSDV.

  Studies on Herbicide-resistance of Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) Populations to Clodinafop-propargyl 2011, 27 (18):  255-259.  Abstract + ( 1198 )   PDF ( 680990KB )   ( 936 ) The wild oat populations in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu wheat production field were collected in 2008, 2009 and 2010. These populations were tested resistance to clodinafop-propargyl by whole plant test in greenhouse. The results showed all wild oat populations evolved low resistance to clodinafop-propargyl. Of these, the resistance frequency of wild oats populations in Jiangsu Province in 2008, 2009 and 2010 were 11.22%, 12.37% and 11.5%. The resistance frequency of wild oat populations in Henan Province, Anhui Province were 6.94%, 8% in 2008, 7.14%, 7.06% in 2009 and 7.44%, 7.62% in 2010. Compared with other populations, wild oat populations in Jiangsu Province was comparatively high. Although these populations revolved low resistance, clodinafop-propargyl was one of the most primary herbicides in these fields with high usage and frequency. So herbicide rotation must be taken into consideration in these fields.

  Study on the Soil Weed Seed Banks of the Grain Crop Field in Xi’an City 2011, 27 (18):  260-263.  Abstract + ( 1312 )   PDF ( 511704KB )   ( 723 ) Food production has obvious regional characteristics. The weed seed banks are greatly different under the different cropping systems between the different crops. This paper studied the weed seed banks in 72 wheat-maize grain crop field under the rotation system of Xi′an through the soil sampling, indoor inducing sprouted and field investigation. The results showed that: (1) The average amount of weed seeds was 11351.70 /m2 at 20 cm soil layers in grain crop fields of Xi′an. The active weed seeds amounted accounts for 3.50%, the actual field weeds amount accounted for 0.51%. (2) The weed seeds amount of different ecological crop field varies greatly: tableland>hillside>irrigated plain area>flood land. The irrigated plain area was the main grain crop fields in Xi′an. The weed seeds amount was lower than tableland’s and hillside’s with 11044.44 /m2. (3) The weed seeds amounted at 7-14 cm, soil layers accounted for 37.04%. It was slightly more than the amount at 0-7 cm and 14-20 cm soil layers.

  The Study on a Method for Determining Multi-residues of Pyrethroid Pesticides in Ginseng 2011, 27 (18):  264-267.  Abstract + ( 1057 )   PDF ( 624275KB )   ( 926 ) The aim was to develop a method for determining multi-residues of permethrin, bifenthrin, baythrioid, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin in Ginseng samples by using Gas Chromatography (GC). Sample was extracted by acetonitrile, cleaned up with a CARB/NH2 column, followed by separation on a DB-1701 capillary column, and then detected by GC-μECD. A mixed standard solution prepared from primary standards of the 7 pesticides, and calibration curve for each of the 7 pesticides was prepared covering the concentration ranges of 0.05 to 1 mg/kg. The correlation coefficients of these calibration curves were 0.9993, 0.9995, 0.9992, 0.9996, 0.9988, 0.9993 and 0.9993, respectively. The recoveries of 3 standard addition levels of high, medium, low concentrations were 79.1%-103.3%, with relative standard deviations from 3.6 to 9.7, the detection limits were from 0.0008 to 0.03 mg/kg for pyrethroid pesticides. The method was simple, fast, accurate and suitable for detecting the residues of pyrethroid pesticides in ginseng.

  Photolysis Kinetics of Oxyfluorfen 2011, 27 (18):  268-272.  Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 919217KB )   ( 1028 ) Established the method of oxyfluorfen in different solutions by gas chromatography. Under the 500 W high pressure mercury lamp, photolysis of oxyfluorfen in buffer solution of different pH value, the results showed that the photolysis rate were quicker in pH 9 than that in other buffers and are in the order of pH 9>pH 7>pH 5, indicating the photolytic degradation of oxyfluorfen in alkaline solution, maybe result in poor stability. The experiments on influence of initial concentration on photolysis of oxyfluorfen under the 500 W high pressure mercury lamp showed that initial concentrations affected the photodegradation, and they make photolysis haf-life of oxyfluorfen decreased. The half-lives of oxyfluorfen in different buffers of pH 5, pH 7, pH 9 were 63, 20.69, 13.67 min。These can correctly appraise oxyfluorfen in the environment for the photodissociation behavior, as well as provide scientific basis for guiding oxyfluorfen science reasonable use and the correct evaluation in the residue of water environment polyether dynamic and safety effects provide the effective reference data.

  Analysis on new characteristics and causes of mild occurrence of the Meadow Moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.) in 2010 in China 2011, 27 (18):  273-281.  Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 873267KB )   ( 881 ) Based on normative and continuous field investigation and observation on multi-monitoring-sites in 10 provinces, comparing with historic data, it’s indicated that new characteristics and causes analysis in mild occurrence years are important and inspiring to reveal the annually variational regulations of the meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.) in China. The occurrence area in 2010 is least in the third outbreak cycle in China; nevertheless there were some new characteristics, such as convergent immigration of the first generation moth into northern Shanxi, bringing on next larvae outbreak in local region, and discovery of the second generation larvae and over-winter chrysalis in Altai region of Xinjiang. The mild occurrence were caused by small emergence amount of over-winter generation in 2009, absence of large-scale immigrating moth beyond frontier, and unfitted climate and entironment condition in most northern region in China in 2010 spring. As the conclusions, this paper emphasized the impact of out-boundary immigration population and micro-habitat condition on abnormal occurrence in Shanxi, the significance of first appearance of the second generation larvae and over-winter chrysalis in Altai region of Xinjiang, the effect of generation reservation on population continuance, and the reason of strengthening surveillance and research on the meadow moth in mild occurrence years.

  The Study on rDNA ITS-1Variation of Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae) Populations and its Invasive Sources in China 2011, 27 (18):  282-287.  Abstract + ( 1022 )   PDF ( 612235KB )   ( 859 ) Sweet potato weevils (Cylas formicarius) are important quarantine pest both in the world. Understanding the genetic diversity of sweet potato weevils in different areas of China can provide the basis for its identification and quarantine. Genetic variations of the ITS-1 region were examined to probe the invasive sources for 6 populations from different areas in Southern China. Phylogenetic analysis on those sequences together with 35 known C. formicarius sequences showed that sweet potato weevil originated in India, then spread all over Asia from southeast to northwest along with the transportation of sweet potatoes. The phylogenetic tree consisted of two main clades (India and East Asia). The East Asia clade was further divided into two subclades (Northeast and Southeast). Chinese populations were all in two subclades of the Northeast subclade. It suggested that the 6 populations in China might come from the two origins and settled in China.

  Investigation on Occurrences and Damages of Postosia brevitarsis lewis in Shihezi 2011, 27 (18):  288-292.  Abstract + ( 1211 )   PDF ( 1222721KB )   ( 875 ) Postosia brevitarsis lewis damaged seriously to farming and forestry in Shihezi in recent years. Its occurrence and damage were investigated. The results showed: ⑴ Postosia brevitarsis lewis occurred and damaged from the earth at the beginning of May, and the population peak of P brevitarsis Lewis occurred in the middle of June. The number of trapped occupied 59.2% and 24.0% of all the chafers trapped from May 25 to June 23 and from June 27 to July 29 separately. The trapping amount of the two together occupied 83.2% of the total. ⑵The attraction impacts of the five formulas of sugar-vinegar mixture for the chafers showed that: formula 3>1>5>4>2. (3) The life span of the adults could last for nearly nine months. The average cumulative amount of eggs was 35 to 72 per female. The egg hatchability was 100% at indoor temperature(25℃), and the egg stage was about seven days. (4) At present Postosia brevitarsis lewis mainly distributed in Shihezi City, suburbs, and surrounding Farms, other Farms haven’t been discovered yet. More than 10 kinds of main agricultural and horticultural crops could be damaged by postosia brevitarsis lewis, especially in corn, sunflower, grapes.

  Insecticide Sensitivity and Metabolic Enzyme Activity of the Larvae of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) 2011, 27 (18):  293-296.  Abstract + ( 1133 )   PDF ( 574939KB )   ( 814 ) The insecticide sensitivity of larvae of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) was evaluated by the analysis of the contact toxicity of 17 insecticides of various types against the fourth instars reproductive larvae. It was found that the toxicities of the tested insecticides were relatively low with LC50 from 639.28 μg/mL to 1028.03 μg/mL, amongst the LC50 of 88.24% insecticides were higher than 1000 μg/mL. It was indicated that the larvae were insensitive to insecticides. In comparison of the activities of carboxyl esterases, phosphorases, and glutathione-S-transferases of the reproductive larval ants with those of worker ants, it was found that the specific activities of the measured metabolic enzymes in larvae were significantly higher than those in worker ants, especially the activity of phosphorases at folds of above 100, suggesting that strong activity of metabolic enzymes was an important factor for the insensitivity of larval ants to insecticides.

  Effect of Different Food for Young Larvae and Drying Conditions on Tenebrio molitor L. Larvae 2011, 27 (18):  297-300.  Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 542982KB )   ( 946 ) Effect of different feeds for young larvae on death rate, weight and developmental period were studied in dry conditions. Under the condition of 22~28℃, 30%-45% relative humidity, 8 kinds of food were supplied for the larvae before the 34 days-age, including 5% milk powder, 10% milk powder, 100% wheat bran, 2% maize powder, 4% maize powder, 60% wheat flour, 100% wheat flour or 100% corn flour, then 100% wheat bran was fed to all Larvae, even no water was added. The death rate and weight of Larva were determined at 34 and 161 days-age, and the number of pupation was determined every week. The results showed that: at 34 day-age, the results showed that the death rate and weight of Larva were significantly different, the death rate of feeding 100% maize powder group achieved maximum (44.0%), and its weight was minimum (0.677 mg/head), while the death rate of 5% milk powder was lowest (4.33%), and its weight was highest (1.804 mg/head). At 161 day-age, the weight of Larva was not significantly different, but the death rate of 5% milk powder, 10% milk powder or 100% wheat bran group was significantly lower than other group. In sum, supplementing protein-rich feed would decrease the death rate, elongate slightly the development period, centralize the pupating progress of larvae, but there was not significantly effect on weight of old Larva.