Current issue

• 2019 Vol.35 No.15 Published:28 May 2019

  Research Progress on Coupling Effect of Water and Nitrogen in Crops 2019, 35 (15):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010041 Abstract + ( 622 )   PDF ( 1074KB )   ( 350 ) To understand current research progress of crop water-nitrogen coupling effect and provide a basis for further study on the mechanism of water-nitrogen coupling effect, the influence of water-nitrogen coupling effect on soil physical properties, nutrient elements’availability in soil, soil enzyme activity, photosynthetic performance, physiological metabolism, growth and development of aboveground and underground parts of plants, yield and quality are summarized in this paper. And the deficiency of current water-nitrogen coupling effect research are pointed out, including the effect of ecological environment on water and nitrogen coupling, the difference mechanism of water and nitrogen use efficiency, the physiological and molecular of water and nitrogen regulation, and the efficient management model of water and nitrogen coupling. At the same time, future research in this field is discussed.

  Carbonizing Materials and Temperatures: Effects on Growth and Development of Rice 2019, 35 (15):  6-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120075 Abstract + ( 565 )   PDF ( 1338KB )   ( 216 ) The aim is to find the most suitable condition of straw biomass carbon returning to field in Nantong. Seven treatments were set up in experimental station of Nantong Vocational College of Science and Technology, including no biomass carbon (CK), rice straw carbon (3SD), rice straw carbon (4SD), rice straw carbon (5SD), corn straw carbon (3YM), corn straw carbon (4YM), and corn straw carbon (5YM). The soil physical properties, nutrient content, enzyme activity and microbial community structure in paddy field were determined after applying biomass carbon. The effects of different char- making conditions and biomass char application amounts on growth and development of rice were evaluated by redundancy analysis of rice yield and multiple indexes. The results showed that both 5SD and 5YM treatments could increase rice yield by 28.01% and 29.86%, respectively. 5SD treatment had a better yield increase effect on rice. Compared with CK at mature stage, 5SD treatment increased rice yield by 65.99% , and increased soil microbial biomass by 243.90% . However, the decrease range of soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, soil enzyme urea activity, and soil invertase activity in paddy soil was - 41.01% , - 82.78% , - 48.92% and - 57.29% , respectively. In this experiment condition, biochar made from rice straw at 500℃ had the best effect on rice yield increase, and could also improve soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities.

  Rapid and Nondestructive Identification of Wheat Varieties with Multispectral Imaging Technology 2019, 35 (15):  14-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120054 Abstract + ( 587 )   PDF ( 1717KB )   ( 249 ) To study the feasibility of multi- spectral imaging technology for rapid and non- destructive identification of wheat varieties, multi-spectral images that covered the range of 405-970 nm from 500 samples of 5 wheat varieties were collected to find out the specified spectral, color and morphological characteristics by using VideometerLab multi-spectral image acquisition equipment. The 5 wheat varieties were qualitatively identified by principal component analysis. Likewise, the recognition accuracy of 3 different models (neural network, support vector machine and random forest) was compared based on spectral features and spectral image features. The results showed that BPNN method had the best performance, which was 100% and 91.25% for the modeling set and prediction set respectively, when 19 spectral eigenvalues were employed. Moreover, the satisfactory recognition accuracy, which was 100% and 98.4% for the modeling set and prediction set respectively, was also achieved when 19 spectral features and 6 image features were integrated. It suggested that multi-spectral feature fusion based on BPNN can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of wheat varieties and provide a new way for rapid nondestructive detection of wheat varieties.

  The Classification Criteria and Ecological Adaptability of Large-spike Type Wheat Varieties 2019, 35 (15):  20-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010076 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 1128KB )   ( 217 ) Multi-year regional trial is used to study the classification criteria and the adaptability of largespike wheat varieties in different ecological zones. The results showed that it was difficult to reflect the common characteristics of these varieties and their individual characteristics of spike according to single ear weight, spike length, the number of spikelet and the annual value of one area; the large-spike wheat varieties had strong selectivity for ecological area and the varieties should be selected according to climatic conditions in different regions. Further analysis showed that the large-spike wheat varieties should be variety of spike length more than 8.5 cm and hectare ear number less than 5.7 million, and with prominent single ear weight. The Yangtze River basin should choose the spring varieties with large spike and medium-large spike. Huanghuai wheat area should choose semi-winter varieties with medium-large spike, and southern area of Huanghuai should choose weak spring varieties with large spike. Beijing, Tianjin and other northern areas should not choose large spike varieties.

  Base- Topdressing Ratio of Nitrogen Fertilizer Under Drip Irrigation: Effects on Dry Matter Transport and Nitrogen Absorption and Distribution of Winter Wheat 臧丽青,, and 2019, 35 (15):  25-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010006 Abstract + ( 598 )   PDF ( 1037KB )   ( 224 ) To explore the effect of suitable base-topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on population dynamics, dry matter transport and nitrogen uptake and distribution of winter wheat under drip irrigation,‘Luyuan 502’ was taken as experimental material. Four drip irrigation treatments with different base-topdressing ratios were set up to monitor the wheat group dynamics, the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total nitrogen content and total nitrogen accumulation of wheat, and the absorption and transport of dry matter at maturity stage was also detected. The results showed that the number of wheat population, the dry matter of grain, the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content of soil, the total nitrogen content of soil, and the total nitrogen accumulation of plant with drip irrigation at maturity stage were 1.12, 1.30, 1.25, 1.14 and 1.15 times of those of the control, respectively, and kept relatively high values at other stages, significantly higher than those of other treatments. It can be seen that the base-topdressing ratio of 4:6 with drip irrigation significantly increase the population number of wheat, the transfer of dry matter to grain and the effective utilization of nitrogen in wheat.

  Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate Affect Yield, Dry Matter and Economic Benefits of Soybean in Central Henan 赵亚南,叶优良 and 黄玉芳 2019, 35 (15):  30-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120072 Abstract + ( 549 )   PDF ( 1088KB )   ( 175 ) To clarify the optimum amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in soybean fertilization in central Henan, a field trial was set up, including nitrogen level (0, 60, 120, 180 kg/hm2) and phosphorus level (0, 45, 90, 135 kg/hm2). The dry weight was determined in the key growth period of soybean, and the yield was measured in the harvest period. Partial productivity, agronomic efficiency and economic benefits were calculated. The results showed that soybean aboveground dry matter mass increased with the growth period. The yield with nitrogen application increased by 9.01%-11.86% compared with non-nitrogen application. The yield with phosphorus application increased by 2.8%-12.0% compared with non-phosphorus application. The yieldincreasing effect was the most obvious and the economic benefit was the highest when nitrogen fertilizer amount was 120 kg/hm2 and phosphate fertilizer amount was 90 kg/hm2. When the nitrogen fertilizer amount exceeded 120 kg/hm2, the aboveground dry matter mass and yield decreased. When the phosphate fertilizer amount exceeded 90 kg/hm2, the phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate and yield-increasing efficiency decreased. The results indicate that the yield and economic benefit are the best when the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 120 kg/hm2 and the phosphate fertilizer is 90 kg/hm2.

  Change of Chromoplast Pigments of Different-genotype Tobacco Leaves During Maturity 2019, 35 (15):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010150 Abstract + ( 421 )   PDF ( 1134KB )   ( 212 ) To investigate the content of plastid pigments in tobacco leaves at different maturity，the tobacco cultivars ‘K326’、‘ Jiucaiping2’、‘Honghuadajinyuan’、‘ Guiyan2’、‘ Nangjiang3’、‘ Bina1’were used as experimental material and the comparative study of the content and forms of plastid pigments in tobacco leaves at different mature stage was carried. The results indicated that there was significant difference in chromoplast pigment of different genotypes during maturity of tobacco leaves and the content of chromoplast pigment of different genotypes decreased during maturity of tobacco leaves but different degradation rates of chromoplast pigment of different genotypes. Then different flavor quality and style of different genotypes was showed because of the content of degradation products. And there was extremely significant correlation among the chromoplast pigment of different genotypes during maturity of tobacco leaves. The rapid detection technology of maturity may be expressed by one of chromoplast pigment. These results are important to improve the selection and evaluation of tobacco varieties of tobacco fragrance quality and fragrance quantity, and provide the basis for rapid detection of tobacco leaves maturity and classification of tobacco leaves.

  Variation Characteristics and Influence of Precipitation Resources During Crop Growing Season in Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River: A Case Study of Shanghai 2019, 35 (15):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010098 Abstract + ( 369 )   PDF ( 1114KB )   ( 221 ) This paper aims to make appropriate use of the agricultural climatic resources in rice crop growing season, as well as to improve the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation in agriculture. The characteristics of spatial and temporal distributions and variations of precipitation resources during single-crop late rice growing season are analyzed by using the index of precipitation-concentration degree(PCD) and precipitation-concentration period (PCP), based on the daily climatic data of 10 weather stations in Shanghai during 1961 to 2015. The results show that in the recent 55 years the precipitation has an increase tendency, and the linear trend rate of precipitation is 33.6/10a;The intensity of precipitation of heavy rain and rainstorm increased（p＜0.05）,the average growth rate of them were 33.6 and 32.0mm per10 years respectively. Precipitation days have little change indistinctively, and the precipitation days have obvious inverse relationship with different precipitation magnitude, and over the significant level at 0.01. The coefficient of variation of precipitation is smaller in the 1995-1997, 2008-2011 and 2011-2013 years, and the relative change rate of average precipitation in three years shows a rising trend(p＜0.01). The variation trend of the precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) is not significant, and uneven distribution of precipitation, the precipitations concentration period (PCP) is mainly focused on June 19 - August 7, and the mean is on July 14. These results can provided a scientific reference for the utilization of the precipitation resources of crop growing season of single-crop late rice and the response to climate change.

  Purifying Effect of Mixed Plant-type Ecological Floating Island on Rural Rivers 2019, 35 (15):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18050100 Abstract + ( 443 )   PDF ( 1114KB )   ( 215 ) The objective of the study was to screen the ecological floating island plantation model that has a good purification effect on the rivers in the villages of Handan City. Mainly studied under static conditions, the effect of ecological floating islands with different combinations of different plants on the purification of rural rivers, select Eichhornia crassipes, Thalia dealbata, Canna indica, Sagittaria and Oenanthe javanica as test plants, and compare the removal efficiency of COD, TP, NH4+-N and other pollutants in water by five combinations. After 38 days of testing, the results show that: Oenanthe javanica + Sagittaria + Canna indica+ Eichhornia crassipes, Canna indica + Thalia dealbata + Eichhornia crassipes had higher removal rates of COD, which were 35.5% and 31.2%, respectively. The removal rate of TP was higher with Oenanthe javanica + Sagittaria + Canna indica + Eichhornia crassipes, Canna indica + Thalia dealbata + Eichhornia crassipes, which were 81.6% and 77.3% respectively. The removal rates of NH4+-N were higher with Oenanthe javanica + Sagittaria + Canna indica + Eichhornia crassipes, Eichhornia crassipes + Thalia dealbata + Canna indica + Oenanthe javanica, which were 55.4% and 53.9%, respectively. The mixed plant-type ecological floating island has a significant effect on the purification of rural river water bodies.

  A Review on Biocar: Effect on Soil Improvement and Ecology 2019, 35 (15):  54-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010126 Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 1035KB )   ( 258 ) This study mainly summarizes the characters of biochar and its functions in improvement different soil property, crop growth and development, restoration of ecological environment, greenhouse gas emission reduction, etc, to provide new information for biochar in agricultural production and ecological environment protection. So, in order to indicate the impact of biochar on improve different soil and ecological environment, we analyze domestic and foreign research documents before 2017. Biochar, as a soil amendment, slow-release fertilizer carrier, and new environment functional material, has increasingly become a research focus point in agricultural and environmental sciences and other fields. However, the research on biochar is basically still in the stage of academic mechanisms exploration, and just infancy in application and promotion. Further exploration should be needed by scientific researchers in the future, and we elaborated some of the viewpoints in this field at the end.

  Inter-row Grass: Effects on Soil Nutrients and pH Value of Kiwifruit Orchards in Northern Qinling Mountains 2019, 35 (15):  59-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010144 Abstract + ( 397 )   PDF ( 1274KB )   ( 265 ) The paper aims to explore the effects of perennial grass on soil pH value, organic matter and nutrients by using inter-row grass experiment in kiwifruit orchards in Qinling. 4-year-old‘Hayward’kiwifruit trees were selected in Xi’an kiwifruit test station, inter-row grasses were ryegrass, clover and the combination of ryegrass and clover, at the same time, nature grass was set as control. We determined soil pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus and available potassium contents in germination stage after 1, 2 and 3 years of inter-row grass, and analyzed the variance. The results showed that: with the increase of the number of cultivation years, total nitrogen and organic matter content had an increasing trend with different grass species; at the third year, available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased with the increase of soil depth; soil pH value of natural grass increased first and then decreased in different soil layers with the increase of the year of inter-row grass; however, soil pH value of clover decreased first and then increased; besides, soil pH value of ryegrass and the combination of ryegrass and clover decreased. Inter-row grass in kiwifruit orchard can improve the soil nutrient status and soil organic matter content, and adjust soil pH value. Different inter-row grass species have different effects on soil pH value. Inter- row of ryegrass and the combination of ryegrass and clover can improve the saline- alkali in northern China.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility in the Arid Zone of Central Ningxia: A Case of Tongxin County 2019, 35 (15):  66-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18110026 Abstract + ( 500 )   PDF ( 1271KB )   ( 222 ) Tongxin County is the core area in the arid region of central Ningxia. 30 years since the 2nd national soil investigation, soil fertility has undergone profound changes. To understand the soil fertility characteristics of farmland in Tongxin County, 2000 soil samples were collected from Tongxin County from 2008 to 2012. The soil fertility data of these samples were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis, and compared with the data from the 2nd national soil investigation. The results showed that compared with the data of the 2nd national soil investigation, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 12.2% , 10.5% and 4.8% , respectively, while available phosphorus increased by 121.4% and available nitrogen remained at the same level. The average pH value of farmland soil was 8.77, showing significantly negative correlations with the content of soil total salt, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium (P＜0.01). Soil total salt was 0.30 g/kg, showing a positive correlation with available phosphorus without significant difference. However, soil total salt was negatively correlated with other soil indexes. The soil organic matter content was 7.08 g/kg, showing significantly positive correlations with total nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (P＜0.01). Soil total nitrogen content was 0.57 g/kg, showing significantly positive correlations with available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (P＜0.01). The contents of soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 36.07, 14.77 and 170.63 mg/kg, respectively, showing significantly positive correlations with each other. It is suggested to use effective methods to increase soil fertility and to balance nutrition supply, such as choosing acid soil conditioner in cultivation to alleviate soil alkalization, emphasizing the application of physiological acid fertilizer.

  Analysis Methods for Cation Exchange Capacity in Soil: Optimization 2019, 35 (15):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010106 Abstract + ( 588 )   PDF ( 1199KB )   ( 268 ) To improve the detection efficiency of the cation exchange capacity in soil, in view of the deficiency of the present standard, this study puts forward a rapid detection method by combining the pretreatment system of cation exchange capacity and Kjeltec Automatic Azotometer. The analytical steps of centrifugal and distillation titration were optimized and improved. On the premise of constant principle, the parameters of the instrument were optimized. The results were as follows: ammonium acetate was stirred for 15 min; ethanol was used to wash the soil for 4 times, and distilled for 5 min. Under the condition, the precision and accuracy of this analysis method were in accordance with the requirements by testing the national soil certified reference materials. Thus the analysis method is simple, efficient, accurate and reproducible. It is suitable for the determination of the cation exchange capacity in large quantities of soil samples.

  Climate Models in China and Abroad: The Precipitation Forecast in Heilongjiang During Flood Season 2019, 35 (15):  79-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18050028 Abstract + ( 468 )   PDF ( 1448KB )   ( 192 ) The paper aims to evaluate the cross-season forecasting ability of seasonal climate model and multimodel ensembles on precipitation during flood season in Heilongjiang, and improve the accuracy rate of climate prediction. Based on the data of 3 seasonal climate models in China, the United States and Europe from 1983 to 2017, by applying the multi- model ensembles to the prediction of precipitation during flood season in Heilongjiang, 4 quantitation methods including anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), comprehensive testing of trend anomalies (Ps), graded score (Pg) and anomalous symbol agreement rate (Pc), we comprehensively evaluated the ability of the above 3 seasonal climate models and multi-model ensembles to predict crossseason precipitation during flood season, and found an objective forecast method suitable for the precipitation during flood season in Heilongjiang. The results showed that: each model had a certain cross-season forecasting ability to forecast the precipitation in Heilongjiang during flood season, but had a relatively poor forecast ability for the anomalous magnitude of precipitation trend. According to the comparison of the prediction scores of each model, EC model is relatively better and could be applied in the forecasting, multi-model super ensemble is better than the daily business quality score and the multi-model equal weighted average ensemble, which could be used as a reference for climate prediction during flood season.

  Correlation Between NDVI and Meteorological Factors in Zhangye 杨晓玲, and 2019, 35 (15):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030027 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 1234KB )   ( 242 ) The aim is to research the correlation between climate change and vegetation cover. Based on the data of monthly NASA GIMMS normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), temperature and precipitation of Zhangye from 1982 to 2015, annual and seasonal variation trend of NDVI, temperature and precipitation and correlation between NDVI and climatic factors including temperature and precipitation were analyzed by using statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient method. The results showed that the yearly and seasonal NDVI revealed an increasing tendency, and the growth was the fastest in summer. Yearly and seasonal temperature showed a rising tendency, and the rise was the fastest in summer. Yearly precipitation revealed an increasing tendency, the precipitation in spring and summer showed a decreasing trend, and the precipitation in autumn and winter showed an increasing trend, and the growth was the largest in autumn. Annual, spring, summer and autumn temperature presented significant correlations with yearly NDVI, and the correlation coefficients passed α = 0.01 significance test. Winter temperature showed a weak negative correlation with NDVI. There were no significant correlations between annual and seasonal precipitation and NDVI. The climate change had a lagging effect on vegetation growth. Three seasons’(spring, summer and autumn) temperature had significant correlations with the next seasonal NDVI, and the correlation was not significant in winter. There was no significant correlation between seasonal precipitation and the next seasonal NDVI.

  Total Solar Radiation in Suizhou from 1961 to 2016: Climatological Calculation and Spatial-temporal Distribution Characteristics 2019, 35 (15):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020022 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 2104KB )   ( 331 ) To explore and utilize solar radiation in Suizhou more efficiently, and better serve local Sannong issues (namely agriculture, rural community and farmers) and ecological civilization construction, based on the percentage of sunshine and daily total solar radiation from 4 radiation stations and 16-city(county) weather stations around Suizhou, we found a suitable formula parameter for calculating total solar radiation and the monthly total solar radiation in Suizhou, and analyzed annual and seasonal spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation with the methods of climatological calculation and space interpolation. The results showed that: the spatial distribution of solar radiation in Suizhou was less in the north and more in the south of the whole year and each season; for temporal distribution, the total solar radiation was the highest in summer, and the lowest in winter; in addition, there was a decreasing trend in total solar radiation, especially during summer. The spatial and temporal distribution of total solar radiation in Suizhou is consistent with that in China and Hubei Province. However, due to its unique geographical environment, the total solar radiation is more in south and less in north in Suizhou.

  Leaves of Ancient Platycladus orientalis Trees in Mount Tai: Analysis of Mineral Elements Zhang Qian,Zhao Jinhong,Wang Yushan,Fu Junhui,Zhang Pan,Zhou Guangfeng and Sun Jian 2019, 35 (15):  98-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010039 Abstract + ( 531 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 162 ) To explore the relationship between nutrient element contents and the age and health of Platycladus orientalis in Mount Tai, we measured and analyzed 15 mineral element contents of 12 ancient trees Platycladus orientalis in Luohanya forest farm and Wangmuchi area. The result showed that: except for Ni and Co, other element contents in weak ancient trees were higher than those in health ancient trees; besides, contents of Ca showed significant differences between the leaves of weak ancient trees and health ancient trees, and Pb in weak ancient trees was 29.35% higher than that in health ancient trees which indicated that the weak growth condition of ancient Platycladus orientalis in Luohanya might be related to the high levels of Ca and Pb; there was significant difference of Na between the first and three levels ancient trees Platycladus orientalis, that was to say, the content of Na with high age was lower than that with low age; mineral element contents of ancient trees with the same health levels and same age class levels were equivalent in Luohanya and Wangmuchi areas. This study finds out the contents and changes of the mineral elements closely related to the weak and age of ancient Platycladus orientalis trees, and provides a reference for nutrition diagnosis and health evaluation in Mount Tai.

  Sectional Layering Propagation Technology of Tilia europaea 2019, 35 (15):  104-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010113 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 1357KB )   ( 211 ) The aim is to find optimal hormone concentration and optimal rooting site suitable for rooting of layering for Tilia europaea and to provide technical support for rapid propagation. The 8-year-old branches of Tilia europaea were taken as test materials,the branches were treated with different site by using different concentration gradient of hormones with NAA and IBA.the soil moisture and soil temperature were continuously measured by EM50 data logger ,In the later period, it could be obtained the significant differences by observing and recording the indexes of root number, root length, root diameter and calculated rooting rate nextly.The results indicated that the rooting effect of layering was highest when the layering plants of Tilia europaea were treated with IBA solution of 500 mg/L, the rooting rate reached 80%, the average main root number, the average main root length, the average main root diameter , the average lateral root number and the average lateral root length could be reached 29.6(roots), 19.74 (cm), 2.75 (mm), 15.8 (roots), 8.64 (cm) respectively.The suitable rooting site for rooting of layering in Tilia europaea was in the middle segment of the branch, the rooting rate reached 77.8%, the average main root number, the average main root length, the average main root diameter , the average lateral root number and the average lateral root length could be reached 10.7(roots), 16.67(cm), 1.9 (mm), 10.8 (roots), 5.15 (cm) respectively.The results indicate that appropriate hormone concentration treatment can promote rooting rate and survival rate of layering plants in Tilia europaea ; IBA is better than NAA and control in rooting effect; the suitable rooting site for layering plants of the tree is in the middle segment of the branch.

  Red Leaves and Green Leaves of Photinia serrulata: Comparison of the Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Transpiration 2019, 35 (15):  110-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010112 Abstract + ( 638 )   PDF ( 1270KB )   ( 406 ) To study the differences between characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration of red and green leaves of Photinia serrulata, and to explore the adaptability of the two kinds of leaves to environmental changes, we measured their parameter values including the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal limiting value (L) under the same environment, such as temperature, humidity and light intensity. The results showed that: (1) the photosynthesis of red leaves was stronger than that of green leaves; when light intensity was relatively high, green leaves appeared midday depression phenomenon (non stomatal factors), and red leaves did not; the daily mean value of Pn of red leaves was higher, and the gas exchange was stronger than that of green leaves; (2) both Tr and Gs of green leaves were weaker than those of red leaves, and there were significant differences in Gs between the two kinds of leaves; the WUE of red leaves were always lower than that of green leaves. Thus, the regulatory mechanism of red leaves adapting to changes of external environment is not as strong as that of green leaves, at the same time the drought resistant capacity of red leaves is also weaker than that of green leaves.

  Photoinhibition of Plants Photosynthesis: Research Progress 2019, 35 (15):  116-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020086 Abstract + ( 886 )   PDF ( 1251KB )   ( 335 ) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis is a physiological stress that occurs in all plants, not only under high light stress, but also under other environmental stresses including low temperature, drought, flooding, salt stress and high CO2 concentration. In recent years, many research achievements have been reported on the nature and the mechanism of photoinhibition. In this article, the authors summarize the photoinhibition mechanism of Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII); review the development of photoinhibition; analyze the defensive mechanisms against photoinhibition, e.g. heat dissipation, electron transfer, activated oxygen clearance, improved photosynthetic capacity and etc. Furthermore, the authors elaborate on the factors affecting photoinhibition, including the low temperature stress, light exposure intensity, water stress, salt stress, CO2 concentration and etc. Taken together, the authors discuss the problems and the future directions of the research.

  NBS-LRR Resistance Gene in Grass Species: Structure, Function and Evolution 2019, 35 (15):  124-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18090052 Abstract + ( 671 )   PDF ( 1122KB )   ( 434 ) Grass species are the main source of food. NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat), which contains the largest number of resistance genes, plays a critical role in resistance to pathogens and pests in plant. In order to study NBS- LRR resistance gene, the authors introduce the structure, function, classification, the number, distribution and evolution model of NBS-LRR genes in grass species. Meanwhile the authors proposed future research direction and put forward issues that need to be further explored.

  Major Gene + Polygene Genetic Analysis of Boll Weight in RIL Population of‘CCRI70’ Under Various Environments 2019, 35 (15):  128-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010162 Abstract + ( 399 )   PDF ( 1246KB )   ( 252 ) The aims are to clarify the genetic characteristics of cotton boll weight, and illustrate the contribution mechanism of boll weight to yield formation. RIL populations are constructed based on the national approval elite cultivar‘CCRI70’. The phenotypes of the RIL populations and their parents ’901-001’and‘sGK156’ are evaluated under 9 various environments (15AY, 15LQ, 15ALE, 16AY, 16LQ, 16ALE, 16KRL, 16SHZ and 16CD). The inheritance characteristics of boll weight are analyzed with the major gene+polygene genetic model. The results showed that the effects of different environments on boll weight had the following tendency: the Northwest Early-maturity Region > the Northwest Middle Early-maturity Region ≥ the Yellow River Basin > the Yangtze River Basin. The effects of parents on boll weight under the 9 environments showed that‘901-001’ was greater than‘SGK156’. The boll weight of RILs ranged from 3.29 g to 7.82 g, the absolute values of skewness and kurtosis were all less than 1.0, which showed a normal distribution, the coefficients of variation ranged from 5.78 % to 8.72%. The genetic model was controlled by 2-4 major genes or 2 major genes + polygenes. The maximum number of major genes was four under 15AY and 16CD environments. Generally, the inheritance of boll weight is mainly controlled by polygene model. The heritability of major genes ranges from 6.96% to 45.69% and that of polygene ranges from 51.06% to 88.99%, indicating that the boll weight are greatly influenced by the interactions of environments and genotypes.

  Bait Selection of Thais bronni 黄继,,王春琳,孟祥磊,周民栋,方伦益 and 付英杰 2019, 35 (15):  138-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010105 Abstract + ( 461 )   PDF ( 1130KB )   ( 157 ) The paper aims to explore suitable bait for parental breeding of Thais bronni. Selective feeding of Thais bronni on seven baits, Ruditapes philippinarum, Sinonovacula constricta, Gomphina veneriformis, Mytilusedulis, Septifer virgatus, small crab and Scomber japonicus, was studied under water temperature of 22- 25℃, specific gravity of seawater 1.013-1.015, and dissolved oxygen level of 4-5 mg/L. The results indicated that T. bronni showed great interest on Septifer virgatus, positive selection to Sinonovacula constricta, Mytilusedulis, and small crab, but negative selection to Ruditapes philippinarum, Gomphina veneriformis, Scomber japonicus, with a clear negative selection order from weak to strong as Gomphina veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, spawning Gomphina veneriformis, spawning Ruditapes philippinarum, Scomber japonicus.

  Design of Key Process Parameters for Circulating Culture Model in Pond 2019, 35 (15):  142-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120033 Abstract + ( 474 )   PDF ( 1225KB )   ( 257 ) The objective is to establish a scientific and reasonable range of key process parameters for circulating culture model in pond. The internal circulation amount of aquaculture system, the ratio of aquaculture tank area to pond area was designed scientifically based on the principle of material balance. And the influence of basic parameters such as fish excrement and bait collection rate was discussed. The results showed that the aquaculture density of fish reached 100 kg/m3 in the tank with the volume of 198 m3 (22 m×5 m× 1.8 m) and dissolved oxygen of 6 mg/L. When the collection rate of fish manure and residual bait was 30%, the circulation amount in the circulating culture mode in the pond was designed to be 664.78 m3/h (about water exchange once per 18 min), and the ratio of the tank area to the pond area was 1.03%-1.55%. When the collection rate of fish manure and residual bait was 60%, the circulation amount in the circulating culture mode in the pond was designed to be 584.26 m3/h (about water exchange once per 20 min), and the ratio of the tank area to the pond area was 1.18%-1.77%. It is necessary to set the best collection rate of fish excrement and bait in order to reduce the energy consumption. The design provides support for improving the technical performance of the model and promoting the development and widespread promotion of recirculating aquaculture technology in pond.

  Virulence of Nomuraea rileyi Nr5772 Isolate Against Spodoptera exigua 2019, 35 (15):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18080115 Abstract + ( 426 )   PDF ( 1238KB )   ( 158 ) The aim is to investigate the virulence of Nomuraea rileyi Nr5772 isolate against beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, and provide a new technique for biological control of the pest. The larvae of beet armyworm were used as materials. Dipping method was adopted to test the LC50 and LT50 of the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar beet armyworm larvae in the conidia suspension of N. rileyi Nr5772 isolate. The results showed that LT50 of the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae was 4.44 d, 4.48 d and 4.85 d, respectively, when exposed to 5×109 conidia/mL N. rileyi suspension; and the LC50 was 2.71×106 conidia/mL, 5.61×106 conidia/mL and 1.75×107 conidia/mL, respectively. In conclusion, N. rileyi Nr5772 isolate has effective pathogenicity to beet armyworm larvae and the virulence becomes stronger along with the increase of conidia concentration and the decrease of the larva instar.

  Effects on Seed Activity and Seedling Growth of Maize by Seed Dressing with Chlorantraniliprole 何发林,,,,, and 2019, 35 (15):  151-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010114 Abstract + ( 1416 )   PDF ( 1242KB )   ( 520 ) To study the effects of maize seed dressing with chlorantraniliprole on seed germination, seedling growth and physiological and biochemical indexes, plate experiments in incubator and indoor pot experiments were conducted to study the seed germination, seedling growth (plant height, root length, root shoot ratio, etc.), physiological and biochemical indexes (protective enzyme, root activity and chlorophyll content, etc.) of maize by seed dressing with different dosage (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 g/kg) of hlorantraniliprole. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole at 0.5- 3 g/kg significantly increased the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index of maize and increment in seedling stage, induced the activity of CAT, POD, SOD, PAL and PPO in maize seedling leaves, and increased root activity, chlorophyll content, sugar content and soluble protein content. Chlorantraniliprole inhibited the growth of maize after treated with 4 mg/kg, but the indicators were still higher than that of the control. In conclusion, chlorantraniliprole at suitable dosage could significantly promote seed germination and seedling growth of maize.

  Behavioral Differences of Duck Breeds in the Integrated Rice-duck Farming System and the Effects on Rice Yield 罗 璇,安 晨,路 璐,周贝贝,曹正锋,戴网成,沈晓昆,徐 琪,赵文明 and 陈国宏 2019, 35 (15):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010081 Abstract + ( 503 )   PDF ( 1604KB )   ( 222 ) The aims are to study the motion law of duck in rice field, and clarify the behavioral differences of different duck breeds in rice field and the effect on rice yield. 9 integrated rice-duck farming fields (each one was 766 m2) were selected in this study.‘Yiyong’Duck (Mallard♂?Jinding Duck♀),‘Jinding’Duck and ‘Baigai’Duck were placed in the 9 fields according to the density of 225 ducks/hm2. Using the video monitoring system, the occurrence time and duration time of swimming, resting and feeding of ducks was investigated from 5:00 to 20:00 each day with continuous observation method. The observation was continued for 5 days. The results showed that the activity peaks of the ducks were usually at 5:00 -7:00, 8:00-11:00 and 15:00- 18:00 in one day. The daily activity time of‘Yiyong’Duck and‘Jinding’Duck was 324.50 min (36.06%) and 315.75 min(35.08%), respectively, which was significantly higher than that of‘Baigai’Duck (264.50 min, 29.39%, P<0.01). The rice yield increased by 22.75%, 20.14% and 10.89% in the integrated rice-duck farming with‘Yiyong’Duck,‘Jinding’Duck and‘Baigai’Duck, respectively. The correlation analysis between yield factors of rice and swimming time of ducks showed that there was an extremely significant and positive correlation between the setting rate, theoretical output and swimming time(r=0.959, P＜0.01; r=0.858, P＜0.01). There was an obviously positive correlation between thousand-grain weight, actual yield and swimming time(r=0.627, P＜0.05; r=0.767, P＜0.05). The results indicate that‘Yiyong’Duck has the best effect on yield increasing effect, and the swimming time of duck is an important index for evaluating rice yield in the integrated rice-duck farming system. The results could provide important reference data for the selection of feasible duck breeds and the improvement of rice yield in the IRDF.