Current issue

• 2019 Vol.35 No.16 Published:04 June 2019

  Agronomic Measures Affect Tillering and Spike Formation and Yield of‘Shangmai 156’ 2019, 35 (16):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010016 Abstract + ( 672 )   PDF ( 1121KB )   ( 284 ) To explore high-yield cultivation mode of the big-spike wheat varieties and give full play to their yield-increasing potential, under field condition, taking‘Shangmai 156’as the experimental material, we used randomized block experiment design and studied the effects of sowing date, sowing quantity, line spacing and repression on tillering and spike formation and yield. The results showed that the yield reached the maximum when the sowing date was October 11th, it was significantly different from that of other treatments except sowing date October 16th. The yield was the highest when the basic seedlings was 3.0 million/hm2, and it was significantly different from that of other treatments except 3.75 million/hm2. The yield and the number of spike per unit area were the highest when the line spacing was 16.7 cm, followed by those of 20 cm, and the two treatments had significant difference with the other treatments. Repression at returning green stage increased the number of tiller and spike per plant, too much repression caused the increase of ineffective tiller, which could not promote the yield obviously. In production, sowing date from October 11th to October 16th, the basic seedling of 3 million/hm2 to 3.75 million/hm2 and the row spacing of 16.7cm to 20 cm is suitable for‘Shangmai 156’. When the group is too large, moderate repression could be done to reduce the plant height and increase the resistance of wheat.

  Effects of Different Water Treatments on Growth and Yield of Drip-irrigated Silage Corn in Cold and Arid Regions of Northern Xinjiang 2019, 35 (16):  6-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18100108 Abstract + ( 559 )   PDF ( 1346KB )   ( 240 ) To determine the suitable irrigation system for drip-irrigated silage corn in the cold and arid regions of northern Xinjiang, Qinghe County in Altay was used as the experimental site,‘Xinyu 23’was selected as the experimental variety, and the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index (LAI), yield and soil moisture of silage corn were determined. The effects of different irrigation quotas and frequencies on the growth and yield of silage corn were analyzed. The results showed that LAI of silage corn in the drip irrigation condition presented a normal curve during the growth period, and the leaf area index of the growth period of silage corn increased first and then decreased. The relationship between the irrigation amount of silage corn and the yield of silage was a quadratic parabolic one. The water consumption intensity of silage corn increased first and then decreased. The total water requirement of silage corn was 612 mm, and the water consumption intensity during the tasseling period was the highest, reaching 8.73 mm/d. It is recommended that the suitable irrigation system for drip irrigation silage corn in the cold and arid regions of northern Xinjiang is: irrigation quota of 5625 m3/hm2 and irrigation frequency of 10 days.

  Fertilizer Effect of‘Gangzamian 0623’Based on“3414”Model 2019, 35 (16):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010157 Abstract + ( 437 )   PDF ( 1123KB )   ( 274 ) To explore the fertilizer effect of cotton variety‘Gangzamian 0623’and the reasonable fertilization method, and accelerate the popularization of‘Gangzamian 0623’, based on the‘3414’fertilizer experiment model, two levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers were recommended as 300, 150 and 300 kg/hm2, respectively. The fertilizer treatments were better than the control by comparing the yield components of cotton. N2P2K2 treatment showed the best performance. The yield of each treatment increased compared with the control, and the yield increased with the increasing of fertilizer rate. However, under the fertilizer treatment level three, the yield was lower than that under level two. The economic benefit of each treatment were compared and analyzed. The economic benefits of fertilizer treatments were higher than that of the control and N2P2K2 had the highest economic benefit, which was 14768.76 yuan/hm2. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the fertilizer rate, yield and economic benefits, it is found that the rational NPK fertilizer and the balanced fertilization are necessary to obtain the high yield and high economic benefits. In eastern Hubei Province, the fertilizer rate of‘Gangzamian 0623’is recommended as follows: N fertilizer 150- 200 kg/hm2, P fertilizer 90-100 kg/hm2, K fertilizer 150-200 kg/hm2.

  Effect of Boron Fertilizer on Nutrient Absorption, Yield and Quality of Double Low Spring Rape 2019, 35 (16):  21-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010158 Abstract + ( 484 )   PDF ( 1332KB )   ( 183 ) The purpose is to elucidate the effect of boron on the yield and quality of double low spring rape, and to propose a suitable amount of boron fertilizer for the production of double low spring rape. In 2016-2017, using double-low rape‘Qingza 5’as test material, five boron treatments were conducted and a completely randomized block design was adopted, to investigate the effects of different boron levels on dry matter accumulation, NPK nutrient uptake, yield and quality of double low spring rape. The results showed that under the condition of low boron application in 2016, the dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption, grain yield and quality of rapeseed plants increased gradually with the increase of boron application amount, and increased and then decreased in 2017 with the increase of boron application rate. The best boron application rate was 22.5 kg/hm2. The grain yield under this treatment was 28.68% higher than that without boron, and the fat content increased by 8.06 percentage points, protein and erucic acid content were reduced to varying degrees compared to other treatments. Regression analysis showed that the appropriate amount of boron (Lili Boron: purity boron ≥ 15%) was 19.96-21.34 kg/hm2 for the higher yield and oil yield in the double-low spring rapeseed production in the dry area of central Inner Mongolia.

  Demonstration and Popularization of High Quality, High Oil, High Yield and High Resistant Rapeseed Varieties in Spring Rapeseed Region 2019, 35 (16):  30-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010024 Abstract + ( 559 )   PDF ( 1158KB )   ( 220 ) To improve the commodity, efficiency and market competitiveness of rapeseed production of the spring rapeseed region, and promote the application of fine varieties,‘Hongyou 88’, a variety with high oil, high yield, high quality and high resistance, was demonstrated and popularized in the main producing area of spring rapeseed through the mechanism mode of variety breeding professional + seed company + base + farmer household + technology. The results showed that‘Hongyou88’exhibited strong drought resistance, high yield and stability, and had the ability to resist high temperature and drought, with relatively large potential to increase yield. The study could maximize rapeseed production efficiency in the spring rapeseed region and ensure the safety of rapeseed production and supply.

  Effect of Bast-fiber Film Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tobacco 高远,,位慧琴,吴照辉,俎建民,梁涛 and 郭芳阳 2019, 35 (16):  34-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020085 Abstract + ( 350 )   PDF ( 1121KB )   ( 270 ) To explore application of bast-fiber film in tobacco planting, a field trial was conducted with different films(bast-fiber film, no film and polythene film). The effects of bast-fiber film mulching on soil temperature, soil water content, flue-cured tobacco growth, tobacco leaf yield and quality were studied. The results showed that the soil average temperature of bast-fiber film mulching was less than that of polythene film mulching and more than that of no film mulching, and the soil temperature fluctuation of polythene film mulching was wild, but that of bast-fiber film mulching was small. The bast-fiber film mulching improved the soil water content. In early stage the tobacco growth with bast-fiber film mulching was worse than polythene film mulching, just the contrary in maturity. The tobacco leaf yield of bast-fiber film mulching increased by 6.5% and 11.3%, and the tobacco leaf output value increased by 11.0% and 25.3% compared with these of polythene film mulching and no film mulching, respectively. The rate of medium-superior tobacco of bast-fiber film mulching rised up 4.1 and 9.8 percentage points compared with these of polythene film mulching and no film mulching. There were higher potassium concentration, lower chlorine concentration and better chemical composition coordination in bast-fiber film mulching than these of polythene film mulching and no film mulching. So the bast-fiber film mulching in thermal insulation properties is better than no film mulching, and in rainwater collection is better than polythene film mulching. And the bast-fiber film mulching can increase the tobacco leaf yield and improve its quality.

  Effects of Altitude, Transplanting Time and Topping Modes on Yield and Quality of‘CB-1’Tobacco Leaf 2019, 35 (16):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060100 Abstract + ( 452 )   PDF ( 1260KB )   ( 170 ) To study the effect of different transplanting time and topping modes on the quality of‘CB-1’ tobacco leaf in different altitude areas of Fujian Province, field randomized block tests were conducted. The results showed that in 250 meters altitude area, with the delay of transplanting time and multi-topping period, the growth duration of tobacco was shortened, the plant height was increased, the incidence rate went up, the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was deteriorated, and the coordination of chemical components and the sensory quality was decreased. In 650 meters altitude area, with the delay of transplanting time and multitopping period, the growth duration of tobacco was shortened, no significant changes in agronomic traits were observed, the incidence rate had no obvious change, the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, and the coordination of chemical components and the sensory quality were first increased and then decreased. To improve the yield and quality of flue- cured tobacco, in 250 meters altitude area of Fujian Province, the planting of‘CB-1’should be carried out by earlier transplanting (January 10) and initial flowering topping (10% central flower development). In the 650 meters altitude area of Fujian Province,‘CB-1’should be cultivated by mid-term transplanting (February 4) and full flowering topping (40% central flower development).

  Isolation and Bioinformatics Analysis of β Carotene Hydroxylase CsBCH1-z Gene from Crocus sativus 2019, 35 (16):  46-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030109 Abstract + ( 508 )   PDF ( 1615KB )   ( 285 ) For further interpretation the apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway in saffron, CsBCH1-z —a novel β carotene hydroxylase gene was isolated from stigma, and was cloned, which the full length of encoding region was 906 bps, contained 301 amino acid residues, and the corresponding to the genomic sequence of 1261bp, five exons separated by 4 introns. Compared with the amino acid sequence of the known CsBCH1 gene, there were two amino acids deletion and one amino acid changed from isoleucine to leucine caused by 6 bases deletion in the N- terminal, and another amino acid changed from threonine to alanine which was resulted in one SNP. It predicted CsBCH1-z protein contained 3 distinct transmembrane domains, C terminal contained two ‘HXXHH’ domain, was a typical fatty acid hydroxylase. As the key precursor of crocin synthesis, the expression level of CsBCH1-z was higher in stigma > leaves > petal, was very low in stamen, while was invisible in corm. The gene cloning and bioinformatics analysis of the novel saffron beta carotene hydroxylase provided the theoretical basis of the saffron active components biosynthetic process and accumulation.

  Screening and Optimization of Immobilization Methods for Apergillus oryzae HDF-7 2019, 35 (16):  54-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030084 Abstract + ( 466 )   PDF ( 1300KB )   ( 185 ) Apergillus oryzae immobilization enzyme production and its application are research hotspots, and screening a method qualified to the requirement of immobilization is essential. A. oryzae HDF-7 isolated from the conventional bean paste is used as a starting strain, and the effects of each single factor on the retention rate of immobilized mycotoxins are investigated. The optimal combination of each single factor is determined by orthogonal design. The results showed that the optimum immobilization method was sodium alginate method, the highest retention rate of protease was (27.77±0.80)% when the concentration of sodium alginate was 2% , the concentration of bacterial cells was 1:15, the immobilization time was 2.5 h, and CaCl2 concentration was 3%, the orthogonal protease activity retention rate was the highest of 38.67%. In this study, the best immobilization method is screened from A. oryzae HDF-7 cells and optimized to determine the optimal fermentation condition, which can be applied to solid-state fermentation.

  Landscape Pattern Characteristics of Baili Azalea Nature Reserve in Guizhou 2019, 35 (16):  61-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070010 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 1316KB )   ( 355 ) To understand the landscape pattern characteristics of Baili Azalea Nature Reserve, we set up sample points to mark plant communities and land use status. The satellite remote sensing image with a resolution of 1.1 m×1.1 m was used as the data source. The ArcGIS platform visually interpreted the reserve into 37 landscape types and Fragstats was used to analyze the landscape index. The results show that: (1) the landscape diversity index and evenness index of the reserve is 2.13 and 0.59, respectively, the diversity was high, the uniformity was low, and the degree of control was limited by a few landscape elements; (2) Form. Betula luminifera, Form. Carpinus pubescens and Form. Rhododendron delavayi 3 planting landscapes and cultivated land are the main landscape types, the contribution rate of the landscape is large, and the percentage of the area is nearly 80%; (3) the largest patch index of Form. Rhododendron delavayi and the average patch area of Form. Rhododendron irroratum are both the largest in the whole area, and the dominant landscape featured prominently; at the same time, the standard deviation of the patch area of Form. Rhododendron delavayi is as high as 30.08, the patch area fluctuates greatly and has certain instability; (4) the landscape shape index of the reserve is 51.56, the index of separation is 208.90, the geometry of the cape is complex and irregular, the shape of the edge is crooked, the degree of landscape separation is high, and the degree of fragmentation is large; (5) the most fragmented landscape types are Form. Phyllostachys sulphurea‘Viridis’ and Form. Dipentodon sinicus. Form. Rhododendron delavayi and Form. Rhododendron irroratum have concentrated distribution, and the degree of fragmentation is low, which is easy to manage and protect.

  Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System of Phaseolus vulgaris: Research Advances 2019, 35 (16):  69-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010082 Abstract + ( 400 )   PDF ( 1165KB )   ( 172 ) High-efficient and stable regeneration system and genetic transformation system are required for molecular breeding and functional genomics analysis of common bean. The regeneration system and Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of common beans at home and abroad in recent years were summarized. Firstly, the regeneration methods and research status of common bean were introduced, including the establishment of regeneration system based on organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis and related impact factors. Secondly, the research progress of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in common bean was summarized, and the main factors affecting the efficiency of Agrobacterium- mediated transformation were analyzed, including the types of receptor explants and the damage of explants, Agrobacterium strain and bacterial concentration, co- culture conditions (time, temperature, the time of illumination), acetosyringone concentration, etc. Then the progress of gene gun-mediated transformation of common bean was reviewed. Finally, the problems in current regeneration system and genetic transformation system of common bean were summarized. At the same time, the future research directions and ideas were predicted, in order to provide references for the establishment of high efficient and stable regeneration system and genetic transformation system of common bean.

  Several Kinds of Water Soluble Fertilizer: Spraying Effects on Yield and Quality of Strawberry 2019, 35 (16):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030025 Abstract + ( 519 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 350 ) To seek proper water soluble fertilizer spraying on strawberry in hilly areas in southern Jiangsu, a study was conducted at Lijia Bridge Village in Jurong. The author took strawberry‘Hongjia’as material, and designed 5 spraying treatments as follows: conventional control (CK1), water control (CK2), water soluble fertilizer with humic acid (Yimin), water soluble fertilizer with medium elements (Yimin), water soluble fertilizer with humic acid (Jinli). The results showed that: spraying water soluble fertilizer with humic acid could increase the single fruit weight and yield of strawberry and enhance the disease resistance of strawberry; treatment 5 had the best impacts on single fruit weight, yield and disease resistance at the early growth stage of strawberry, and followed by treatment 4; compared with CK1, the strawberry yield in treatment 5 and 4 increased by 11.28% and 5.10%, respectively; treatment 4 could also improve the quality of strawberry with the increase of solids content; during the strawberry growth, compared with treatment 2, the solids content of treatment 4 and 5 increased by 0.5 and 0.1 percentage, respectively. In conclusion, spraying water soluble fertilizer with humic acid can increase yield, enhance disease resistance and improve the quality of strawberry.

  Combined Application of Organic Manure and Biochar Affects Soil Fertility and Vegetable Growth 2019, 35 (16):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030014 Abstract + ( 416 )   PDF ( 1161KB )   ( 179 ) To explore the scientific application method of bichar, a pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of biochar, organic manure, and combined application of biochar and organic manure on nutrients, pH value and microorganism of vegetable soil and vegetable growth. The experiment included four treatments, including the control without any application of organic manure and biochar, biochar treatment, combined organic manure+ biochar treatment, and organic manure treatment. As compared with control, the application of biochar increased the fixation of soil organic carbon and decreased soil acidity better than the combined application of organic manure and biochar. While, as to increasing CEC, the contents of water stable aggregates, total N, mineral N, available Fe, available Mn, available Mo, and easily oxidizable organic carbon, micro-biomass C, water soluble organic carbon, and improving soil microflora and soil enzyme activities, the combined application of organic manure and biochar had greater effects than the application of biochar. There was no significant difference in soil bulk density, and the content of available K, P, Ca, Si, Mg, Zn and Cu between the effects of the combined application of organic manure and biochar and the application of biochar. Yield of vegetable under the combined application of organic manure and biochar was slightly higher than that under the single application of biochar. One the whole, the effect of combined application of biochar and organic manure on soil fertility and vegetable growth is better than that of the single application of biochar.

  Mass Balance of Heavy Metals in Typical Orchard Ecological Systems as Affected by Fertilization and Atmospheric Deposition 2019, 35 (16):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020074 Abstract + ( 459 )   PDF ( 1164KB )   ( 166 ) Six typical pear orchards with different fertilization methods (traditional farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer and commercial organic fertilizer) in both plain and hilly regions of the northwesthern Zhejiang province were selected to study the flows of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As loaded by organic manure, chemical fertilizers, atmospheric deposition, pear harvest, and surface runoff in pear production system through one-year field monitoring. The annual mass balance values of the heavy metals in the orchard production system and their influencing factors were also discussed. The results showed that balance values of heavy metals of the orchard from plain region were higher than those from hilly region. And the input contribution of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in the plain region was higher than those in the hilly region. Annual accumulation of most of the heavy metals was the highest for the orchard applied with the organic fertilizer. Cd in the orchard was mainly from chemical fertilizer, meanwhile Zn, Cu and Pb in the orchard were mainly from organic fertilizer. The atmospheric deposition also contributed greatly to the accumulation of Zn, Pb, Hg, and As in the orchard. In the hilly region, for the orchard with applied with traditional farmyard manure, Pb and As were slightly accumulated, and other heavy metals showed decrease trend. For the orchard with applied with chemical fertilier, Pb, Cd and As were accumulated, while Zn, Cu and Hg showed decrease trend. For the orchard with applied with commercial organic fertilizer, all of the heavy metals were accumulated with the highest, especially for Zn. Heavy metals in orchards of plain region, except for Cu under conventional fertilization patterns, and Zn and Cu in chemical fertilizer, showed accumulation trend. This was due to more input of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition.

  Crop Straw Biochar: Nutrients Change and Field Returning Effects 2019, 35 (16):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060031 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 1240KB )   ( 289 ) The paper aims to explore the change of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents after the returning of crop straw biochar and burning, and the effects of straw returning and straw biochar returning of wheat on the yield and the physical and chemical properties of soil in the paddy-upland rotation field and the dry farming area. We measured nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents and the loss rate of burning and biochar of rice, rapeseed, wheat and corn straw, and the changes of straw returning and straw biochar returning on the crop yield and the physical and chemical properties of soil. The results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents after the returning of straw biochar and the burning increased in different degrees; compared with burning treatment, the nitrogen content of straw biochar treatments significantly increased by 5.79% and 30.06% by rice and rapeseed straw; compared with straw biochar, the phosphorus and potassium contents of straw burning significantly increased; the loss rate of nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased by straw biochar. The crop yields and the physical and chemical properties of soil are increased under the straw biochar returning in different rotation systems, the straw returning in the paddy- upland rotation field is superior to that in the dry farming area.

  Effects of Climate change on growth and yield of Potato in Songnen Plain 2019, 35 (16):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120122 Abstract + ( 384 )   PDF ( 1213KB )   ( 192 ) Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, yield, growth period and yield structure of potato in Songnen Plain of Heilongjiang Province from 1971 to 2017,Authors analyzed the effects of climate change on potato growth and yield, It also find out the significant meteorological factors in different developmental stages. It should provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation of potato production. The main conclusions are as follows: In Songnen Plain, the whole growth period of potato was extended 1987-2017, sowing time advanced and delayed later, emergence stage is advanced, branching and inflorescence formation and flowering advanced and delayed later, the harvest fluctuates frequently, accumulated temperature increased, yield was on the rise. There was little correlation between the rate of small potato and meteorological factors in each stage of development.

  Correlation Between Climate Change and Yellow Shoot Disease Development in Fuchuan of Hezhou 2019, 35 (16):  106-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060016 Abstract + ( 429 )   PDF ( 1204KB )   ( 216 ) The paper aims to study the causes of yellow shoot disease in the navel orange orchards in Fuchuan county of Hezhou city, Guangxi. Based on daily temperature, sunshine hours, relative humidity, rainfall data from the Fuchuan Meteorological Station from 1980 to 2017, by analyzing climate statistics, and survey of the navel orange production process, we studied the correlation between current climate change in Fuchuan and the development trend of the yellow shoot disease. The results showed that the temperature change in Fuchuan in the past 38 years provided a good temperature environment for the growth of Diaphorina citri and yellow shoot disease spores; the linear increase in sunshine hours in March was beneficial to the spawning and propagation of Diaphorina citri; the annual average relative humidity change was conducive to population growth; the change of average relative humidity from June to November was beneficial to the survival and propagation of the yellow shoot disease; the increase of rainfall from June to November and October to December indirectly led to the expansion of the spread of the disease.

  Maple Leaf Reddening Climate Condition Analysis and Tourism Weather Index Construction 2019, 35 (16):  112-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020059 Abstract + ( 392 )   PDF ( 1397KB )   ( 251 ) The paper aims to study the influence of meteorological factors on maple leaves’ turning red and forecast maple leaves viewing index. Using 3 meteorological observation stations (Benxin, Benxinxian, Huanren) meteorological data and 65 monitoring samples in 16 monitoring areas (Guanmenshan park, Laobiangou scenic area, Chinese maple leaf road, maple valley and so on) maple leaf phenological data from September to October in 2014-2017, we analyzed the meteorological conditions affecting the discoloration of maple leaves and the characteristics of the best viewing period. Results indicate: (1) the average time of entering the first red state in Liaodong mountain area is on September 26, and the average time of entering the positive red state is October 8th. Maple leaves becomes the red states in the early first frost day significantly ahead of time corresponding to the first frost day period in which the spot red state is good, there are more than 70% of the samples becoming red state 1 day prior to 1 day after the first frost day. (2) The effect of temperature on maple leaf discoloration is remarkable, and the lower the average temperature, highest temperature and lowest temperature, the higher the color changing rate of maple leaves grows in the beginning of the coloring of maple leaf. Precipitation has a certain effect on the discoloration of maple leaves. In the years with more rainfall in July and September, the maple leaves enters the best viewing late state, but the viewing period of maple leaves was longer. (3) After September 16, maple leaf enters the beginning of the red state when the daily averaged temperature is 12-18 ℃, the red state when the averaged daily temperature is 5-15 ℃, and the early red state when the daily minimum temperature is below 10 ℃, and accumulated more than 3 d, the red state when the daily minimum temperature is lower than 6 ℃, and accumulated more than 3d, turning red when the range of daily temperature is greater than 15 ℃, and accumulated more than 3 d.(4) There is an obvious cooling before the maple leaves enters the initial red state. The initial red state will appear in the 1std or 2nd after cooling, and the spot red state will appear in the 3rd or 4thd after the cooling.(5) According to the analysis result, the fenghong meteorological index was established, being divided into four levels, which represent suitable, suitable, unsuitable and unsuitable. The level connotation corresponds to the degree of maple viewing, which falls from the first to the fourth grade. Key words: maple leaf rate; correlation analysis; meteorological conditions threshold; maple weather index; additive method of factors

  Water quality risk assessment in Guxian Reservoir water source 2019, 35 (16):  122-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18090065 Abstract + ( 346 )   PDF ( 1232KB )   ( 179 ) To control water environmental ecology and ensure the safety of water source, we assessed the individual health hazard risk of genetic toxic and body toxic substances by applying the health risk assessment model based on measured data of water quality in Guxian reservoir. The results showed that: (1) the annual individual health hazard risk of all kinds of pollutants was 4.24×10-5 from 2009 to 2015 in the reservoir, which was lower than the maximum acceptable annual value of 5.0 × 10- 5/a recommended by the International Radiation Protection Committee, but higher than the risk value of 1.0 × 10- 5/a suggested by Sweden and Netherlands; (2) through drinking water, the risk value of carcinogenic substances to human health hazards was: Cr>As>Cd, and the risk value of non-carcinogenic substances was: F->Cu>Pb>Hg>NH3-N>CN->Se>Zn> phenol; the risk of carcinogens was more dangerous to the human body than that of non-carcinogens. It is necessary to strengthen soil and water conservation work, strictly prevent agricultural non- point sources pollution, promote scientific breeding, to ensure the safety of drinking water.

  Seasonal Frozen Soil in Heilongjiang: Climatic Characteristics Analysis 2019, 35 (16):  126-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18120063 Abstract + ( 947 )   PDF ( 1953KB )   ( 640 ) The paper aims to study the climatic characteristics of frozen soil in high latitudes. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of frozen soil elements in seasonal frozen soil areas in Heilongjiang from 1961 to 2016 by using statistical analysis and IDW methods. The results showed that: (1) the annual average maximum frozen soil depth in Heilongjiang was about 171.6 cm, showing a significant decreasing trend; the maximum depth of frozen soil in all regions of Heilongjiang (except Tonghe) showed a significant decreasing trend; (2) the average initial date of frozen soil was October 23, showing a significant postponing trend; the initial date of the frozen soil in most parts of Heilongjiang were delayed, and the delay rate in the west was higher than that in the east; (3) the average final date of frozen soil was May 29, showing a significant trend of advance; in most parts of Heilongjiang, the final date of frozen soil was advanced significantly, especially in Keshan, Helen, Anda and Yichun with the advance rate 6.3-9.8 d/10 a; (4) the average frozen soil period was about 218 days, showing a significant decreasing trend; the zonal distribution of frozen soil in different regions was obvious, and the decreasing trend was of different degrees, and the decreasing rate in the west was greater than that in the east. The results can be used as a basis for further research on climate change, engineering meteorology, short-term climate prediction and ecological climate.

  Designing a Grading Device for Fresh Tobacco Leaves Based on Machine Vision Detection 2019, 35 (16):  133-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020004 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 1751KB )   ( 272 ) To improve fresh tobacco leaves grading before tobacco leaf curing, a method of image detection and classification of fresh tobacco leaves was presented based on the machine vision technology for classifying tobacco leaves with different maturities. An automatic detecting and grading device of fresh tobacco leaves was designed. The mechanical structure of the system included four parts, namely, automatic sample grasping structure of tobacco leaves, tobacco leaves’conveyor platform, machine vision detection platform, and sorting platform. The automatic loading of tobacco leaves were detected by a CCD which was on the conveyor belt. The image of tobacco leaves was processed and an integration algorithm of image fast processing was proposed. First of all, the combination method of neighborhood mean and median filtering was used to denoise the noise of the image. The minimum error threshold segmentation method was used to separate the background and the tobacco leaves, and then the image was enhanced for color value getting. Four values (R, G, B color value and hue value) of the sample tobacco leaves were calculated and used to represent tobacco leaves’characteristics. Four characteristic values of the sample tobacco leaves were used to build sample library and then was remembered by the device. The unknown sample was tested and graded with reference to the sample library. The results showed that the classification accuracy was determined by the color difference of adjacent classified tobacco leaves. The greater the difference, the more accurate the classification was. The average speed of the device detection was 2-3 seconds per piece, which could meet the requirements of the on spot detection.

  Study on Sugarcane Crop Classification in Southern China Based on HJ-1 CCD Images 2019, 35 (16):  141-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030081 Abstract + ( 363 )   PDF ( 2756KB )   ( 124 ) This study aims to propose an extraction method of sugarcane planting in large area using remote sensing data. Taking Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, Hainan Province and Zhanjiang City in Guangdong Province as the study areas, the time-series Chinese HJ- 1 CCD images were obtained covering the sugarcane growing period in the study areas. The decision tree classification method was applied on the base of the time-series NDVI threshold for sugarcane mapping over the large areas during 2014/2015 sugarcane harvest year. The overall accuracy was 87.5% compared with the statistics of local agricultural department. The independent field survey sampling points were used to evaluate the classification accuracy in Zhanjiang City. The confusion matrix analysis showed that the overall classification accuracy was 93.2% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.81. The results showed that this method was feasible, efficient, and applicable in extracting the planting area of sugarcane in southern China.

  Influences of Vacuum Damping Processing on Aroma and Offensive Odor of Hunan Upper Tobacco 2019, 35 (16):  148-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010153 Abstract + ( 489 )   PDF ( 1273KB )   ( 210 ) To know the influences of vacuum damping processing on aroma and offensive odor of Chenzhou, Hengyang, Shaoyang, Xiangxi upper tobaccos, their sensory quality was evaluated after testing on the same processing line. The results indicated that: the burnt scent and sweetness scent of Chenzhou upper tobacco increased obviously, but flora scent and woody scent decreased slightly. The sweetness scent and burnt scent of Hengyang upper tobacco increased, but woody scent and nutty scent decreased slightly. The burnt scent and sweetness scent of Shaoyang upper tobacco increased obviously, but woody scent and resin scent reduced distinctly. The sweetness scent of Xiangxi upper tobacco increased obviously, the burnt scent and fresh scent increased slightly, but resin scent and woody scent decreased. After vacuum damping processing, the burnt scent or sweetness scent of four Hunan upper tobaccos increased more or less; nitrogen odor and woody odor of all the four upper tobaccos reduced to a certain extent. Results provide technical references for high efficient usage of upper tobacco.

  Degree of Hollowing of Rural Residential Sites at County Scale: Evaluation and Its Spatial Layout Optimization 2019, 35 (16):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040119 Abstract + ( 521 )   PDF ( 1948KB )   ( 323 ) The paper aims to evaluate the degree of hollowing of rural residential sites, and optimize its spatial layout, which is of great importance to effectively integrate land resources so as to promote the orderly development of urbanization process. Taking Mingshui, Heilongjiang as the study object, the author evaluates the hollowing status of study area by adopting the evaluation index of hollowing degree, and reveals the timing of rural residential arrangement, and finally put forward the arrangement plan. The results show that: the hollowing of rural residential sites was obvious in Mingshui, the trend of hollowing in townships is different in different planning periods, the rural settlements have a large proportion of townships are Tongquan, Yongxing and so on; at last, according to the research results, the author puts forward the optimization scheme of spatial layout, and suggests the migration of rural settlements and the migration direction according to the planning period. Based on the above research results, in the future, reasonable development proposals will be given in light of the geographical factors, social and economic development factors, land development and utilization of rural residential sites.

  The Dilemma, Meaning and Reconstruction of Village Culture Inheritance and Development 2019, 35 (16):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060062 Abstract + ( 443 )   PDF ( 1057KB )   ( 273 ) Village is the unique connotation of traditional Chinese society, and it is the foundation and important carrier of village culture formation. Now the village culture is confronted with the dilemma of cultural fracture, cultural foundation shaking, disintegrated cultural ecological pattern and culture inheriting crisis. The author sums up the significance of the village cultural inheritance and development as: forming village community consciousness and maintains the pattern of village autonomy, and promoting the formation of common values of villages and the inheritance of Chinese traditional culture, and puts forward countermeasures as: constructing the scientific and effective management system, establishing a diversified financing mechanism, developing practical laws and regulations, coordinating the relationship between the urbanization construction and village development. To inherit and develop the village culture, protect it in development, and improve the quality of development in protection.