Current issue

• 2020 Vol.36 No.32 Published:15 November 2020

  Beta vulgaris Seedlings: Adaptive Mechanism to Drought Stress Zhang Jing, Wang Jinxia, Guo Mengmeng, Ma Longbiao, Xing Wang, Wang Maoqian, Liu Dali 2020, 36 (32):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0013 Abstract + ( 474 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2086KB )   ( 78 ) To study the response mechanism of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seedlings in the process of drought stress tolerance, ‘780016B/12you’ was chosen and treated with different concentrations (3%, 6%, 9% and 15%) of PEG6000 drought stress, and the seedling growth was restored to measure the changes in related physiological and biochemical data and aim gene expression among different drought stress treatments. The results showed that, with the increase of drought intensity, the degree of shrinkage and wilting of sugar beet seedlings was gradually serious after 24 h stress treatment, along with the decrease of relative water content (3.48%-15.86%) and chlorophyll content (5.60-13.06), while malondialdehyde and proline of leaves accumulated obviously, especially 15% PEG made malondialdehyde and proline reach about 48.23 μmol/L and 201.37 μmol/L, respectively. After stress recovery, the RWC (96.94%), MDA content (17.22 μmol/L) and morphology of sugar beet treated with 3% PEG basically recovered to the normal level; however, with high concentration of PEG, although the relative water content of seedlings in 9% PEG restored to 8.48%, the malondialdehyde content was still as high as 36.46 μmol/L; the proline always maintained at a high level in each treatment group. qPCR demonstrated that the expression of BvGS gene was induced by drought stress in different degrees with 3.85, 4.45, 5.81 and 8.20 times of that of control. Even after stress recovery, although the expression level of BvGS was decreased, it still maintained at a relative high level. Therefore, it could be inferred that sugar beet seedlings could adapt to the adverse reactions of water loss and plasma membrane peroxidation caused by drought stress through adjusting cell water potential, redox level, photosynthesis and osmotic metabolism balance, and might detoxify the oxidative damage induced by drought stress through glutathione synthesis.

  The Physiological and Proteomics Analysis of Salt-resistance Sugar Beet Under Salt Stress Wen Zhang, Geng Gui, Wang Yuguang, Sun Fei, Wang Xiwei, Yu Lihua 2020, 36 (32):  8-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0041 Abstract + ( 258 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1825KB )   ( 63 ) The aim is to explore the growth and proteomics difference of sugar beet under salt stress. In hydroponics indoor, the salt tolerant beet‘T510’was used as the experimental material, and the differences of physiological index and proteome of sugar beet were analyzed in the nutrition solution with 0, 140 and 280 mmol/L NaCl stress. The results showed that the dry matter, stress index and chlorophyll content significantly decreased along with the increase of salt concentration. In contrast, the content of malondialdehyde and soluble protein were significantly increased. A total of 514, 579 and 562 proteins were detected in the control, low salt treatment (140 mmol/L NaCl) and high salt treatment (280 mmol/L NaCl), respectively. There were 17, 40 and 21 significantly changed proteins (fold change > 2 and P value < 0.05) found between control vs. low salt treatment, control vs. high salt stress and low salt treatment vs. high salt treatment, respectively. By mass spectrometry, 12, 23 and 11 differential expression proteins were successfully identified. These proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis and material metabolism. In addition, we found the abundance of PEPC, Zn-binding dehydrogenase family protein isoform 1 and ATP synthase gamma chain had a high level of fold change in response to salt stress. Therefore, for salt tolerant sugar beet, salt stress mainly affects the protein expression related to photosynthesis and material metabolism, in which PEPC, Zn binding dehydrogenase family protein subtype 1 and γ chain of ATPase play an important role. These results could present a theoretical basis for salt tolerance breeding of sugar beet and other crops.

  The Stimulating Factor Inducing the Production of Paracin1.7: Separation and Purification Tian Tian, Sun Yanyang, Kang Jie, Song Gang, Gao Dongni, Ge Jingping 2020, 36 (32):  17-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0150 Abstract + ( 281 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1436KB )   ( 77 ) The purpose is to separate and purify the stimulating factors in Bacillus subtilis that can induce the secretion of bacteriocin Paracin1.7, and to explore its influence on the production of Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7 bacteriocin and the expression of quorum sensing related gene luxS. After 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation, moderate purification by CM Sepharose Fast Flow weak cation-exchange chromatography and accurate purification by Superdex 75 gel filtration, the chromatography isolates were obtained, and they were co-cultured with Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7. The antimicrobial activity of the co-culture fermentation broth and the transcription level of luxS gene were detected. The SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE were used to detect the isolated substances. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7 was 126.68%. The expression of luxS gene was up-regulated, which was 2.43 folds of that of the original strain. The apparent relative molecular weight of the stimulating factor was about 30 kDa. In this study, the stimulating factor that induces the production of Paracin 1.7 was preliminarily separated and purified by the three-step method, and it was confirmed that the stimulating factor could activate the interspecies quorum sensing related gene luxS. The study could lay a theoretical and technical foundation for further exploration of the quorum sensing of Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7.

  Nitrogen Stress: Effect on Physiology and Relative NRTs Genes Expression in Beta vulgaris Seedlings Liu Dali, Wei Duo, Gao Zhuo, Wang Qiuhong, Ma Longbiao, Zhou Jianchao 2020, 36 (32):  23-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0044 Abstract + ( 282 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1788KB )   ( 92 ) This research aims at further studying the regulatory mechanism of N utilization in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in N deficient environment, and laying a foundation for improving plants for NUE by molecular breeding and genetic engineering approaches. In this study, sugar beet seedlings of ‘780016b/12you’ were used as material, the physiological and molecular response mechanism was studied under low nitrogen and nitrogen deficiency stress, through observation of phenotype, determination of chlorophyll content and responsive changes of related genes and enzyme activity. The results showed that sugar beet leaves turned yellow partially due to nitrogen deficiency, and the SPAD value exhibited decreased chlorophyll content with the increase of stress time. qPCR showed that both BvNRT2.1 and BvNRT3.2 were induced by low N or N deficiency, and the expression of the two genes in roots was higher than that in leaves, and BvNRT2.1 responded to stress more obviously. Meanwhile, with the increase of stress time, nitrate reductase (NR) activity in beet decreased gradually, but the activity of NR in leaves was always higher than that in roots. Hence, it is concluded that low nitrogen or nitrogen deficiency stress could cause a serious impact on the photosynthesis and nitrate reductases activity of sugar beet seedlings, and lead to the inhibition of growth to some extent. It is inferred that, in order to adapt to the N stress environment, sugar beet itself might compensate for the lack of nutrition caused by N deficiency or low nitrogen through up regulating the expression of nitrate transporter genes directly or indirectly.

  Cloning of Thioredoxin Peroxidase Gene in Sugar Beet M14 Line and Its Function Responsive to Oxidative Stress in Prokaryotic Expression System Zhang Tingyue, Zhao Chenxi, Chen Sixue, Li Hongli 2020, 36 (32):  30-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0147 Abstract + ( 289 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 2464KB )   ( 39 ) The purpose is to study the oxidative-resistance function of BvM14-Tpx gene. In this study, the monosomic addition line M14 with the alien No. 9 chromosome from the wild white flower sugar beet species was used as the experimental material. The cDNA full length of thioredoxin peroxidase gene (BvM14-Tpx) in sugar beet M14 line was obtained by RACE technique, and the bioinformatics analysis was carried out. The tissue-specific expression of BvM14-Tpx gene was analyzed by Real-time PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The BvM14-Tpx gene in response to oxidative stress was studied in prokaryotic expression system. The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that the total cDNA length of BvM14-Tpx gene was 1044 bp including the largest ORF 489 bp, which encoded 162 amino acids and contained the conserved domain of peroxidase Ⅱ (Prx Ⅱ). BvM14-Tpx protein had close genetic relationship with the Tpx protein from Pisum sativum L. and Medicago truncatula L.. The results of tissue specific expression analysis showed that the expression level of BvM14-Tpx gene from high to low was root, stem, leaf and flower. The research on BvM14-Tpx gene in response to oxidative stress in prokaryotic expression system showed that BvM14-Tpx gene could improve the adaptability of Escherichia coli to oxidative stress and reduce the inhibition of H2O2 on bacterial growth. This research is of certain significance for mining the high quality genes of sugar beet M14 line, improving the resistance of sugar beet to abiotic stress and carrying out genetic improvement of sugar beet.

  Phosphatidylinositol Transporters Gene SbSEC14 C in Sugarbeet: Cloning and Expression Analysis Under Low Temperature Stress Zou Fengkang, Jia Hailun, Ding Guangzhou, Chen Li 2020, 36 (32):  39-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100883 Abstract + ( 328 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2497KB )   ( 55 ) Phosphatidylinositol transporters (PITPs) are widely present in eukaryotic cells and can regulate the independent transport of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) monomers between lipid bilayers in vitro. They are involved in many important life processes such as phosphoinositide metabolism, membrane transport, polar growth, signal transduction, stress, cytoplasmic movement, and cell cycle regulation. They play an important role in plant stress response and development regulation. In order to study the sugarbeet phosphatidylinositol transporter gene and its expression under low temperature stress, in this study, using a predicted phosphatidylinositol transporter gene CRS1 from sugarbeet genome database as a template, a beet SEC14 gene with a length of 765 bp, an open reading frame of 596 bp, and a coding of 198 amino acids was obtained by gene cloning. It was named SbSEC14. The analysis of the physicochemical properties showed that the protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein. The secondary and tertiary structure analysis of the protein showed that the protein's α-helix accounted for the highest proportion, 47.47%, and the β-turn angle accounted for the lowest, 5.56%. The conserved structural analysis of the protein showed that the protein had a typical SEC14 domain. The phylogenetic tree analysis of the protein showed that the beet SbSEC14 gene was most closely related to spinach and quinoa's. Real-time fluorescence quantitative results showed that the constitutive expression of SbSEC14 gene appeared in sugarbeet, the highest expression was in sugarbeet leaves, the lowest expression was in sugarbeet roots, and the expression in leaves was about 2.5 times that of roots. Sugarbeet seedlings were treated at 4℃ for 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h, the expression level of this gene showed an upward trend when the plants were treated for 0-2 h, the expression level was decreased when the plants were treated for 2-6 h and the expression level tended to be steady for 6-24 h. Therefore, it is predicted that this gene is related to the resistance of sugarbeet to low temperature stress.

  Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi: Physiological Mechanism of Promoting Plant to Absorb Mineral Elements and Its Effect on Soil Sulfur Sun Zixin, Cai Baiyan 2020, 36 (32):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb191200944 Abstract + ( 662 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1156KB )   ( 141 ) Because the population keeps increasing, it is urgent for people to get food with high-quality. The large-amount use of chemical fertilizer results in a series of environmental problems, such as the residue of harmful substances, soil and water pollution, soil hardening and relative lack of some nutrients, etc. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) is a symbiotic structure formed by plant roots and AM fungi (AMF), and is common in soil. Studies have shown that it can affect the absorption and transport soil elements by plant, by secreting metabolites, increasing connection between roots and soil, and regulating the forms of some soil elements. Sulfur is one of the essential elements for plants. Because the needs of S are lower than those of N, P, K, S is often ignored in the process of fertilization in modern agriculture, so the lack of S in soil is gradually becoming a limiting factor in the development of agriculture in China. In order to solve the above problem, this article mainly summarizes and analyzes the physiological mechanism of AMF affecting the absorption and transport of soil mineral elements by plants. And according to the characteristics of its action, we analyze the influence of AM symbiosis on sulfur absorption and transport by plant, point out the feasibility of AMF used as biological fertilizer, and provide new ideas for fertilizer reduction and soil sulfur deficiency.

  Effects of Temperature on the Pollen Function and Self-fertilization of Amorphophallus Albus Liu Erxi, Qin Yu, Hu Zhongli 2020, 36 (32):  55-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100816 Abstract + ( 311 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1433KB )   ( 101 ) To study the effect of temperature on pollen dispersal, pollen germination, pollen viability retention and self-fertilization of A.albus, the germination rate was determined by in vitro germination method, the self-fertilization rate was determined by incubator method, and the self-pollination rate was verified by bagging method. The results showed that the optimum temperature for pollen dispersal was 22-26℃, and pollen could be dispersed normally at 18℃, but more than 80% of the plants anther could not crack at 34-38℃. High concentration of Ca2+could accelerate the growth of pollen tube. The germination rate of pollen was 8.78%, 33.17%, 54.90%, 38.83%, 29.10% and 6.98% under 18, 22, 26, 30, 34 and 38℃, respectively. Pollen was inactivated within 4, 4, 12, 12, 25 and 55 h stored under 38, 34, 30, 26, 22 and 18℃, respectively. In constant temperature, self-pollination survival rate was 4.35% at 26℃. In the field bagging test, the self-pollination rate was 2.94% when the average daily temperature was 23.7℃. The most suitable temperature for pollen dispersal and germination in vitro was 26℃, too high or too low temperature could both reduce seed setting rate. Seed setting rate could be increased through such measures as gathering pollen in time, controlling temperature, adjusting humidity and proper irrigation.

  Dynamic Changes and Driving Factors of Water Area in Dalinor Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia, 1983—2018 Muxiyele , Qin Fuying, Burenjiregala , Narenmandula , Guo Enliang, Yibole1 2020, 36 (32):  62-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100822 Abstract + ( 393 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2031KB )   ( 91 ) To fully understand the trend and drivers of lake water area change in Dalinor Nature Reserve (DNR), this study based on the remote sensing image from 1983 to 2018 in the DNR, extracted water bodies by adopting supervision classification and visual interpretation methods, and studied the dynamic changes and drivers of lake water area in the DNR. The results showed that the total lake water area in DNR decreased by 31.56 km2 from 1983 to 2018, with an average change rate of -0.9 km2/a, accounting for 13% of the total area; among them, the Dalinor Lake water area showed a downward trend, with a total decrease of 34.23 km2, and an average change rate of -0.98 km2/a, while the Ganggeng Lake water area increased by 2.67 km2, with an average change rate of 0.08 km2/a. The water in the east, west and northeast directions of the Dalinor Lake were shrinking; the water in the east, northeast and southwest directions of Ganggeng Lake were in an expansionary state. The analysis of the dynamic change drivers of lake water area in the DNR show that the changes of lake water area in the study area are mainly related to warming temperature, decreasing precipitation and significant human activities (tourism, animal husbandry and aquaculture, etc.).

  Effects of Organic Nutrients of Different Raw Materials on Soil Properties, Yield and Quality of Tobacco Leaves Qiu Lingjun, Li Liang, Zhang Xiang, Li Yafei, Suo Yanyan, Li Qi, Chen Xiuhua, Xu Min, He Lei 2020, 36 (32):  69-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0164 Abstract + ( 308 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1273KB )   ( 70 ) To explore the improvement effect of different organic fertilizers on continuous cropping tobacco soil, field comparative experiments were carried out at two experimental sites in Jiaxian and Luoning at the same time, and the effects of plant-derived organic fertilizer, animal-derived organic fertilizer, microbial organic fertilizer, carbon-based organic fertilizer and sesame organic fertilizer on the agronomic traits of tobacco plants, soil physical and chemical properties, and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves were analyzed. The results showed that the application of different organic fertilizers could significantly improve the physical properties of soil in continuous cropping tobacco fields. Compared with the control, the soil bulk density showed a decreasing trend, and the water content showed an increasing trend; compared with the control treatment, tobacco leaves of T5 treatment of Luoning carbon-based organic fertilizer had significantly increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate. The transpiration rate of T5 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and there was a significant difference among T2, T3 and T6 treatments; different organic fertilizers had different material sources and ingredients, and there were also differences in their improvement effects. Among them, the tobacco leaves treated with Jiaxian carbon-based organic fertilizer T5 had the best quality and good economic properties, the output increased by 15.02% compared with the control treatment, the output value increased by 20.87%, and the proportion of medium and upper class leaves increased by 12.97%, and the Luoning test site also had similar result. In summary, the application of carbon-based organic fertilizer could effectively improve the soil characteristics of tobacco fields in Jiaxian and Luoning, promote plant growth and significantly improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.

  Isolation, Identification and Phosphate Solubilization Analysis of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacteria Derived from Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Rhizosphere Soil Song Xiaoshuang, Yu Wenjing, Zhou Qi, Min Kai, Deng Xun 2020, 36 (32):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191200913 Abstract + ( 314 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1411KB )   ( 52 ) Using calcium phosphate as insoluble phosphorus, high efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. The halo ring method was used to isolate the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and the phosphorus-solubilizing efficiency was used to quantitatively screen the high efficiency strains. Physiological and biochemical test and 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis and phylogenic tree construction were employed to identify the genus of the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. The effect of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on the phosphorus-solubilizing ability was studied by single factor method. The results showed that eleven strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil, strains A43 and A54 were quantitatively screened as the high efficiency strain. A43 and A54 were identified to be Pseudomonas koreensis. For strain A43, the phosphate-solubilizing ability was relatively good when the carbon source was glucose, nitrogen source was (NH4)2SO4 and C/N was 20:1. For strain A54 the hosphate-solubilizing ability was relatively good when the carbon source was sucrose, nitrogen source was NaNO3 and C/N was 20:1. The high efficiency phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria screened from the rhizosphere soil lay a good foundation for further preparation of growth-promoting microbial fertilizer of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica.

  Variation Characteristics of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Yield After Subsoiling in Drip Irrigated Cotton Fields in Xinjiang Ma Jun, Cui Jianping, Jin Liang, Xu Haijiang, Lin Tao, Wang Liang, Shi Weijun, Guo Rensong 2020, 36 (32):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191200985 Abstract + ( 334 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1355KB )   ( 65 ) To investigate the effects of subsoiling on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of cotton field in oasis of Xinjiang, three treatments of 30 (S30), 40 (S40) and 50 (S50) of subsoiling were set in 2017 and 2018, and non-subsoiling was taken as control (CK). The results showed that compared with CK, the subsoiling could effectively reduce surface soil bulk density and soil compactness, and increase soil total porosity, and the difference was significant in the first year after the subsoiling. In 0-20 cm soil layer, compared with CK, the bulk density of S30, S40 and S50 decreased by 1.7%, 7.0% and 9.7%, respectively, and the soil compactness decreased by 36.1%, 5.8% and 21.1%, respectively, and the total porosity of soil increased by 2.2%, 9% and 12.4%, respectively in 2017. The subsoiling could improve soil moisture content and soil water storage capacity. In 0-20 cm soil layer, compared with that of CK, the soil water content of S40 increased by 18.7%, the soil water storage capacity increased by 10.5%, while the differences between S30, S50 and CK were not significant in 2017. The subsoiling could increase the content of organic matter and available phosphorus in the surface soil, while the content of available nitrogen in the soil increased in the first year (2017) after the subsoiling compared with CK, then decreased in the second year (2018), the change of available potassium in the soil showed an opposite trend, and 40 cm subsoiling had the best effect. The subsoiling significantly reduced soil salt content, and the average soil salt content of S30, S40 and S50 decreased by 21.6%, 33.3% and 49.6% compared with CK in two years. The subsoiling was beneficial to increase the yield of seed cotton, among the treatments, the yield of seed cotton in S40 increased the most compared with CK, by 15.4% and 9.7% respectively. Subsoiling the cotton field in Xinjiang oasis for 40 cm could improve the soil physical and chemical properties effectively, and increase the cotton yield significantly.

  Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Adsorption and Desorption of Forchlorfenuron in Soil Pei Guangpeng, Zhu Yuen, Li Hua 2020, 36 (32):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000755 Abstract + ( 311 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 79 ) To explore the migration and transformation of forchlorfenuron in soil and the effect of organic matter on the process, the batch equilibrium experiments were used to investigate the adsorption and desorption of forchlorfenuron in two soils with different organic matter contents. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics could be well described by the pseudo-second order kinetics model, and the R2reached 0.9999. All adsorption and desorption isotherms were of deviation from the linear model, and all experimental data could be best described by the Freundlich model. Meanwhile, adsorption capacity in soil with high organic matter content was higher than that in soil with low organic matter content, but there was hysteresis in the desorption process. All the results showed that the adsorption of forchlorfenuron by organic matter was mainly in the presence of organic matter, while the adsorption of inorganic minerals was very weak. And organic matter could significantly increase the adsorption capacity of forchlorfenuron. However, the desorption process of forchlorfenuron in soil with high organic matter content had significant hysteresis behavior with hysteresis index of 0.6273, while the hysteresis index in soil with low organic matter had a negative value, which indicated that organic matter can enhance the immobilization of forchlorfenuron and reduce the risk of its migration and transformation.

  Cu-tolerance Mechanisms of Elsholtzia harchowensis: Research Status and Prospect Gong Qin, Wang Ling, Song Yaqi, Niu Duandan, Li Jiaxuan, Li Zhaohua 2020, 36 (32):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100815 Abstract + ( 411 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1162KB )   ( 49 ) Elsholtzia harchowensis is regarded as a kind of the indicator plant of Cu, it has strong Cu-tolerance and Cu absorption ability. In recent years, the Cu tolerance mechanism of Elsholtzia harchowensis has been studied at home and abroad, and certain research results have been achieved. In this paper, the research status of Elsholtzia harchowensis was reviewed on oxidative stress, gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, proteomics of Cu tolerance, and Cu contaminated soil remediation. In addition, the paper suggested that further study should be conducted from the following perspectives: strengthening the study of tolerance protein and tolerance gene of Elsholtzia harchowensis, and improving the Cu-absorption ability by adding exogenous substances.

  Different Interpolation Methods: Comparison for Refined Forecast Products in Qingdao Area Rao Lijuan, Wang Jianlin, Zhang Xing 2020, 36 (32):  100-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000706 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1363KB )   ( 85 ) The agricultural industrial parks in Qingdao are distributed in various terrain areas such as inland, coastal and mountainous areas with large temperature differences. In order to improve the level of refined weather service for modern agriculture, we compared and tested the applicability of temperature prediction products in Qingdao by the methods of the nearest neighbor interpolation, bilinear interpolation and inverse distance weight interpolation, based on the meteorological elements prediction products of 5 km grid in the national region issued by the national meteorological center. The results show that: in inland areas, the bilinear interpolation has the highest accuracy and the minimum mean absolute error and root mean square error; the nearest neighbor interpolation and the inverse distance weighted method are both effective in coastal areas; for mountainous area, the inverse distance weighted interpolation method is more suitable considering the accuracy, mean absolute error and root mean square error; the accuracy of the maximum temperature prediction in inland areas is higher than that in coastal and mountainous areas, and the accuracy is the highest from August to October, while relatively low from March to June; but the accuracy of the minimum temperature prediction is the highest in coastal area, and it is higher in summer than that in winter, with the highest accuracy in July and the lowest accuracy in January. The results can provide a basis for producing refined weather service products with fine resolution and high accuracy.

  Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Rice Cold Damage in Jilin from 1961 to 2018 Guo Chunming, Ren Jingquan, Wang Dongni, Cui Jialong, Mu Jia, Liu Wei, Cao Tiehua 2020, 36 (32):  109-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000766 Abstract + ( 333 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 3109KB )   ( 78 ) To study the evolution rule of temporal and spatial characteristics of rice cold damage in Jilin, based on the model of meteorological influence on rice growth and yield formation, the rice cold damage of obstacle type and delay type from 1961 to 2018 in Jilin was determined, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of rice cold damage were analyzed by mathematical statistical method. The results showed that: the ratio of rice cold damage of obstacle type and delay type decreased from 1961 to 2018. The cold damage of obstacle type was mainly mild, followed by moderate, and the severe was the least. The ratio of severe rice cold damage of delay type was higher than that of mild and moderate. From 1981 to 1990, the ratio of stations with rice cold damage of obstacle type was the highest, and the ratio of stations with rice cold damage of delay type was the highest in 1971 to 1980. The occurrence frequency of rice cold damage of obstacle type increased gradually from the west to the east, and the cold damage mainly distributed in the east after 1990s. The frequency of rice cold damage of delay type also increased gradually from the west to the east, but the mild and moderate cold damage mainly distributed in the middle and the west, while the severe cold damage mainly concentrated in the east. The research results could provide references for Jilin to reasonably allocate rice varieties with different maturity characteristics, make full use of heat resources and resist cold damage.

  Taro Blight: Spatial Distribution Pattern and Sampling Technique Wang Huifu, Yu Shanhong, Zhang Huiqin, Zhao Yongbin 2020, 36 (32):  118-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100886 Abstract + ( 323 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 56 ) To further improve the prediction of taro disease, guide the disease prevention and control in production, the spatial distribution patterns of diseased plants were analyzed by least square method, frequency distribution, aggregation index, m*-M regression analysis and Taylor power law. The results showed that: when the disease rate of taro in field was 0.427-0.513, the distribution of disease plants in the field belonged to the aggregation distribution. When the disease rate of taro in field was 0.720-0.820, the disease plants were evenly distributed in field. In addition, the basic component of the diseased plants’ spatial distribution was the individual group, the diseased plants attracted each other, the diseased plants had obvious disease centers in field, and the spatial pattern of the diseased plants tended to be more uniform with the density increase of diseased plants. Based on this study, the Iwao optimal theoretical sampling model N = 232.3783/m-87.9438 was proposed, and the sequential sampling model T0(N) = 0.3689 N ± 1.7177$\sqrt{N}$ was established. That is to say, when investigating the number of N plants, if the cumulative disease rate exceeds the upper limit, it can be determined as the control object field. If the cumulative disease rate does not reach the lower limit, it can be defined as non control field. If the cumulative disease rate is between the upper and lower bounds, the investigation should be continued until the maximum sample number m0 = 0.3689, the disease rate is 15%, and the required sample number is 542.

  Test System of Non-weighing Lysimeter for Desert Plants in Minqin: Development and Application Zhang Jinchun, Xu Xianying, Ji Yongfu, Yang Zihui, Guo Shujiang, Chai Chengwu, Yan Peiying, Duan Xiaofeng, Zhao Yanli, Sun Xuebing, Wang Zhongwen 2020, 36 (32):  123-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191000752 Abstract + ( 462 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1335KB )   ( 60 ) Based on the development process of the test system of non-weighing lysimeter for desert plants in Minqin, the structural design, test monitoring and resulting application of non-weighing lysimeter at different monitoring stages were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the experimental research of non-weighing lysimeter in Minqin started earlier, and had experienced the research and development for five generations. The building of the first, second and third generation of the test system of non-weighing lysimeter gradually developed and improved the evapotranspiration test of desert plants in Minqin. The 4th generation test system of non-weighing lysimeter was designed with constant water level compensation lysimeter and leakage lysimeter by adding leakage monitoring and simulating the real hydrating state for desert plants in the test area, realizing the synchronous monitoring of tests of groundwater remediation and surface irrigation. The 5th generation test system of non-weighing lysimeter realized the desert plant evapotranspiration test synchronous monitoring for unity and population scales with expansion and transformation for lysimeter structure, and achieved automatic management of evapotranspiration monitoring based on the electronic sensing technology management, which guaranteed the study of the scale level desert plant transpiration water consumption and the network resource sharing of monitoring.

  The Correlation Model Between Diffused Time-temperature Indicator and Quality of Fresh Tremella: Establishment and Verification Kang Junhan, Xu Yi 2020, 36 (32):  130-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0141 Abstract + ( 379 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1913KB )   ( 58 ) The aims are to establish the correlation model between the diffused Time-temperature Indicator (TTI) and the quality parameters of fresh tremella, and to obtain TTI’s monitoring for fresh tremella quality. The color changes of diffused TTI and the quality parameters (the weight loss rate, contents of soluble protein, contents of soluble sugar and contents of malondialdehyde) of fresh tremella were studied during different storage temperatures (5, 13, 17 and 23℃). Activation energy (Ea) of the color changes of diffused TTI and the quality changes of fresh tremella were obtained by reaction kinetics model and Arrhenius model, and the correlation model between RGB value of diffused TTI and quality parameters of fresh tremella was established. The results showed that during the storage process, all the RGB values of TTI showed a downward trend with the extension of the storage time. The higher the storage temperature, the greater decline the RGB values were. The activation energy value of color change was 36.1135 KJ/mol. Along with the extension of storage time and the increase of storage temperature, the quality of fresh tremella presented deterioration, and the difference between the quality parameters and the activation energy of diffused TTI was within 25 KJ/mol. Based on the color change of diffused TTI and the quality parameters of fresh tremella, the correlation model was constructed, and the relative error was within 15%, which was verified by test. It proved the application potential of diffused TTI in the quality monitoring of tremella. Therefore, it is expected that the diffused TTI can be used to monitor the quality of fresh tremella during storage and to predict the quality of tremella.

  Age and Growth Characteristics of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Main Stream of Songhua River Wang Jilong, Liu Wei, Li Peilun, Lu Wanqiao, Tang Fujiang 2020, 36 (32):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0184 Abstract + ( 532 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1415KB )   ( 86 ) In order to study the growth characteristics of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in Songhua River and provide basic information for fishery resource management, 335 individuals were sampled in 6 stations along Songhua River from June to October in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Age was determined by the scale annuli, and body length and body weight of different ages were back-calculated. Keys formula and Von Bertalanffy growth equation were used to analyze the growth of body length and body weight. According to the growth characteristic index, the growth of silver carp in Songhua River and other waters was analyzed. Results showed that no significant difference of growth was found in male and female individuals. The growth formula of body length and body weight of silver carp in the main stream of Songhua River was $L_t=74.555*[1-e^{-0.258\cdot(t_i-0.113) } ];W_t=7006.927*[1-e^{-0.258\cdot(t_i-0.113) }]^{3.0894}$, respectively. The growth rate curve of body length had no inflexion, the growth rate of body length declined as the age increased. The growth rate curve of body weight had an inflexion, and the age, body length and body weight corresponding to the inflexion was 4.485 years, 50.42 cm and 2095.12 g, respectively. The results of comparative analysis showed that the age and the body size of silver carp in Songhua River were larger than those in Yangtze River, but its growth rate was slower. Therefore, the growth of silver carp is not only affected by the genetic factors among different populations, but also by the water temperature of the habitat and the biological density of food organisms.

  The Growth Characteristics of Juvenile Oratosquilla oratoria in Pond Culture Zhang Nianguo, Pan Guiping, Zhou Wenyu 2020, 36 (32):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100841 Abstract + ( 312 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1234KB )   ( 58 ) To understand the growth rule of juvenile Oratosquilla oratoria in pond culture, and provide a scientific basis for large scale production, an experiment was conducted to study the growth characteristics of juvenile O. oratoria at 15℃-31℃ by measuring the body weight and body length. The results showed that: (1) the 30-day-old juvenile O. oratoria reached an average body length of 11.79 ± 0.67 cm after 100 days rearing from 8.20 ± 0.45 cm, which increased by 0.036 cm per day on average, the average body weight increased from 7.14±1.17 g to 20.54 ± 3.44 g, and gained at the rate of 0.134 g per day on average; (2)the linear relationship of body length and body weight in juvenile O. oratoria was W=0.016L2.879 (R2=0.978), and the b value was close to 3; exponential functions were the optimal model to describe the relationship of body length, body weight and culture times of juvenile O.oratoria; (3) the relative fatness was the highest in 30-day-old and the lowest in 90-day-old, there was no distinct relationship between relative fatness and water temperature of juvenile O. oratoria; the instantaneous growth rates of juvenile O. oratoria were affected by the change of water temperature above 23℃, they were increased with temperature increasing and reached the maximum in 90-day-old. To sum up, O. oratoria has strong adaptability under artificial culture condition, its growth of body weight is the same as that of the body length, and is suitable for artificial culture on large scale

  Intensive Pond Aquaculture: Current Application Situation and Development Potential Xue Lingzhan, Fan Haiping 2020, 36 (32):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100849 Abstract + ( 376 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1189KB )   ( 155 ) To promote the transformation and upgrading of pond aquaculture model in China, and to develop environmental-friendly farming model, this paper summarizes the development of China's freshwater aquaculture industry, sums up the present application demonstration of Intensive Pond Aquaculture(IPA) in China, analyzes the composition and advantage of IPA system, points out the problems and process defects in the application of IPA in aquaculture of different fish species, puts forward the optimization scheme and suggestions. The authors think that IPA is suitable for enterprise management, which can reduce management investment and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the application of IPA, system optimization and process innovation should be carried out according to the biological habits of fishes, in order to adapt to the needs of famous and excellent fish species. Due to the advantages of water saving, ecology, high efficiency and environmental protection, IPA could meet the future development requirements of aquaculture, and has a broad application prospect and development space in China's freshwater aquaculture industry.

  Influencing Factors of Village Homestead Price in Northern Agricultural Area Based on Two Kinds of Regression Methods Li Xinnuo, Zhong Tianying, Wang Ailing, Guo Can, Yu Huan, Liu Jian 2020, 36 (32):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190900684 Abstract + ( 381 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1232KB )   ( 58 ) To clarify the influencing factors of village homestead price in northern agricultural area, and to promote the reform of relevant system, initially a total of 16 factors were selected from five aspects of village size, economic level and so on. Then multiple linear regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to construct influencing factor measurement models to screen the significant influencing factors. The results show that (1) some factors have significant effect in both models, including the distance from the town, the area of agricultural land, the hardening rate of village’s road and the convenience of external transportation, while the shopping convenience is only significantly demonstrated in the ordinal logistic model; (2) the distance from the town is a negative impact, the others show positive effects, higher level of road hardening in the village, more public transportation lines and market, and adding the area of agricultural land could escalate homestead price. The study indicate that the regression results of the two models are generally the same, and the application of multiple methods could improve the reliability of the research results; the factors of transportation location and basic facilities have greater influence, followed by village scale, but economic level and ecological environment have no significant impact.