Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.13 Published:05 May 2022

  Main Wheat Varieties Promoted in Shanxi Province: Analysis of Grain Morphological Traits SONG Hongling, YANG Jinwen, LI Ning, SHI Yugang 2022, 38 (13):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0037 Abstract + ( 445 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1472KB )   ( 37 ) The aims are to study the relationship between the grain-related morphological traits and grain weight of wheat, screen out varieties with excellent grain morphological traits and provide reference for the genetic improvement of grain morphology-related traits of wheat. 76 main wheat varieties promoted in Shanxi Province were used as tested materials, and seven grain-related traits of wheat were measured, analyzed and evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The thousand-grain weight of the tested materials was extremely and positively correlated with grain area, grain width, grain circumference and grain length, and negatively correlated with the length-width ratio of grain. The tested wheat varieties were clustered into three categories based on the comprehensive evaluation value (D value), among which category I-1 had the highest comprehensive evaluation value, including two varieties of No.60 and No.72, with an average D value of 0.896 and the best overall performance of grain-related traits, especially thousand-grain weight, grain area and grain circumference. The thousand-grain weight, grain area and grain circumference can be used as the important indexes for the investigation of wheat grain traits.

  Character Analysis of Winter Wheat Varieties in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2019 LIU Hailang, JIN Yangang, YANG Yongle, CHANG Dongwei, REN Yangtao, CHEN Wei, ZHAO Qibing, LI Zhenfu, XIA Zhonghua 2022, 38 (13):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0551 Abstract + ( 310 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1226KB )   ( 46 ) To further understand the evolution of yield and main agronomic characters of winter wheat in Jiangsu Province and to provide reference for variety breeding and wheat production, we analyzed the yield, quality and disease resistance of 109 wheat varieties approved by Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2019. The results showed that the average yield of the wheat varieties approved by Jiangsu Province increased year by year, with an annual yield increase of 134.43 kg/hm2. The spike number, grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight showed an increasing trend year by year, but the increase rate was relatively small. The correlation degree between main agronomic characters and yield was: the spike number > thousand-grain weight, and the correlation was positive; plant height > grain number per spike, and the correlation was negative; the partial correlation among the three yield factors was positive, and the degree of partial correlation was: the spike number > grain number per spike > thousand-grain weight. Among the approved varieties, the bulk density, and protein and wet gluten content of 27 varieties reached the quality standard of medium gluten wheat, and those of 15 wheat varieties reached the strong gluten standard, and the wet gluten content of 54.12% of the wheat varieties was lower than the quality standard of medium gluten wheat. Therefore, increasing the content of wet gluten content should be the main direction of improving wheat quality in variety breeding. Among the approved wheat varieties, there was no one that could resist scab, sheath blight and powdery mildew at the same time. The varieties resistant to scab and powdery mildew were ‘Huaimai 21’, ‘Ningmai 17’, ‘Zhenmai 9’, ‘Ningmai 18’, ‘Yangmai 21’ and ‘Yangjiangmai 586’. In summary, the wheat yield increase in Jiangsu Province should be based on maintaining appropriate grain number per spike and increasing the spike number and thousand-grain weight, meanwhile introducing new germplasm resources to breed high-quality and high-yield varieties with multiple disease resistance.

  Responses of Spring Maize Agronomic Characters and Nutrient Accumulation Dynamics to Water-soluble Fertilizer Management WANG Xin, MA Junxiang, TENG Zeyu, WANG Bai, CHEN Zhiwen, ZHANG Qing 2022, 38 (13):  13-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0582 Abstract + ( 163 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1273KB )   ( 31 ) Exploring the best water-soluble fertilizer management measures for spring maize in the semi-arid area of northeast China is an effective way to achieve fertilizer saving and yield increasing. The experiment was conducted under film-mulched drip irrigation field condition, with ‘DK 159’ as the test object, to study the effects of water-soluble fertilizer management on the agronomic characters and nutrient accumulation of spring maize in the semi-arid area of the western part of Jilin Province. Correlation and path analysis show that the correlation between yield (Y) and various agronomic characters, from strong to weak, is the kernel number per row (X4)> ear thickness (X1)> kernel row number (X3)> ear length (X2)> 100-kernel weight (X5). The optimal regression equation of the yield with kernel row number and kernel number per row is Y=-14878.79+465.886X4+855.646X3 (R2=0.863, F=18.92). At the same time, topdressing of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for 4 times is beneficial not only to the increase of the ear thickness, ear length, kernel row number, kernel number per row and 100-kernel weight of spring maize, but also to the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after 63 days of seedling emergence. Therefore, on the basis of the same amount of water-soluble fertilizer and the fertilization method, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in stages is essential to increase the yield of spring maize.

  Morphological Characteristics of Low-nitrogen and High-efficiency Red Beet HAN Zhuojun, CUI Jingjing, PAN Hengyan, LI Youwei, NA Minghui, SONG Baiquan, ZHOU Jianchao, WANG Qiuhong 2022, 38 (13):  20-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0945 Abstract + ( 196 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1271KB )   ( 33 ) Screening low-nitrogen and high-efficiency genotypes of red beet is an effective way to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen pollution. The liquid culture method was adopted, and three nitrogen levels of low nitrogen (1.5 mmol/mL), normal nitrogen (5 mmol/mL) and high nitrogen (10 mmol/mL) were set. The breeding strains of The Sugar Beet Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were selected, the evaluation indexes were determined through growth index statistics, factor analysis and cluster analysis, and the low nitrogen tolerant genotypes were screened. Under the condition of low nitrogen and high nitrogen, there were significant differences of nitrogen content in stem and leaf, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency in stem and leaf, whole plant nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency and whole plant nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, and the coefficients of variation were 0.169-0.217 and 0.110-0.271, respectively. Through factor analysis, it was found that the cultivation of principal components was basically the same under the condition of low nitrogen and high nitrogen. The first principal component was determined by root nitrogen content, root nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, whole plant nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, whole plant nitrogen content and nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency. The variance contribution rate of the first principal component was large. Based on the variation characteristics and factor analysis of nitrogen absorption and accumulation in red beet, nitrogen content in stem and leaf, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency in stem and leaf, whole plant nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency and whole plant nitrogen dry matter production efficiency were taken as the comprehensive evaluation indexes of nitrogen efficiency in red beet. Then, according to the comprehensive value of nitrogen efficiency calculated by membership function method and hierarchical cluster analysis using Euclidean distance square fitting, the whole plant nitrogen dry matter production efficiency was taken as the comprehensive evaluation index for screening nitrogen efficiency. Finally, the materials with high nitrogen absorption and utilization (low-nitrogen high-efficiency type‘YeginaS2’, low-nitrogen low-efficiency and high-nitrogen high-efficiency type ‘CYCLHDAR’) were selected. Combined with their morphological characteristics such as plant height, leaf area, petiole length and root length, dry matter weight and root shoot ratio, the characteristics of soil nitrogen absorption and utilization of different genotypes of red beet were analyzed, the low-nitrogen high-efficiency type variety and low-nitrogen low-efficiency and high-nitrogen high-efficiency type variety, which were sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer increase, were further verified.

  5-Azacytidine Regulating Plant Gene Expression: Research Progress and Application Prospect FANG Xueliang, FU Ming, CHEN Zheng, BAI Yunxiu, HE Ying, ZENG Hanlai 2022, 38 (13):  30-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0534 Abstract + ( 298 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1111KB )   ( 46 ) 5-Azacytidine is a DNA methylation inhibitor, which can regulate gene expression by reducing the methylation level of DNA, thus providing epigenetic regulation for biological growth and development. It has been widely studied as well as applied in animal and medical field and its research and application in plant gene expression regulation have been reported increasingly in recent years. This review provided an overview of the types of plant DNA methylation, the causing factors, the influencing factors and the role of inhibitors, focusing on the regulation and effects of 5-Azacytidine on plant gene expression levels. The effects of 5-Azacytidine on growth and development, stress adaptation, fertility regulation and secondary metabolism in rice, wheat, cotton and other important crops were summarized, and a new insight for the study and application of epigenetic regulation of plant gene expression was also presented.

  Research Progress of SSR Molecular Markers of Dendrobium Plants PENG Chan, ZHANG Xinye, LIU Zongkun, MA Linjiang, CHEN Huiling 2022, 38 (13):  36-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0338 Abstract + ( 418 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1077KB )   ( 25 ) The study reviewed research progress of Dendrobium plants in the fields such as genetic diversity analysis, relationship comparison, fingerprint and genetic linkage map construction, variety identification, and germplasm purity identification, analyzed main problems of SSR molecular markers in the research of Dendrobium plants, and proposed that the future development of SSR molecular markers should be aimed at more groups and varieties of Dendrobium, adopt the latest third-generation sequencing technology to mine trait-associated markers, and formulate the unified national or industrial standards for variety identification markers, thus providing more reference for the in-depth application of SSR molecular marks in Dendrobium.

  Effects of Exogenous Zinc on the Growth and Quality of Hydroponic Lettuce Under Different Photoperiods ZHANG Yuanbo, HAO Wenqin, SHI Yu, HAN Ruifeng, CHENG Yongsan, ZHANG Yi 2022, 38 (13):  41-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0568 Abstract + ( 218 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1346KB )   ( 27 ) Italian bolting-resistant lettuce was used as the test material to study the regulatory effects of exogenous zinc on the growth and quality characteristics of hydroponic lettuce under different photoperiods. The hydroponic method was used, and different photoperiods (12 h/12 h, 16 h/8 h, 20 h/4 h) and exogenous zinc concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O) were set. The test results show that the 16 h/8 h photoperiod treatment is beneficial to the growth of lettuce shoots and the content increase of vitamin C, flavonoids and total phenols, while the 20 h/4 h photoperiod treatment is beneficial to the growth of lettuce underground parts and the content increase of soluble protein, soluble sugar and reducing sugar. But the 20 h/4 h photoperiod treatment can inhibit the growth of lettuce, thereby affecting the accumulation of dry matter. From the interaction effect of photoperiod and zinc, photoperiod plays a leading role in the growth and quality of lettuce, and exogenous zinc plays a regulatory role. In summary, root application of 0.5 mg/L Zn under 16 h/8 h photoperiod has the best effect on promoting the growth and quality of lettuce.

  Effects of Humic Acid on the Growth, Physiology and Water Use Efficiency of Zucchini Seedlings WANG Yan, LI Lingzhi, GUO Wenzhong, WEN Jiangli, LI Yinkun, FAN Fengcui, WU Yuesheng, LI Haiping 2022, 38 (13):  47-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0866 Abstract + ( 213 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1334KB )   ( 32 ) To study the influence of potassium fulvic acid (FA), potassium humate (HA) and biochemical potassium humate (BFA) on the growth of zucchini seedlings under different water conditions, with zucchini as the test material, three kinds of potassium humate and three water treatments were combined to study the response characteristics of zucchini seedling growth, physiology and water use efficiency. The results showed that under the same water condition and compared with seedlings without potassium humate treatment, the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of zucchini seedlings increased significantly under potassium humate treatment, and the effect of biochemical potassium humate was the most significant. Under the action of the same potassium humate, the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD in zucchini seedlings increased with the increase of water stress, so did the water use efficiency, and the seedlings treated with biochemical potassium humate had the best water use efficiency. Comprehensive analysis showed that adding potassium humate could mitigate water stress on zucchini seedlings.

  Effects of No-Bagging and Bagging Density on Photosynthetic Characteristics of ‘Fuji’ Apple Trees WANG Guiping, XUE Xiaomin, ZHAO Hongqiang, CHEN Ru, HAN Xueping, WANG Jinzheng 2022, 38 (13):  54-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0580 Abstract + ( 183 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1237KB )   ( 21 ) To explore the effects of fruit bagging on apple quality, eight-year-old red ‘Fuji’ apple trees (‘Tianhong 2’/‘M26’/Malus× robusta) were used as experimental materials, and five treatments (no-bagging, bagging 1/3 of all fruits, bagging 1/2 of all fruits, bagging 2/3 of all fruits and bagging all fruits) were set up. The Kobayashi fruit bags (double layer paper bag, inner red and outer brown) were used in all treatments. The effects of different fruit bagging densities on photosynthetic characteristics of tree leaves were studied before fruit bagging (June 19), 2 days after bagging (June 21), during bagging (August 22 and September 27), 2 days after bag removal (October 9) and 1 day after harvest (November 3). The results showed that bagging not only decreased the light intensity within the apple tree canopy, but also significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate of the leaves, while the net photosynthetic rate within the apple tree canopy significantly decreased with the increase of fruit bagging density, especially in August and September. The changes of the light intensity in the canopy, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and specific leaf weight of leaves in the five treatments were basically consistent with the change of net photosynthetic rate, suggesting that fruit bagging could lower the leaf photosynthetic performance. Our experiments also indicated that the decrease of photosynthetic rate was caused by the decrease of stomatal conductance and this might be associated with the decrease of light intensity, while in September, the decrease of photosynthetic rate might also be related to high temperature and weak light intensity, and non-stomatal limitation in leaves of bagged apples.

  The Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System of Cerasus humilis YANG Wenjing, WANG Zhanjun, GAN Xiaoyan, HE Jianlong, ZHANG Li 2022, 38 (13):  60-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0544 Abstract + ( 190 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1447KB )   ( 23 ) The aim of this study is to use plant tissue culture technology to screen out the most suitable medium for the introduced resource varieties (lines) SN6 and SN7 and self-breeding line YC24 of Cerasus humilis, and to determine the regeneration system of the three varieties, so as to provide technical support for the efficient and rapid large-scale propagation. Three C. humilis varieties were used as materials to study the disinfection methods of explants, the optimal medium for differentiation, proliferation and rooting and the ratio of hormones. The results showed that when the cephalosporin concentration was 100 mg/L, the explants had the highest survival rate and the lowest contamination rate. The optimal differentiation medium for SN6 and SN7 was MS+ 0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 1.0 mg/L ZT+ 0.05 mg/L IBA, and the optimal differentiation medium for YC24 was MS+ 0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.5 mg/L ZT+ 0.05 mg/L IBA. The optimal rooting medium of SN6 was 1/2MS+ 0.2 mg/L NAA+ 0.1 mg/L IBA+1.0 g/L activated carbon, and the optimal one-step rooting medium for SN7 and YC24 was 1/2MS+ 0.05 mg/L NAA+ 0.2 mg/L IBA. This study established a rapid propagation system for the shoots of C. humilis, and could lay a foundation for the subsequent transplanting, culture expanding and popularizing of the fine germplasms.

  Effects of Shading Treatments on the Growth and Quality of Camellia sinensis ‘Foshou’ LIU Jinxian, FU Xianyu, LU Li, SHI Lingshan, WU Guangheng 2022, 38 (13):  66-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0725 Abstract + ( 239 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1194KB )   ( 38 ) In order to solve the problems of strong bitterness and poor comprehensive quality of tea in summer, four treatments (80%, 60% and 50% shading and non-shading) were set, among which, non-shading was used as control (CK), the agronomic characters and components of new shoots and sensory quality of tea under different shading treatments were analyzed. It was found that shading treatments could make the leaves of new shoots turn green and soft, and increase the leaf area by 5.25-8.17 cm2, the hundred-bud weight by 32.04-60.32 g and the water content of new shoots by 1.27-3.94 percentage points. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, water extract, caffeine and amino acid in new shoots increased by 0.61-0.95, 0.29-0.6, 0.9-1.55, 1.21-4.37, 0.13-0.45 and 0.66-1.14 percentage points, respectively. The tea polyphenol content, phenol-ammonia ratio and chlorophyll a/b decreased by 3.73-5.5 percentage points, 5.77-8.1 and 0.22-0.58, respectively; the sensory quality score of tea increased by 5.55-16.4 points. Shading can obviously promote the growth of Camellia sinensis ‘Foshou’, and improve the biochemical quality of new shoots and sensory quality of tea, and 80% shading has the best comprehensive improvement effect and the tea sensory score can reach 91.75.

  A New Variety of Scutellaria scordifolia LI Liandi, ZHANG Shuzi, ZHANG Yefei, GUO Jiaojiao, REN Qiwen, BI Jun 2022, 38 (13):  71-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0435 Abstract + ( 260 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1673KB )   ( 24 ) This study is to determine a new variety of Scutellaria scordifolia with white corolla, which is found in Xiaowutai Mountain area of Hebei Province and not recorded before. The new variety can provide a new case for the genetic variation research of plant flower color. Through information inquiry, field visit and laboratory determination, the habitat conditions and distribution of the new variety and the original variant were investigated in Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve of Hebei Province. The flavonoid content and chlorophyll content of the new variety and the original variant were compared and determined in laboratory. By 3 years’ study, we found that there were obvious differences in corolla color between S. scordifolia with white corolla and S. scordifolia distributed nearby, and white corolla could be inherited stably. The leaf color of S. scordifolia with white corolla was slightly lighter, and the chlorophyll content was slightly lower than that of the original variant. The content of flavonoids was about 1.4 times that of the original variant. The S. scordifolia with white corolla had thin and weak lateral branches and more slender lateral roots, significantly different from those of the nearby S. scordifolia, which had fewer and stronger lateral branches and lateral roots. According to information inquiry and field visit, no record on S. scordifolia with white corolla was found. The population distribution characteristics of S. scordifolia with white corolla do not conform to the genetic law of recessive gene expression, and there are no other heterozygotes. S. scordifolia with white corolla is obviously different from S. spectabilis recorded in Flora of Sichuan and four varieties of S. scordifolia reported by Flora of China and Flora of Hebei. Therefore, the S. scordifolia with white corolla is a new variety, and is named S. scordifolia var. white corolla. The new variety is distributed in Donggou at Shanjiankou in Xiaowutai Mountain area.

  Comparative Study on Agronomic Traits and Quality of Cultivated Chinese Thorowax Root from Different Producing Areas HAN Wenjing, WAN Hefang, LIU Haijun, LIU Xinran, SUI Chun, WEI Jianhe 2022, 38 (13):  77-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0897 Abstract + ( 158 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1447KB )   ( 20 ) The purpose is to compare the agronomic traits and quality of Chinese thorowax root (Bupleurum spp.) from different producing areas, and provide reference for the selection of good cultivars. In this experiment, a total of 32 germplasms were collected from 6 different producing areas, including Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei and Heilongjiang. The seeds of Chinese thorowax root collected from the 6 producing areas were sown in the Beijing test site, and an investigation was conducted to determine the root thickness, root length, single root weight, the number of lateral roots and saikosaponin content. Based on the experimental data, the growth vigor, yield potential and saikosaponin content of different germplasms were analyzed and compared. It was found that BC-SX-HY (from Shanxi) performed well in agronomic traits and saikosaponin content, and the two germplasms BC-SX-PS-1 and BC-SX-PS-2 (from Shanxi) had outstanding performance in the saikosaponin content and single root weight, with large yield potential but more lateral roots. BC-SX-WR and BC-SX-YC-2 (from Shanxi), and BS-HB-AG (from Hebei) had strong growth vigor but low saikosaponin content. BC-SX-CZI-1 (from Shanxi) had the highest content of saikosaponin but performed not well in root shape and yield potential. Under the same planting condition, the traits of Chinese thorowax root germplasm from different producing areas are quite different, and further selection of high-quality varieties and lines is beneficial to improving the traits of Chinese thorowax root in production.

  Study on the Stoichiometric Characteristics of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Different Parts of Sarcandra glabra LUO Rong, CAO Guofan, LI Jinling, LEI Linlin, WANG Hualei, LUO Chunli, LI Dandan, LUO Fulai, SHI Min 2022, 38 (13):  84-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0973 Abstract + ( 139 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1238KB )   ( 25 ) The paper aims to explore the content changes and stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in different organs of Sarcandra glabra, and to provide theoretical guidance for high-yield cultivation of S. glabra and scientific application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Taking wild tending S. glabra as the research object, the contents of C, N and P in the stems and leaves of S. glabra at different growth periods were determined, and the content variation characteristics and stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P were analyzed to determine the limiting nutrients of S. glabra. The content of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the leaves was 531.45-614.66, 16.81-18.51 and 0.41-0.84 g/kg, respectively, and the coefficient of variation was 5.13%, 3.60% and 21.29%, respectively; the content of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the stems was 547.11-610.11, 5.88-6.91 and 0.33-0.50 g/kg, respectively, and the coefficient of variation was 3.77%, 5.21% and 13.67%, respectively. C/N, C/P and N/P in leaves were 29.33-34.02, 661.40-1311.30, and 20.34-44.71, respectively, and those in stems were 84.96-100.23, 1189.74-1695.71, and 14.03-18.48, respectively. There was a negative correlation between N and P in leaves; a very significantly negative correlation between P and C/P, as well as between P and N/P; and an extremely and significantly positive correlation between C/P and N/P. There was a positive correlation between N and P in stems; a significantly negative correlation between P and N/P; a very significantly negative correlation between P and C/P; and a significantly positive correlation between C/P and N/P. In summary, the growth of S. glabra is mainly restricted by the content of N and P, and to a great extent by the content of P. Therefore, when planting S. glabra under forests, the nutrient supply capacity of the forest land should be considered, and the application of nitrogen and phosphorus mixed fertilizers is conducive to the absorption and utilization of nutrients by S. glabra to achieve the purpose of improving yield and quality.

  Early Bolting of Rhizome Medicinal Plants in Umbelliferae: Research Progress LIANG Jie, WANG Hui, SUI Ning 2022, 38 (13):  90-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0913 Abstract + ( 170 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1034KB )   ( 25 ) This paper briefly describes the process of early bolting of Umbelliferae rhizome medicinal plants, clarifies the causes and influencing factors, and speculates that the early bolting is related to the expression ability of some genes regulating flowering. In addition, it is considered that the hormone synthesis in plants can regulate the occurrence of early bolting to a certain extent. Specific genes are differently expressed in the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of plant endogenous hormones, resulting in early bolting. It is proposed that we can start from the molecular gene level of plant endogenous hormones and the action mechanism of hormones, to inhibit early bolting rate by changing the growth conditions of rhizome medicinal plants of Umbelliferae or applying exogenous hormones, which will be of great significance to improve the yield and quality of the medicinal plants.

  The Shade Tolerance and Cold Resistance of Polygonatum Germplasm: An Evaluation by Physiological and Biochemical Methods JIANG Yujie, JIA Qiaojun, JIAO Jie, CHEN Xiliang, MA Cunde, CHANG Hui, LIANG Zongsuo 2022, 38 (13):  96-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0304 Abstract + ( 134 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1305KB )   ( 22 ) The research aims to screen out the germplasm of Polygonatum with high shade tolerance and cold resistance, and provide a basis for breeding and cultivating Polygonatum. Twenty four P. cyrtonema germplasms and ten P. sibiricum germplasms were evaluated for their shade tolerance and cold resistance comprehensively by the membership function method, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were compared before and after shading. In addition, the contents of soluble sugar, free protein, proline and malondialdehyde in the leaves were determined under the low temperature stress. The contents of Chl a, Chl b and total chlorophyll and the value of Chl a/b showed no significant difference between P. cyrtonema and P. sibiricum after shading. P. cyrtonema from Qingyang of Anhui and Yizhou of Guangxi exhibited best shade tolerance with a comprehensive evaluation value of 0.65. The average contents of soluble sugar, free protein and proline of P. sibiricum and P. cyrtonema were 1.42%, 2.20%, 8.13% and 1.03%, 1.64%, 6.28%, respectively, showing that P. sibiricum had stronger cold resistance. The germplasm from Lingbaosihe village of Henan demonstrated the strongest cold resistance with a comprehensive evaluation value of 0.62, and the cold resistance of P. cyrtonema in Dali of Yunnan was the second, with a comprehensive evaluation value of 0.56. The germplasms from Qingyang of Anhui and Yizhou of Guangxi could be used as shade tolerance materials for breeding and cultivation, while the germplasms from Lingbaosihe village of Henan and Dali of Yunnan could be used as cold resistance materials for breeding and cultivation.

  Effects of Continuous Cropping Years on Organic Carbon Distribution in Soil Aggregates in Cotton Fields YANG Weijun, HUI Chao, CHEN Yuxin, SONG Shilong, SHI Chunling, CHEN Lei 2022, 38 (13):  104-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0566 Abstract + ( 169 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1357KB )   ( 34 ) This study aims to clarify the response of organic carbon distribution in cotton soil aggregates to different continuous cropping years. Taking cotton field soil of 5, 12 and 17 years’ continuous cropping (L5, L12 and L17) as the research objects, the soil aggregates’ distribution and organic carbon content were analyzed. The results showed that compared with that of the control (1 year cotton planting), the content of aggregates >2 mm decreased after continuous cropping for 17 years by 16.7% and 13.2% in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer respectively. The content of soil organic carbon increased after continuous cropping for 5 years, which were the highest of 11.8 g/kg and 10.6 g/kg in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer respectively, significantly increased by 16.2% and 15.1% compared with that of the control. The contribution rate of soil aggregates>2 mm to organic carbon was the highest, accounting for more than 50%, while the aggregates<0.053 mm had the lowest contribution rate. In conclusion, though continuous cropping was not conducive to the maintenance of soil quality, short-term continuous cropping was beneficial to the accumulation of soil organic carbon. In this experiment, the soil organic carbon content reached the maximum after 5 years of continuous cropping, and then decreased gradually.

  Abundance Evaluation of Nutrient Content in Tobacco Soil of Changsha ZHAO Ajuan, LIU Qiongfeng, XIE Pengfei, ZHAI Zhengguang, LI Mingde, ZHOU Junyu, ZHONG Yuefeng, HE Jiguang, LONG Dabin, CHEN Pengfeng, XIE Yangjun, LIU Liangjiao 2022, 38 (13):  109-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0007 Abstract + ( 161 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 3224KB )   ( 25 ) The paper aims to understand the spatial-temporal variation and abundance and deficiency of nutrients of tobacco planting soil in Changsha. Based on the first (2000) and second (2014) survey of tobacco planting soil in Changsha, the third (2020) survey of tobacco planting soil was carried out. A total of 401 sampling points were arranged in the main tobacco planting areas to determine the main nutrients’ content of soil in the plough layer (0-20 cm). The abundance and spatial variability of nutrients’ content in tobacco planting soil were analyzed by classic statistics and geo-statistics. Compared with data of 2000, the average content of tobacco planting soil pH, total P and K, available P and K, exchangeable Ca and Mg, available Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Mo increased in 2020, among which the average content of soil available K and Fe increased significantly. The average content of soil organic matter, total N, alkali-hydrolyzed N, available S and Cu and water-soluble chlorine decreased. In the study area, the average content of soil pH, organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzed N, exchangeable Ca and available Mo were suitable, total P, exchangeable Mg and water-soluble Cl were insufficient, while soil available P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B were abundant in 2020. Soil available P and Mn and water-soluble Cl had strong variability. Soil available S, Cu, Zn, B and Mo had moderate to strong variability. Soil available K and Fe and exchangeable Ca and Mg had medium-weak variability. Soil pH, organic matter, total N, P and K and alkali-hydrolyzed N had weak variability. The abundance and deficiency of tobacco planting soil nutrients in different regions of Changsha showed different degrees of spatial heterogeneity. The tobacco fertilizer formula and fertilization scheme should be finely managed according to the abundance and deficiency of soil nutrients.

  Remediation Effects of Conditioners and Cultivation Measures on Cadmium-contaminated Wheat Field ZHOU Fen, LIU Yuan, LI Zhongyang, LI Baogui, LI Lele, TAO Zhen 2022, 38 (13):  120-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0509 Abstract + ( 160 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1329KB )   ( 32 ) To select suitable in situ remediation measures for mild to medium Cd-contaminated wheat field in north China, the repair effects of seven kinds of conditioners and three kinds of cultivation measures were compared. A Cd-contaminated field caused by wastewater irrigation in northern Henan Province was taken as the research farmland, and the experiment was conducted in the wheat-growing season. The conditioners included calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, biochar, and bone charcoal. The cultivation measures included deep tillage, deep loosening, and dense planting. Foliar fertilizer was also applied in the experiment. The results showed that compared with the control, calcium superphosphate treatment was the most effective in the increase of soil pH as well as the decrease of soil available Cd, root Cd and grain Cd. Though the reducing effect of calcium fertilizer on soil Cd and grain Cd was second only to that of calcium superphosphate, its role in lowering shoot Cd was the most significant. Silicon fertilizer effectively suppressed Cd transportation from roots to the aboveground parts. Calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer enhanced the yield most obviously. Deep tillage measure was the most efficient in increasing total root length in soil of 20-40 cm, and it was also functional in lowering Cd in soil and different plant tissues to some degree, which was also true for biochar treatment. Though bone charcoal and foliar fertilizer treatment did not reduce the root Cd, they lowered the shoot and grain Cd. Deep loosening and dense planting did not work in the remediation. More unexpectedly, dense planting treatment increased soil available Cd. The factors associated with grain Cd most strongly were shoot Cd content and soil pH. Taking remediation effect and cost into consideration, the application of calcium superphosphate is one of the best choice for the remediation of Cd-contaminated wheat field in north China.

  Spatial-temporal Variation of NDVI in the Vegetation Growing Season of Changtang National Nature Reserve and Its Response to Climate Change YUAN Lei, ZHOU Kanshe, ZHANG Dongdong 2022, 38 (13):  127-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0018 Abstract + ( 258 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 3306KB )   ( 41 ) To clarify the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of vegetation covers in the Changtang National Nature Reserve during the growing season and their responses to climate change, based on the MODIS NDVI and the meteorological data of the same period, the variation trend and stability of NDVI and their response to climate factors during vegetation growing season from 2000 to 2020 in the Changtang National Nature Reserve were caculated. The results showed that: (1) the average NDVI in the growing season of vegetation in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was 0.02-0.55, and the average value was 0.138, which showed a spatial distribution characteristic that gradually decreased from southeast to northwest; (2) in 86.39% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve, the NDVI in the vegetation growing season (June to September) showed a slow upward trend, and reached a significant level in most areas (P<0.05), while the remaining 13.61% of the area showed a declining trend, and there was a significant trend in only a few areas (P<0.05); the overall vegetation status showed an improving trend with time; (3) since 2000, the stability of NDVI in the growing season of the Changtang National Nature Reserve was relatively poor, most of the areas with NDVI≤0.1 were in low stability, the low and medium stability areas were the main type, which accounted for 86.66% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve; (4) the climate in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was getting warmer and wetter during the vegetation growing season; NDVI was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation as a whole during the growing season. The research conclusions could provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection of vegetation in this region under the background of climate change.

  Dynamic Monitoring of Sorghum Lepidoptera Pest Occurrence by Using Sex Pheromone Technology HUANG Yuan, LIN Jun, SHUI Jing, HE Liye, GU Xiaohong, JIA Min, LIU Xuemei, ZHOU Yan, LIU Yang, WANG Xiaoqin, ZHANG Zhidong 2022, 38 (13):  135-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0604 Abstract + ( 246 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 35 ) The paper aims to study the occurrence dynamics of sorghum borer and solve the problem of appropriate control of pests. In this study, three-year field experiments were conducted to monitor the occurrence dynamics of Mythimna separata, Proceras venosatum, Ostrinia furnacalis, Conogethes punctiferalis, Spodoptera frugiperda and Chilo suppressalis on sorghum by using green control techniques such as sex pheromone. The results showed that: Ostrinia furnacalis and Proceras venosatum were the most serious pests, accounting for more than 70% of Lepidoptera pests. The occurrence period of various Lepidoptera pests was from early May to early August, mainly from the end of May to the middle and late July. This study provides support for more scientific and reasonable prediction of the occurrence and damage of Lepidoptera pests on sorghum, and also a practical basis for formulating control methods of Lepidoptera pests in local organic sorghum production.

  Effect of Exogenous Silicon Application on Rice (Oryza sativa) Growth and Rice Blast Resistance ZENG Yue, LI Longguo, LI Yihan, TAN Xiao, TAN Bo 2022, 38 (13):  141-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1168 Abstract + ( 213 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1303KB )   ( 35 ) Exogenous silicon (Si) application has been proved to be an effective approach to boost pathological resistance in rice, yet the response mechanism of rice stress defense system to exogenous Si is still lacking in-depth investigation. To study the effects of Si on rice growth, yield, and resistance under blast stress, pot experiments were carried out under the condition of artificial inoculation of blast fungus. The plant height, number of panicles, panicle length, aboveground biomass, and thousand-grain weight were measured. The MDA content and the activities of defense-related enzymes (PPO, CAT, SOD, and POD) in panicles were analyzed. The results showed that the disease index was decreased by 44.47% with Si application. The PPO, CAT, and SOD activities in panicles were significantly increased, the POD activity and MDA content were decreased, and the oxidative stress induced by the rice blast was alleviated. Si remarkably increased the plant height, boosted its vigor, and inhibited the infestation and spread of the blast fungus. Finally, the dry matter weight of the shoot was increased, and the yield was increased by 61.2% compared with that of the infected group. Therefore, Si could effectively enhance rice blast resistance, increase plant vigor, and effectively reduce plant damage by participating in the plant physiological metabolism process.

  Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Five Thymelaeaceae Plants Against Seven Plant Pathogenic Fungi CHEN Yunkun, HU Chunyan, ZHANG Zhiyu, ZHAO Yanfang, CAO Hui 2022, 38 (13):  148-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0784 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2376KB )   ( 27 ) The purpose is to find out whether Thymelaeaceae plants of the same family as Stellera chamaejasme have the potential to become plant resources for controlling pathogenic fungi, and to explore new ways for screening and preparing effective and safe botanical pesticides. Five test materials including Stellera chamaejasme, Lndian wikstroemia, Daphne giraldii, Daphne genkwa, and Edgeworthia chrysantha, were used as representatives of the plants in the Thymelaeaceae family. The results showed that Stellera chamaejasme and Edgeworthia chrysantha performed the best in all extracts, especially against various pathogens of Fusarium wilt. The inhibitory rate at higher concentrations was close to 100%. The inhibitory effect of Daphne giraldii extract on cucumber target spots and strawberry red central pillar was the best among all the extracts, and the EC50 value was 0.925 and 0.920 mg/mL, respectively. Lndian wikstroemia had the worst performance among the 5 kinds of plant extracts of Thymelaeaceae, but it had a good inhibitory effect on tomato wilt and cucumber anthracnose pathogens, and the EC50 value was less than 1.1 mg/mL. The results show that the extracts of five Thymelaeaceae plants have good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi, indicating that Thymelaeaceae plants can be used as screening targets for new plant-derived pesticides.

  Red Beet and Betacyanins: Research Progress on Comprehensive Application LIU Yaxin, YAN Hua, TANG Ling, TAN Wenbo, XING Wang, LIU Dali 2022, 38 (13):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0033 Abstract + ( 270 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1096KB )   ( 23 ) In this paper, the active components and biological functions of red beet root were summarized, and the application progress of red beet and betacyanins in bacteriostasis, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, cardiovascular protection, cell protection and neuroprotection were analyzed. As an additive and main nutritional component, the biological value of red beet in beverages, meat products and functional foods were reviewed. In addition, this paper also briefly described the biological characteristics of red beet in the process of planting, such as salt and alkali tolerance and water purification, as well as the application of betacyanins in the field of environmental protection in recent years. It can be seen that red beet and its related industries have great development potential and value.