Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.18 Published:25 June 2022

  Sowing Date and Planting Density of Strong-gluten Wheat in Huaibei Area of Jiangsu: Effects on Grain Yield and Quality JIN Yangang, DING Jinfeng, YUAN Quan, XIA Zhonghua, YIN Jing, YANG Yongle, LIU Hailang, REN Yangtao, CHEN Wei, LI Zhenfu, ZHAO Qibing, WEI Wanjuan, ZHENG Yayue 2022, 38 (18):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0829 Abstract + ( 218 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1271KB )   ( 46 ) In order to provide reference for good-quality and high-yield wheat production in the Huaibei area of Jiangsu, the effects of different sowing dates (October 5, 15 and 25, November 4 and 14) and planting densities (2.1×106, 2.7×106 and 3.3×106 plants per hectare) on temperature and sunshine utilization, grain yield and grain quality of wheat were studied with good-quality strong-gluten wheat cultivar ‘Ruihuamai506’ as material. The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the accumulated temperature and sunshine hours from seedling emergence to the beginning of the overwintering stage and the accumulated sunshine hours after anthesis. Late sowing significantly decreased the number of main stem tillers and spikes, but increased the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight to different degrees. The highest grain yield was achieved on the sowing date of October 15. Late sowing by every 10 days decreased the growth period, accumulated temperature, sunshine hours, and spike number by 8.5 days, 108℃, 38 h and 3.85×105/hm2, respectively, and the yield loss was 700 kg/hm2. The sowing delay decreased water absorption of flour but improved the grain bulk density, grain protein content, wet gluten content and dough stabilization time. Increasing planting density had no significant effect on grain quality. In conclusion, sowing on October 15 and using 2.7×106 plants per hectare is the appropriate production combination of strong-gluten wheat with high yield and high quality in the Huaibei area of Jiangsu Province.

  Research on Deficit Irrigation System of Summer Maize in the Loess Area of Western Henan Province WANG Guozhong, LI Zhongyuan, ZHANG Jiyu, YANG Dan, CHENG Huanling, WANG Xiaoyuan 2022, 38 (18):  8-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0689 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1206KB )   ( 31 ) The water resource is short in the loess area of western Henan Province. To achieve efficient use of local rainwater resource, the Jensen model is adopted under the guidance of deficit irrigation principle and water-saving agriculture theory. The objective function is the maximum ratio of actual yield to possible maximum yield per unit area at each stage of summer maize growth, the decision-making variables are the irrigation amount and actual evapotranspiration, and state variables are the allocated water amount and available water amount in planned moisture layer. The model is solved by successive approximation method of dynamic programming to derive the optimal system of deficit irrigation for summer maize. The optimized results are in good agreement with the experimental data, indicating the applicability of Jensen’s model in the area.

  Effects of Irrigation Quota on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Root Under Shallow-buried Drip Irrigation GUO Zihe, YANG Hengshan, ZHAO Peijun, ZHANG Yuqin, LIU Jing, BAO Eerdun, ZHANG Ruifu, LI Yuanyuan, LI Dandan, QIN Jiang 2022, 38 (18):  12-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1077 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2526KB )   ( 37 ) To study the effects of irrigation quota on the morphological and physiological characteristics of maize root under shallow-buried drip irrigation, field experiments were carried out by using ‘Nonghua 101’ as the experimental variety in 2017 and 2018. The irrigation quota of 1600 m3/hm2 (W1), 2000 m3/hm2 (W2) and 2400 m3/hm2 (W3) were set under shallow-buried drip irrigation by taking 4000 m3/hm2 irrigation quota of the traditional border irrigation as a control (CK). The results showed that there was no significant difference among the yield of W1, W2 and CK, and the yield of W3 was significantly higher than that of CK. The irrigation water use efficiency of each treatment was all significantly higher than that of CK. The root dry weight of each treatment under the shallow-buried drip irrigation in 0-20 cm soil layer were all significantly lower than that of CK in silking stage in 2017. The root dry weight of W1 was significantly lower than that of CK in 2018, while there was no significant difference among W2, W3 and CK. In the maturity stage in both 2017 and 2018, the root dry weight of W1 was significantly lower than that of CK, and the difference among W2, W3 and CK was not obvious. The root dry weight of W1 in 20-40 cm soil layer in silking stage and maturity stage were both lower than that of CK, and there was no significant difference among W3, W2 and CK. There was no significant difference among the root width between plants and rows of each treatment in 10 cm and 20 cm soil layer; the root width between rows of W1 and W2 were both significantly lower than that of CK in 30 cm soil layer, while W3 had no significant difference with CK, while the root width between plants of each treatment were all significantly lower than that of CK. In 10 cm soil layer, the root number of W3 was significantly higher than that of CK in silking stage, and there was no significant difference among W1, W2 and CK. In 20 cm soil layer, the root number per plant of W2 and W3 were significantly higher than that of CK, while W1 had no significant difference with CK. In 10 cm and 20 cm soil layer, the root number of W3 was significantly higher than that of CK in milk stage, and there was no significant difference among W1, W2 and CK. The root vitality of the treatments were all lower than that of CK, and the difference increased with the increase of irrigation quota while gradually decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) of each treatment had no significant difference in both the silking stage and milk stage. The activities of SOD and POD of W1 in 20-40 cm soil layer were lower than those of CK in silking stage, while there was no significant difference among W2, W3 and CK. The activity of SOD of W1 was significantly lower than that of CK in milk stage, while there was no significant difference among W2, W3 and CK, and the activity of POD of W1 and W2 were significantly lower than that of CK, and W3 had no significant difference with that of CK. The content of MDA of W1 was significantly lower than that of CK in 0-20cm soil layer in milk stage, and there was no significant difference among W2, W3 and CK. The content of MDA in 20-40 cm soil layer had no obvious difference among the treatments in both the silking stage and milk stage. The shallow-buried drip irrigation can increase the proportion of root distribution in topsoil, and appropriate increasing irrigation quota is conducive to the improvement of root number and root enzyme activity, which can increase water and fertilizer utilization efficiency. This article can provide a basis for maize high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation under the shallow-buried drip irrigation.

  Planting Density of Maize: Effects on Plant and Kernel Related Characters of Different Varieties CHENG Jianmei, ZHAO Shuzheng, YANG Meili, SU Yujie, WANG Bangtai, LU Hongwei, QIN Guiwen 2022, 38 (18):  20-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0701 Abstract + ( 478 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 6376KB )   ( 45 ) In order to investigate the effects of planting density on yield, and plant and kernel characters of maize, four maize varieties ‘Yongyou 1573’, ‘Yongyou 1593’, ‘Zhengdan 958’ and ‘Xianyu 335’were selected and planted with five densities (60000, 67500, 75000, 82500 and 90000 plants/hm2). The changes of 8 yield characters, and 4 plant characters and 3 kernel quality characters at different growth stages were determined. The results showed that the yield first increased and then decreased with the increase of planting density, and the yield reached the highest when the density was 75000 plants/hm2. The plant height, ear position and leaf area index (LAI) increased gradually, while 100-kernel weight and leaf area per plant (LA) decreased gradually. From the beginning of the jointing stage, LA and LAI increased significantly and reached the maximum in the pollinating stage; 100-kernel weight increased rapidly at the early stage of grain filling, but the dry matter accumulation of plant decreased gradually, so did the LAI and LA. The crude starch content (CT), crude protein content (CP), and crude fat content (CF) of maize kernels had significant differences among the varieties, and were influenced by both kernel development and planting density. ‘Yongyou 1573’ had higher CP, ‘Xianyu 335’ had higher CT, and ‘Zhengdan 958’ had higher CF. Therefore, the high yield and the high nutritional quality of maize can be obtained by increasing the planting density appropriately and integrating water and fertilizer management in field.

  Salt Tolerance of Maize at Seedling Stage: Identification and Evaluation Method LI Junping, WANG Xiuping, LIU Sujuan, LU Xuelin, WU Zhe 2022, 38 (18):  28-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0777 Abstract + ( 208 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1981KB )   ( 31 ) In order to establish an effective evaluation method for salt tolerance of maize at seedling stage, the salt tolerance of 10 maize varieties at seedling stage was systematically evaluated through gradient brackish water treatment and multivariate statistical analysis. Interquartile range analysis combined with salt-tolerant threshold analysis showed that the optimal concentration of saline treatment for salt tolerance identification was 0.5%. With principal component analysis and membership function analysis, the salt tolerance coefficient of 7 agronomic traits could be converted into comprehensive membership function value for salt tolerance evaluation (D value). Combined with cluster analysis, the salt tolerance grade of maize at seedling stage could be divided into high tolerance, tolerance, medium tolerance, sensitivity and high sensitivity. The regression equation between D value and salt tolerance coefficient of 7 agronomic traits was established by stepwise regression analysis: D = -1.147 + 0.823 * long diameter + 0.713 * plant height. The above research can provide a scientific method for evaluating the salt tolerance of maize at seedling stage.

  The Effects of Nodule Nitrogen Fixation on Legumes: Visual Analysis Based on Bibliometrics CHEN Ying, WU Fanqi, GENG Yeye, BAI Yu, WANG Guirong, YANG Huijie, SUN Zhirong 2022, 38 (18):  35-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0805 Abstract + ( 191 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 6048KB )   ( 39 ) The study aims at providing data reference for the research of nodule nitrogen fixation in legumes. Relevant papers on the effects of nodule nitrogen fixation on legumes in CNKI and Web of Science Core Data Platforms (WOS) from their establishment to early 2020 were searched. Bibliometrics methods and CiteSpace 5.5.R2 software were used to analyze and visualize the publishing time, journals, research institutions, countries, research topics and keywords of the literature. A total of 4886 Chinese and English papers were found, including 3015 Chinese papers and 1871 English papers. The number of published papers increased gradually, and the United States, China and Brazil were the top three countries with most published papers, while French National Academy of Agricultural Sciences was the institution which had the largest number of published papers. The papers were published on 940 journals, mainly journals of microbiology, soil and agriculture. Among them, Soybean Science and PLANT AND SOIL published more papers in this field. The effects of nodule nitrogen fixation on stress resistance of legumes and the gene and genetic diversity of rhizobia are the main directions of current research. At present, the research groups on nitrogen fixation in legumes are relatively stable, and the research still receives attention from scholars at home and abroad. The occurrence and regulation mechanism of nodule nitrogen fixation and the gene and genetic diversity of rhizobia are current research hotspots and possible future research trend.

  New Purple-flesh Sweetpotato Variety ‘Ningzishu 6’ with High Yield and Good Quality: Breeding and Breeding Strategy JIA Zhaodong, MA Peiyong, BIAN Xiaofeng, YU Yang, ZHANG Qian, LIU Shuai, XIE Yizhi 2022, 38 (18):  44-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0837 Abstract + ( 285 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 33 ) The objectives of the study are to breed new varieties of purple-flesh sweetpotato with high yield and good quality. ‘Sushu 8’ was used as female parent and ‘Yuzishu 7’ was the male parent, and sexual hybridization was conducted. The new purple-flesh sweetpotato variety ‘Ningzishu 6’ was bred by screening technology of multi-environment alternative directional selection and high-low generation combination selection. The results showed that ‘Ningzishu 6’ obtained the favorable traits of the hybrid parents, the average yield of fresh root of ‘Ningzishu 6’ was 40100.40 kg/hm2, which was 21.09% higher than that of ‘Ningzishu 1’ (CK). The average dry matter rate was 29.36%. The test score of cooked taste was 77.8, which was 7.8 points higher than that of CK. The content of anthocyanin was 17.68 mg/100gFW, and the rate of large and medium-sized tuberous root was 84.7%. ‘Ningzishu 6’ was resistant to root black rot and moderately resistant to stem nematode. In summary, the new variety‘Ningzishu 6’ has high and stable yield, good taste, and good comprehensive resistance. ‘Ningzishu 6’ passed the national variety registration in 2019. As a new purple-flesh variety for fresh-eating or processing, it is suitable for application and cultivation in the Yangtze River Basin and surrounding areas. Based on the discussion of breeding strategies, the authors believe that heterosis prediction and efficient utilization of core parent materials will significantly improve the breeding efficiency, and the application of the ‘participatory breeding model’ will accelerate the commercial application of new varieties.

  Effects of Film Mulching Cultivation on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Spring Rapeseed in Tibet YANG Tao, YONG Ga 2022, 38 (18):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0482 Abstract + ( 170 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1680KB )   ( 20 ) Film mulching is an effective technology for yield increase of dry cultivation, which can significantly improve the ecological condition of soil moisture and temperature, and promote plant growth and development. In order to understand the effects of film mulching cultivation on the growth, yield and quality of spring rapeseed in Tibet, based on field cultivation with ‘Shanyou No.4’ as the material, the effects of film mulching cultivation on the growth period, dry matter accumulation, agronomic characters, yield and quality of spring rapeseed were analyzed. The results show that compared with open field cultivation, the film mulching cultivation could shorten the growth period by 5 days, increase the plant height, branching position, effective branch number, effective pod number per plant, seed number per pod, and decrease 1000-grain weight. The yield of film mulching cultivation was 2601.67 kg/hm2, increased by 508.34 kg/hm2 compared with that of open field cultivation, and the yield increase rate was 24.28%. The oil content was increased by 2.4%, while the content of erucic acid and glucosinolates did not change much. The study indicates that the film mulching cultivation can improve the yield and quality of spring rapeseed in Tibet, and can be used as an important cultivation measure in the production.

  The Yield and Benefits of Rapeseed Under Two Aerial Sowing Modes in Delayed Harvest Rice Fields of Eastern Hubei Province: Comparison Analysis TIAN Guisheng, ZHOU Zhihua, CHENG Yingde, WU Haiya, LAI Xiqiao, CHEN Lingying, REN Tao, LU Jianwei 2022, 38 (18):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0792 Abstract + ( 222 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1187KB )   ( 27 ) In order to provide technical support to light simplified production of rapeseed in delayed harvest rice fields of eastern Hubei Province, this study made a comparison on the yield and benefits of rapeseed under two aerial sowing modes based on the same crops for rotation condition. Field experiment of two years was conducted with winter rapeseed as material, and the data of yield and benefits of rapeseed under the two aerial sowing modes was obtained. Compared with rotary-tillage aerial sowing mode, the yield of rapeseed under no-tillage aerial sowing mode was increased by 561.5 kg/hm2 on average, and the rate of yield increase was 25.7% on average in the two years. The main reason of yield increase was that the number of siliques per plant increased significantly, and the average increase was 28.6%. The production value of rapeseed under no-tillage aerial sowing mode was increased by 3023 yuan/hm2, and the gross income was increased by 4523 yuan/hm2 on average in the two years. The main reason was that the no-tillage aerial sowing mode reduced the investment on removing straw from the field, seed and pesticide, preparing soil by rotary tillage, and weeding and disease preventing. The total investment decreased by 1500 yuan/hm2 on average in the two years. The no-tillage aerial sowing mode can not only reduce the investment, but also increase the yield and benefits of rapeseed. It has the advantages of cost saving and benefit increasing, and is suitable for popularizing and applying in delayed harvest rice fields in eastern Hubei Province.

  Dynamics of Dry Matter and Nutrient Absorption and Distribution of Black Wax Gourd JIAO Jiabin, CHEN Xiaodong, ZHENG Chaoyuan, CHEN Xiao, CHANG Jingjing, SONG Zhao, XIE Dasen, HE Yuzhi, ZHANG Baige 2022, 38 (18):  62-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0648 Abstract + ( 183 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2941KB )   ( 38 ) The aims are to clarify the accumulation and distribution dynamics of dry matter (DW) and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) of wax gourd, and provide a scientific basis for precise fertilization of wax gourd. The large black wax gourd ‘Tiezhu No. 2’ was used as the material in this study. Four plant sites, including leaf, petiole, stem and fruit, were collected at seedling stage, flowering stage, fruit setting stage, fruit expanding stage and fruit mature stage, respectively. The DW and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were measured. The accumulation of DW in the shoot of wax gourd showed an “S” shaped curve. The total accumulation of DW in the shoot was 4903 kg/hm2, the DW accumulation in the fruit was 3438 kg/hm2 and the harvest index was 0.7 in the whole growth period. The total nutrient absorption exhibited a trend of K>N>Ca>P>Mg, and the amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg was 293 kg/hm2, 104 kg/hm2, 103 kg/hm2, 24 kg/hm2 and 20 kg/hm2, respectively. The accumulation of N, K, Ca and Mg reached the peak at the fruit setting stage, accounting for 39.9%, 32.7%, 30.1% and 40.9% of their total absorbed amounts in the whole growth period, respectively. The P absorption was mainly at the mature stage, accounting for 47.6% of its total absorption in the whole growth period. The total amount and proportion of nutrients demanded in each growth stage of wax gourd are different, so the fertilization strategy should be adjusted in time according to the target of cultivation. Fruit setting stage is particularly important for high yield and fertilizer efficiency of wax gourd, and great attention should be paid to the supplement of Ca and Mg after fruit setting.

  Electrical Conductivity Affects the Growth and Fluorescence Response Characteristics of Pumpkin Seedlings LI Jiawei, CHEN Xiao, CHANG Jingjing, SONG Zhao, HE Yuzhi, ZHANG Baige 2022, 38 (18):  70-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0649 Abstract + ( 204 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 4761KB )   ( 25 ) The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of the value of EC on the growth and fluorescence characteristics of pumpkin seedlings in matrix-free nutrient solution, and to provide a theoretical basis for the digital upgrading of seedling industry. ‘Xiangmi’ pumpkin was cultured in nutrient solutions with different EC values. The changes of pumpkin seedling biomass, phenotypic indexes, fast light curve and other parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the EC value significantly affected the biomass, root shoot ratio, leaf area and root structure of pumpkin seedlings. The biomass, leaf parameters and root structure indexes increased first and then decreased with the increasing of the EC value, and the comprehensive performance was the best when the EC value was 5 ms/cm. The root shoot ratio increased with the increasing of EC value. The changes of Fv/Fm, Y(II), Y(NO) and fast light curve with EC value were consistent with the changes of biomass parameters and phenotypic parameters of pumpkin seedlings, but the response speed was faster. This study suggests that the optimum EC value for pumpkin seedlings cultured in matrix-free nutrient solution should be 5 ms/cm, which indicates that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can directly and quickly reflect the influence of EC value on plants.

  Exogenous Salicylic Acid: Effects on Seed Germination of Snap Bean Under High Temperature Stress QIN Yao, LIU Chang, LIU Dajun, FENG Guojun, YANG Xiaoxu 2022, 38 (18):  79-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0989 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2689KB )   ( 28 ) In order to study the germination ability of snap bean seeds under high temperature stress, and to explore the alleviating effect of salicylic acid (SA) on heat stress of snap bean seeds during germination, the snap bean variety ‘A18’ was used as experimental material, the normal temperature control (CK1) and high temperature control (CK2) were set respectively, four SA concentration treatments were set up at high temperature: T1 (0.005 mmol/L), T2 (0.01 mmol/L), T3 (0.05 mmol/L) and T4 (0.1 mmol/L), and germination test and physiological test were carried out after soaking the seeds for 6 hours. The germination rate, germination index, seed vigor index and physiological indexes of seeds under different treatments were determined. The results showed that the germination rate and seed vigor index of normal temperature control (CK1) were as high as (97.61 ±2.09)% and 861.13 ±81.30. The germination rate and seed vigor index of high temperature control (CK2) were (56.67±3.33)% and 306.50 ±62.33, which were decreased by 41.94% and 62.13% compared with those of CK1. Under high temperature, with the increase of SA concentration, the germination rate and seed vigor index of snap bean seeds increased at first and then decreased, and T2 performed the best. Compared with those of CK2, the germination rate, germination index and seed vigor index of T2 were increased by 41.18%, 25.33% and 67.04%, respectively, SOD activity was improved, the content of soluble protein was increased, and the content of O2-. and MDA were decreased. The SA treatment of 0.01 mmol/L can alleviate the adverse effects of high temperature and improve the heat tolerance of snap bean seeds.

  Evaluation of Hydrothermal Effect and Weather Resistance of Weather Resistant Plastic Film on Maize Farmland in Central Gansu Aridland ZHANG Jian, XIE Junhong, LI Lingling, KANG Yunqiang, DU Changliang, WANG Jinbin, Xie Lihua, Setorkwami FUDJOE 2022, 38 (18):  86-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0034 Abstract + ( 184 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 4341KB )   ( 32 ) Limited water and heat resources in the dry farming areas of central Gansu restrict maize growth and development. The technology of full-film double-ridge furrow sowing can solve the problem of water and heat constraints and make maize as a major local crop, but the technology also causes serious film residue pollution. To introduce the weather resistant and easily recycled plastic mulch film, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different PE mulch film (T1, T2, T3 and T4, among them, T1, T2 and T3 were weather resistant mulch film, T4 was traditional PE mulch film) and degradable mulch film T5 on soil water and heat conditions, maize photosynthetic properties and yield. The results showed that soil water content of T1, T2 and T3 were similar to that of T4 during the whole growing period of maize, but compared with T5, T2 could increase the soil water content of the 30-50 cm soil layer at the seedling stage. There was no significant difference of average soil temperature in 5 and 10 cm soil layer during the whole growth period, but the average soil temperature of T5 in 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm soil layers was 0.5-1.4 °C, 0.3-1.1 °C and 1.0-2.3 °C lower than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The leaf area index of T1, T2, T3 and T4 was significantly higher than that of T5 at jointing stage, big trumpet stage and filling stage. Compared to common plastic mulch film, T1 significantly improved the maize photosynthetic characteristics at big trumpet stage. Compared to that of T5, the grain yield of T1, T2, T3 and T4 was increased by 40.41%, 45.04%, 27.41% and 32.80%, respectively. There was no significant difference of the biological yield among the treatments, and there was no significant difference between weather resistance plastic film T1, T2 and T3 and traditional PE mulch film T4. After maize harvest, the longitudinal tensile load of weather resistant plastic film was significantly higher than that of T4, and the longitudinal tensile load, transverse tensile load and longitudinal fracture nominal strain of T1 were the largest, and its recovery was more easier than other plastic mulch film. Therefore, the application of T1 in dry agricultural areas of central Gansu can have similar hydrothermal effect with T4, and the yield of maize is also equivalent. In addition, film residue of T1 can be easily recycled after maize harvest, which reduces the pollution caused by film residue. However, due to the limited effect of temperature increase, the degradable film (T5) will reduce the yield of maize.

  The Development Path of Ecological Circular Agriculture in Eastern Sichuan Hilly Areas: A Case of the Resource Utilization Model of Farming and Breeding Waste in Pengxi County of Sichuan Province ZHENG Shenghua, CHEN Shanghong, CHEN Honglin, WAN Kejun, AO Yuqin, LIU Dinghui 2022, 38 (18):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0691 Abstract + ( 211 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1189KB )   ( 47 ) It is an important way to realize green development of agriculture in Sichuan hilly areas by selecting a reasonable ecological circular agriculture model according to local climate resources and agricultural types and carrying out nutrient balance management. This paper took Pengxi County of Sichuan as an example to conduct the empirical analysis, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development of ecological circular agriculture in the hilly areas of eastern Sichuan. The results show that, based on the target yields and target nitrogen (N) application rates of crops and orchards, the application amount of organic fertilizer (biogas slurry) is calculated. The livestock and poultry manure and biogas slurry, which are produced in the project area, could be recycled within the crop fields and orchards, and the replacement rate of chemical fertilizer N could reach 31%-62%. Based on the calculation of the manure and organic fertilizer replacement in crop fields and orchards, the carrying capacity of livestock in the project area still has a certain potential. The model combines the local leading and advantageous agricultural industries, uses local planting and breeding wastes scientifically and rationally, and reduces the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution. Finally, the analysis of the management mechanism and development path of ecological circular agriculture in this study could provide an example for the development of circular agriculture in the hilly areas of eastern Sichuan.

  The Uptake of Cd and Pb by Different Crops in Zhuji City: Enrichment Factor and Safety Threshold ZHANG Gengmiao, ZHAO Yujie 2022, 38 (18):  100-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0725 Abstract + ( 152 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2210KB )   ( 18 ) Different crops have great differences in heavy metal uptake capacity, and to understand their uptake capacity is helpful to select suitable planting crops for the safe utilization of contaminated farmland according to local conditions. In this study, 489 pairs of samples of both edible parts of different crops and corresponding plough soil were collected simultaneously from different areas of Zhuji City to test their Cd and Pb contents, calculate the enrichment factors of Cd and Pb in the edible parts, and formulate the soil Cd and Pb threshold for safe production of rice, melon-eggplant vegetables and leafy vegetables. The results showed that the Cd enrichment capacity of the crops was significantly higher than Pb. The pollution risk of Cd in the farmland soil of the city was higher than that of Pb. The enrichment factors of Cd varied greatly among different crops. The average enrichment factor of Cd in rice and peanut was higher than those in the vegetables. The Cd enrichment factor of leafy vegetables was higher than those of rhizome vegetables, legume vegetables and melon-eggplant vegetables. Maize and sweet potato could be planted instead of rice in the Cd-polluted farmland. For planting vegetables in the polluted farmland, the priority should be given to melon-eggplant, rhizome and legume vegetables. The results also showed that there was an obviously staggered phenomenon between the sanitary quality of Cd and Pb in agricultural products and the soil environmental quality. Below the screening value of soil environmental quality, there was still the risk of rice Cd exceeding the standard. However, the investigation results clarified that the threshold values of Cd and Pb for safe production of melon-eggplant vegetables and leafy vegetables were lower than their screening values. In acid, slightly acid and neutral soil, when the Cd content was below 1.00, 1.40 and 4.20 mg/kg respectively, and the Pb content was below 141, 448 and 1530 mg/kg respectively, there was no over-standard heavy metals in melon-eggplant vegetables, and when the Cd content in the three kinds of soil was below 0.32, 0.50 and 2.00 mg/kg respectively, and the Pb content was below 87.30, 121.00 and 164.00 mg/kg respectively, there was no over-standard heavy metals in leafy vegetables.

  Effects of Different Agronomic Measures on Strawberry Continuous Cropping Soil CAO Caihong, CAO Lingling, ZHU Ning, CHEN Jiahe, ZHAO Liqun, TIAN Yanan, ZHANG Baojie, HE Bingqing 2022, 38 (18):  107-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0675 Abstract + ( 189 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1159KB )   ( 37 ) To explore the impact of different agronomic measures on soil environment, the strawberry field in Changping of Beijing, which has continuous cropping of strawberry for many years, was taken as research object. Field experiment with summer fallowing as control was established to investigate the impact of two different agronomic measures, which were strawberry-rice rotation and soil disinfection with chloropicrin fumigation, on the soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial flora. The results showed that: compared with those under summer fallowing, soil pH and ammonium nitrogen of topsoil (0-20 cm) under strawberry-rice rotation increased by 3.18% and 44.3%, respectively, but salt accumulation and nitrate nitrogen decreased by 33% and 21.23%, respectively. Both the peroxidase and urease activity increased by 23.4% and 6.1%, respectively, while the number of soil bacteria and the ratio of bacteria /fungi increased by 9.86% and 100%, respectively, indicating that the soil changed from fungi type to bacteria type, and soil-borne diseases were reduced. Soil disinfection with chloropicrin fumigation could effectively kill 96.7% of fungi and prevent soil diseases. But soil disinfection could kill other soil microbes and disturb soil balance. Therefore, strawberry-rice rotation has great potential to control soil-borne pathogens in continuous cropping soil and could improve soil condition as a non-chemical method of agriculture, and it will be a new way of green control of soil-borne diseases.

  Cotton Phenology in Xinjiang: The Response to Climate Change and Sensitivity Analysis GUO Yanyun, WANG Xuejiao, WANG Sen, HUO Xunguo, HU Qirui, JI Chunrong 2022, 38 (18):  113-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0812 Abstract + ( 390 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 3675KB )   ( 120 ) In order to investigate the change rule of cotton phenology under the background of climate change, the parameters of the cotton growth model COSIM were adjusted and verified to achieve localization. Using mathematical statistics and crop model simulation methods, the response and sensitivity of cotton phenological periods to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2019, the date of emergence, budding and flowering of cotton in Xinjiang were earlier by 0.5-7.0 d/10a, 0.1-5.8 d/10a, and 0.3-3.9 d/10a, respectively, and the date of boll opening was delayed by 0.1-4.7 d/10a. COSIM was used to simulate phenological changes of cotton, and the results were consistent with the actual changes. The RMSE of the actual and simulated values of the date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening was 0.9 d, 0.7 d, 0.6 d and 0.7 d, respectively. Under warmer climate (simulated warming 0.5℃, 1℃, 1.5℃ and 2℃ compared with the base climate condition of 1981—2010), the rate of growth and development of cotton increased and each phenological period became earlier. The date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening were earlier by 0-2 d, 1-9 d, 2-12 d and 3-31 d, respectively; the vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage were shortened by 0-6 d and 2-22 d, respectively. Therefore, through variety selection and technology adjustment, climate warming can give more potential productivity to cotton by utilizing the advantage of heat and avoiding disaster risk in the key phenological periods, in order to achieve high yield and efficiency of cotton production.

  Active Fungi from Forest Litter of the Greater Khingan Mountains and Their Metabolites QIU Tianyi, XU Yue, ZHEN Jincheng, SI Lu, YU Hongjia, MU Yuting, XU Lijian 2022, 38 (18):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0475 Abstract + ( 181 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2293KB )   ( 33 ) This study aims to isolate and identify fungi from forest litter in the Greater Khingan Mountains, and find the fungal strains with antimicrobial activities and cellulolytic activities and antimicrobial metabolites. The forest litter was used as materials, the fungi were isolated with particle-spreading plate method, and antimicrobial activities and the cellulolytic activities were detected with the agar well diffusion method and the Congo red staining method. 76 fungal strains were isolated and cultured, belonging to 9 classes, 15 orders, 25 families and 59 taxa. The similarities of the ITS sequences of 21 fungal strains were ≤98.5%. 7 fungi had antimicrobial activities. By separation of metabolites, two monomeric compounds were obtained, which were FLF409A (6,9-epoxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol) and FLF449A (4,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyldihydroiso coumarin). Genus Parapyrenochaeta was first found to have the cellulolytic activity. This study indicates that there are still a large number of active fungi resources in forest litter in the Greater Khingan Mountains, which are worthy of further development and utilization.

  Medicinal Plant Resource Silybum marianum L. Gaertn: A Review HE Zelin, CHEN Jing, NI Hongtao, ZHANG Shuquan, HU Yingying, LI Cen 2022, 38 (18):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0699 Abstract + ( 252 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1186KB )   ( 26 ) The main active ingredient of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is the flavonoid silymarin, which can inhibit damage, treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and has antitumor effect. It is especially effective in liver injury treatment. In this study, the current research progress of the medicinal plant Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is reviewed in terms of botanical characteristics, cultivation techniques, active ingredients and pharmacological effects. The study aims to provide reference for further improving the cultivation technology and developing the medicinal value of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. It is found that Silybum marianum L. Gaertn can regulate plant growth and development under abiotic stress by affecting secondary metabolites, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content. In addition, the application of exogenous plant growth hormone can resist the external stress and promote the plant growth and development of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. Moderate abiotic stress such as drought and salinity and alkalinity can improve the accumulation of active ingredients in Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.

  Bacterial Blight Resistance of Rice Sterile Line ‘Quan 211S’ Improved by Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection HUANG Yanling, YAN Zhi, SHEN Guangle, WANG Hui, ZHANG Conghe, YANG Wei, CHEN Lin, ZHANG Yunhu, PANG Zhanshi, QIAO Mu, LI Fangbao, YANG Li 2022, 38 (18):  133-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1221 Abstract + ( 205 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3167KB )   ( 32 ) This study aims to improve the bacterial blight resistance of photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile ‘Quan 211S’ with high quality. Using ‘Quan 211S’ as the recipient parent and ‘CBB23’ containing Xa23 gene as the donor parent, the sterile lines resistant to bacterial blight were bred by combining molecular marker-assisted selection technology with conventional breeding technology. Four improved sterile lines, from Qk211s-1 to Qk211s-4 were selected. The agronomic characters, fertility alteration temperature and outcrossing setting rate of the improved lines of ‘Quan 211S’ were similar to those of ‘Quan 211S’, but the resistance to bacterial blight was significantly enhanced, showing high resistance or resistance, and the resistance level was 0-2. The combinations of improved lines of ‘Quan 211S’ had no significant differences in plant height, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight compared with those of the combinations of ‘Quan 211S’, but the resistance to bacterial blight was significantly enhanced, showing high resistance, and the resistance level was 1. The four improved lines of ‘Quan 211S’ can lay a foundation for breeding disease resistant rice varieties and be directly applied in production.

  Antifungal and Control Effect of Bacillus mojavensis on Pear Valsa Canker LIU Long, RONG Hua, ZHENG Tongtong, MA Junjie, GUO Qingyuan 2022, 38 (18):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1050 Abstract + ( 229 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3357KB )   ( 26 ) The purpose of this study is to explore the antifungal effect and mechanism of Bacillus mojavensis on Valsa ceratosperma, and to provide a basis for biological control of pear valsa canker. The control effect of Bacillus mojavensis on pear valsa canker was studied using plate confrontation, preliminary study on biological control mechanism, and in vitro branch methods. The results showed that Bacillus mojavensis significantly inhibited the growth of V. ceratosperma, and the inhibition rate of hypha reached 68%. Bacillus mojavensis produced protease, amylase, cellulase and siderophore, and its sterile fermentation filtrate could inhibit the growth of V. ceratosperma hypha, while its volatile substances could inhibit the growth of hypha with a rate of 22.6%. The protective control efficacy of Bacillus mojavensis was 41.7%, and the therapeutic control efficacy was 44.6%. Bacillus mojavensis has obvious inhibitory effect on V. ceratosperma, and it has certain biocontrol potential on pear valsa canker.

  Fungicide Application in Apple Production: Investigation and Analysis of the Control Technologies WANG Li, HOU Hui, HUANG Tianxiang, YUAN Hongbo, TU Hongtao 2022, 38 (18):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0695 Abstract + ( 203 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 26 ) To understand current situation of control technologies of fungicide application in apple production, 32 apple orchards in main apple producing areas in Henan Province were investigated through visits and face-to-face interview, to analyze the fungicide application in the whole growth period of apple. The following problems are found by the study: the operation process in apple production is not standardized; a great varieties of fungicides are used in different apple orchards, and the application of chemical fungicides are more than that of biological agents; and there are significant differences in the application amount of fungicides in different orchards. Among the 32 orchards, the least application amount of fungicide is 27 kg/hm2, and the most is 280.5 kg/hm2. The application frequency is also different among the 32 orchards, the least is 6 times, and the most is 14 times. The corresponding methods are put forward to establish a process control technology system of fungicide application in apple production.

  Dynamics of Nutrient Elements in Leaf and Fruit of Olive and the Correlation Analysis DAI Qianli, ZHU Hengxing, HUANG Feiyi, LU Min, CHEN Benwen, CHEN Qin, GUAN Yunfeng, YIN Siqin, ZHU Yuanchun 2022, 38 (18):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0697 Abstract + ( 214 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2169KB )   ( 27 ) To provide a theoretical basis for balanced fertilization and for high-quality and high-yield cultivation of olive, the research on the dynamics of nutrient elements, fruit expanding law and their correlation was carried out in Hechuan area of Chongqing. 7-year-old Olea europaea ‘Arbequina’ was used as experiment material, fruits and leaves were collected from three similar trees which had no diseases and insect pests from June 17 to October 22. The content of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in leaves and fruits were measured with nitric acid - hydrochloric acid - perchloric acid deboiling - ICP method, and the content of N was measured with Kjeldahl determination. The fruit expanding law was investigated by measuring the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of fruits using vernier caliper. The results showed that during ‘Arbequina’ growth period, macroelements in fruits and leaves had different trends with fruit expanding. In general, the content of macroelements presented an order of K>Ca>N>P>Mg in leaves and K>N>Ca>P>Mg in fruits. The demand for microelement Fe was significantly higher than that for Mn, Zn and Cu, and the element Fe in leaves was much higher than that in fruits. There were universal correlations among mineral elements’ content inside leaves and fruits, as well as that with fruit expansion. In terms of the dynamic content of mineral elements in leaves and fruits, nutrient elements N, K and Ca maintained relatively high levels during the development period, and should be fully satisfied by fertilizing. Considering the antagonistic and synergistic relationship among the elements, N fertilizer should also be applied with P and K fertilizer and microelement fertilizer (contain Cu and Zn) to achieve high-yield and high-quality cultivation of olive.

  Trajectory Planning of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Pollination WANG Ruyi, WANG Xiujuan, GAO Lei, YUE Xun 2022, 38 (18):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0824 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3546KB )   ( 35 ) The aging of workforce, the low efficiency of artificial pollination and the lack of digital and precise management are current situation of orchards. In order to solve these problems, firstly, the preliminary key technical preparations of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (multi-UAVs) for pollination were clarified, including the optimized combination of pollinating paternal anther, the commercial storage of anthers and so on. Secondly, targeting the problem of poor pollen spraying uniformity of multi-UAVs for pollination, the cluster approach of multi-UAVs for accurate pollen spraying operation was proposed. Based on target location allocation of UAVs cluster, collision avoidance and cluster queue area path planning, the automatic trajectory planning technologies of multi-UAVs for pollination were designed. Finally, the virtual simulation of 3-unit multi-UAVs for pollination was achieved in Matlab environment. Multi-UAVs for pollination will provide a step ahead theoretical exploration and feasible application scheme for the construction of intelligent, ecological and unmanned farm for precision planting.