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• 2022 Vol.38 No.19 Published:05 July 2022

  Effects of Nitrogen Top-dressing by Stages on Yield and Post-flowering Photosynthetic Characteristics and Nitrogen Utilization of Maize Under Shallow-buried Drip Irrigation GE Xuanliang, YANG Hengshan, ZHAO Peijun, LIU Jing, ZHANG Yushan 2022, 38 (19):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0078 Abstract + ( 349 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF ( 1450KB )   ( 111 ) To study the differences of post-flowering photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen utilization and yield formation of maize with different nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing methods under shallow-burial drip irrigation, the maize with one-time top-dressing (CK) and top-dressing by stages (NFQ) of nitrogen were taken as the research object, and the post-flowering leaf source characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen utilization, as well as the yield and yield components were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the post-flowering leaf source characteristics of NFQ were significantly better than those of CK from 2018 to 2020, and the leaf area index, chlorophyll SPAD value and leaf nitrogen content of NFQ increased by 6.35%, 11.02% and 5.34%, respectively. The post-flowering photosynthetic characteristics of NFQ were also significantly better than those of CK, and net photosynthetic rate, instantaneous light energy use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation rate of NFQ increased by 6.98%, 4.28%, 20.49% and 12.73%, respectively. The nitrogen accumulation and transport amount of NFQ were significantly higher than those of CK, increased by 23.73% and 19.29% respectively; the yield of NFQ was significantly higher than that of CK, with an average increase of 9.40% in the experimental years, and the significant increase of kernel number per ear and 1000-kernel weight was the main reason for the yield increase. This study recommended that the suitable nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing method for maize production in the well-irrigated area of the West Liaohe Plain should be top-dressing at a ratio of 3:6:1 at the jointing stage, the big flare stage and the silking stage.

  The Barley Varieties Bred by Baoshan Institution of Agricultural Sciences and Their Pedigree Analysis ZHAO Jiatao, FU Zhengbo, YANG Xianghong, ZI Shangyong, LIU Mengdao 2022, 38 (19):  8-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0730 Abstract + ( 245 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1180KB )   ( 64 ) Pedigree analysis can simply and effectively elucidate the integrated genetic basis of breeding varieties, and grasping the genetic basis of breeding varieties is helpful to reveal the characteristics of variety evolution, summarize the experience of parental selection and guide variety breeding. This research analyzed the breeding methods and the variety pedigree of 21 barley varieties bred by Baoshan Institution of Agricultural Sciences since 2000. The results show that the hybrid breeding is the main barley breeding method of Baoshan Institution of Agricultural Sciences, 76.2% of the varieties were bred through cross-breeding, 23.8% of the varieties were bred through systematic selection. The 21 barley varieties were derived from 20 cell nucleus ancestor parents and 10 cytoplasm ancestor parents. The parental cell nucleus from Mexico gave the largest contribution value, which was 62.35%, indicating that the ancestral parents of Baodamai series were mainly from Mexico. The parents ‘YS500’, ‘V008’, ‘8640’ and ‘Peaosanhos-174’ from Mexico had the largest cumulative cell nucleus contribution value and most derived varieties, which were the core ancestral parents.

  Effect of Different Irrigation Amounts on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Under Water Fertilizer Coupling Condition LIU Jianxiong, SUN Linlin, LIU Xun, HU Huabing, DING Zhaofei, YUAN Tuantuan, XUN Ting 2022, 38 (19):  12-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0723 Abstract + ( 184 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1284KB )   ( 40 ) The study aims to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts on the yield and quality of sugar beet, and to determine the best irrigation scheme with less water and high sugar beet yield and sugar content, so as to provide a theoretical basis for water saving irrigation in sugar beet production. Six irrigation gradients (3312.75, 4005.30, 4697.85, 5390.40, 6082.95 and 6775.50 m3/hm2) were set up in the experiment. Different water amounts were injected according to the proportion of water demand in each growth period at seedling stage, leaf cluster flourishing stage, root tuber sugar growth stage and sugar accumulation stage, respectively, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were analyzed. The results show that irrigation amount has significant effect on sugar content, yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet. The yield and quality of sugarbeet are at a low level when the irrigation amount is 3312.80 m3/hm2 in the whole growth period. With the gradual increase of irrigation amount, sugar content, yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet show upward trends. When the irrigation amount is 4697.90 m3/hm2 in the whole growth period, sugar content, root yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet are the highest, however, when the irrigation amount is higher than 4697.90 m3/hm2, sugar content, root tuber yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet begin to decline. When the irrigation amount is 6775.55 m3/hm2, sugar content, root tuber yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet are the lowest. Therefore, in Shihezi area of Xinjiang, the total irrigation amount is 4697.90 m3/hm2 when the sugarbeet is irrigated seven times during the whole growth period, which could make the sugar content, yield and sugar yield of sugarbeet the best.

  The Callus Induction for Stem Segment and Adventitious Bud Regeneration System of Euonymus maackii LI Ruijing, TIAN Ju, LIU Yang 2022, 38 (19):  18-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0231 Abstract + ( 197 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1710KB )   ( 47 ) The study aims to optimize the tissue culture reproduction and regeneration system of Euonymus maackii, solve the problem of small multiplication coefficient when the axillary bud germination is used as the regeneration method for tissue culture. Taking the young stems of E. maackii as the materials, we sterilized them with 20% sodium hypochlorite and 0.1% mercuric chloride respectively, and set the treatment time as 8, 10 and 12 minutes, to obtain the best sterilization plan. Using E. maackii stems as the materials, by adjusting the concentration of 6-BA and NAA, the stems of E. maackii were induced to produce callus. The callus of E. maackii was used as the material, and the adventitious buds were induced by 6-BA and NAA orthogonal test. Using the adventitious buds of E. maackii as the materials, we adjusted the concentration of 6-BA and NAA to increase the proliferation coefficient of subsequent generations. Using E. maackii seedlings as the materials, we adjusted the concentration of IBA and NAA to obtain rooting seedlings of E. maackii. The results showed that: (1) the best solution for sterilizing the young stems of E. maackii was 20% sodium hypochlorite for 12 minutes, and the pollution rate was 2%; (2) the best medium for stem callus induction was 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA, and the induction rate was 80.00%; (3) the best medium for adventitious bud induction was 0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA, and the induction rate was 91.11%; (4) the best medium for subsequent proliferation was MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA, and the proliferation coefficient was 6; (5) the best medium for rooting culture was 1/2MS+IBA 0.3 mg/L, and the average number of roots was 5. The callus is induced from the budless stems of E. maackii, and the proliferation coefficient is increased to 6. The optimization of the tissue culture regeneration system of E. maackii is achieved.

  Multiple Traits of Processing Tomato Varieties in Kuitun of Xinjiang: Comprehensive Evaluation HUANG Min, BUKA Ouerna, SONG Mei, DU Jing, MAO Pengzhi, LI Zemin 2022, 38 (19):  25-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0797 Abstract + ( 246 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1168KB )   ( 37 ) Through comprehensive evaluation of multiple traits of processing tomato varieties, the study aims to provide technical support for identification and screening of excellent germplasm resources. 9 processing tomato varieties (lines) were selected for variety comparison test, and 13 agronomic traits were analyzed and determined. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis (PCA-CA) were used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the main agronomic traits of processing tomato varieties. The average coefficient of variation of 13 agronomic traits was 10.23%. By principal component analysis, 13 agronomic traits could be divided into 3 main indexes: fruit appearance quality factor, fruit yield factor and fruit intrinsic quality factor, which could accurately evaluate processing tomato varieties. Plant height, weight of single fruit, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, average yield, soluble solid content, lycopene content and total acid content were the main traits. ‘T60’ and ‘Xinfan 15’ ranked the first and second on comprehensive scores. Cluster analysis of the 9 processing tomato varieties was carried out by group-average method, and the varieties could be divided into 5 groups. The comprehensive evaluation system established in this study can provide reference for breeding high-quality processing tomato varieties.

  Effects of Melatonin Priming on Physiological Characteristics of Cucumber Seedlings Under Drought Stress YIN Shanshan, ZHOU Guoyan, GU Bowen, WU Chuncheng, YAN Liying, XIE Yang 2022, 38 (19):  30-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0781 Abstract + ( 227 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1417KB )   ( 44 ) The purpose is to study the effect of melatonin (MT) seed priming on cucumber seedling growth under drought stress, so as to provide a theoretical basis for selecting MT as cucumber seed priming agent or coating agent. The seeds were treated with 50, 100, 150 μmol/L melatonin (MT) priming for 6, 12 and 15 h, and the unprimed seeds were used as a control, the drought stress was set at 50% of field moisture capacity, and the substrate pot cultivation was used. The results showed that 50-100 μmol/L of MT priming for 15 h triggered a significant increase in drought tolerance of cucumber seedlings. Compared with the control, 50 μmol/L MT priming increased the photosynthetic rate of the seedlings by 85.5%, and SOD, POD and CAT activities by 5.1%, 42.4% and 38.8%, respectively, and the root vigor was improved by 154.0%, indicating that suitable concentration of MT priming could improve the drought tolerance of cucumber seedlings by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities and root vigor of the seedlings.

  Study on the Mechanism of Blueberry Off-season Flowering SU Zechun, HE Jiawei, YANG Zhengsong, HE Zhijiao, YANG Yahan, HE Wenjia 2022, 38 (19):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0125 Abstract + ( 255 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1290KB )   ( 72 ) To reveal the mechanism of the off-season flowering of blueberry in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the characters of flowering and fruiting were observed in Yunnan, and the yield composing factors at different stages were analyzed by correlation analysis. The results were as follows. (1) ‘Sharpblue’ had flowering and fruiting for three times and no time interval between two successive blooms, ‘Shuangfeng’ had flowering and fruiting twice and an obvious interval was observed between the two blooms, and ‘Lanfeng’ had flowering and fruiting only once in a year. (2) During the first flowering and fruiting of ‘Sharpblue’, the yield had highly and significantly positive correlation with the number of primary fruit branches, while, during the second and third flowering and fruiting of ‘Sharpblue’, the yield had highly and significantly positive correlation with the number of secondary branches. (3) For ‘Shuangfeng’, the yield had highly and significantly positive correlation with the number of primary fruit branches and the number of fruits on primary branches during the first flowering and fruiting, while, during the second flowering and fruiting of ‘Shuangfeng’, the yield had highly and significantly positive correlation with the number of fruits on primary branches. (4) During the flowering and fruiting of ‘Lanfeng’, the yield had highly and significantly positive correlation with the number of secondary fruit branches and the number of fruits on secondary branches. The present study explored the flowering and fruiting characteristics of three blueberry varieties, and the results can provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the correlations of the flower bud differentiation with endgenous hormones, morphological anatomy and flowering genes.

  Study on the Flower Blooming Law of Three Fruit Coconut Varieties CHEN Siting, LIU Rui, LU Lilan 2022, 38 (19):  43-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0709 Abstract + ( 272 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1185KB )   ( 27 ) The paper aims to study the law of coconut flower blooming and fruit setting. Taking ‘Wenye No.2’, ‘Wenye No.3’ and ‘Wenye No.4’ as materials, and the number of inflorescences and female flowers, and the fruit-setting rate in different months were counted. The results showed that: under the condition of no water and fertilizer management, for ‘Wenye No.2’, there were 12.85 inflorescences and 234.93 female flowers per year, and the fruit-setting rate of 8-month-old fruit was 19.67%. For ‘Wenye No.3’, there were 12.36 inflorescences and 193.64 female flowers per year, and the fruit-setting rate of 8-month-old fruit was 18.83%. For ‘Wenye No.4’, there were 16.05 inflorescences and 415.10 female flowers per year, and the fruit-setting rate of 8-month-old fruit was 9.52%. In the actual production, under the condition of sufficient supply of water and fertilizer, all the 3 varieties could produce more than 100 fruits per year on average, which shows that the water and fertilizer management has a very obvious effect on the yield of coconut.

  Transection Structure and Characteristics of Wild Tea Tree Leaves in Guangxi DENG Huiqun, QUAN Cheng, ZHANG Yansheng, PAN Linyan, WEI Liuhua 2022, 38 (19):  47-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0743 Abstract + ( 383 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 4174KB )   ( 83 ) The leaves of wild tea trees in Guangxi were dissected, and their characteristics of drought resistance, cold resistance, and resistance to disease and insect pests were analyzed from the perspective of anatomy, so as to provide a feasible basis for rapid identification of resources and new variety breeding of tea tree in Guangxi. The leaves of 21 wild tea strains in seven counties (districts) of Guangxi were studied by using modified paraffin sectioned method and observed under optical microscope. The thickness of leaf vein, leaf, epidermal cell cuticle, spongy tissue and palisade tissue varied with different strains. The ratio of leaf vein thickness to leaf thickness was 1.62-7.06, the epidermal cell cuticle thickness was 1.63-4.21 μm, the epidermal cell thickness was 14.83-30.17 μm, the ratio of epidermal cell thickness to spongy tissue thickness was 0.08-0.21, and the ratio of the palisade tissue thickness to spongy tissue thickness was 0.31-1.04. Liubao 01 and Liubao 02 had the strongest comprehensive resistance, followed by Bainiu 01, Kaishancha 01 and Kaishancha 02, which all had strong drought resistance, cold resistance and resistance to disease and insect pests.

  Effects of Amino Acid Foliar Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Etiolated Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) in Summer and Autumn LIU Shengchuan, WEI Jie, CHEN Zhixiong, XU Lin, HE Guoju, YAN Donghai 2022, 38 (19):  54-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0813 Abstract + ( 256 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 106 ) To provide technical support for increasing yield and improving quality of etiolated tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in summer and autumn, the etiolated cultivar ‘Zhonghuang 3’ was selected to study the effects of amino acid foliar fertilizer on tea yield and quality. Five treatments were set up, including no foliar fertilizer (CK), spraying amino acid water-soluble foliar fertilizer (amino acid≥100 g/L, Zn≥10 g/L, B≥100 g/L, T1), spraying active amino acid foliar fertilizer (amino acid≥100 g/L, organic matter≥130 g/L, Zn+B≥100 g/L, T2), spraying special foliar fertilizer for tea plant (amino acid≥100 g/L, Zn+B≥100 g/L, T3), and spraying 1.8% urea (total N≥46.4%, T4). The results showed that the budding density and the 100-bud fresh weight of one bud and two leaves under foliar fertilizer treatments were higher or significantly higher than those of CK, respectively. The yield of CK was the lowest. The yield of T1, T2 and T3 was higher than that of T4, while the yield of T1 and T3 was slightly higher than that of T2, respectively. There was no significant difference in water extracts and caffeine content among all treatments. The ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acids (TP/AA) of CK was the highest, while that of T2 was the lowest. TP/AA of T1 and T2 was significantly lower than that of CK and T4, while no significant difference was observed among that of CK, T3 and T4. The study suggested that T1 and T2 could contribute more to increasing the yield and improving the quality of green tea in summer and autumn, while T2 had better overall quality.

  A Specific PCR Method for Identifying the Authentic Medicinal Material Bulbus Fritillariae cirrhosae ZHANG Fuli, ZHANG Yirong, LAN Qingkuo, YANG Xiaofeng, LIU Wei, FU Shaobing, LIU Qian, CHEN Min, YIN Quan 2022, 38 (19):  59-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0727 Abstract + ( 405 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1739KB )   ( 37 ) To establish a specific PCR method for rapid detection of plant origin components of bulbus Fritillariae cirrhosae, the HMGR gene sequence was downloaded from the NCBI database and compared. Degenerate primers were designed according to the homologous DNA fragments, and the genome from bulbus F. cirrhosae and other easily confused species were analyzed. Then specific primers were designed for longer specific nucleic acid fragment from bulbus F. cirrhosae. The total DNA was extracted from dry bulbs of bulbus F. cirrhosae. The specific primers BMH-TF/BMH-TR were designed and the PCR amplification conditions were optimized. Then the specificity and sensitivity were tested, and the PCR detection system specific for bulbus F. cirrhosae was successfully established. The PCR products were able to amplify a single band of 120 bp by agarose gel electrophoresis, and no amplification band was found in other samples and the blank under the same conditions. The sensitivity of this primer was 2 ng/μL, the lower limit of detection was 4 ng. The test results of 10 kinds of commercially available medicinal herbs proved that this method was simple, accurate and reliable with good reproducibility. This PCR method can identify bulbus F. cirrhosae rapidly, and has the advantages of rapidness and high specificity.

  Effects of Passivator on Cadmium Content and Physiological Characteristics of Lilium lancifolium LEI Xingyu, HU Yao, DENG Gangqiao, LI Honggao, ZHANG Yuelong, HU Die, LI Lihui 2022, 38 (19):  66-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0748 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1366KB )   ( 41 ) In order to reduce the cadmium content of Lilium lancifolium, biochar, quicklime and serpentine were used as passivators, to explore the effects of different passivators on cadmium content in soil and organs of L. lancifolium, and the related physiological indexes through pot experiments. The results showed that cadmium content in soil decreased by 11.8%, 33.0% and 17.1%, respectively, under the application of the 3 passivators, available cadmium content decreased by 13.3%, 26.7% and 13.3%, respectively, and pH increased by 0.32, 0.48 and 0.43, respectively. The cadmium content in roots, bulbs, stems, leaves and flowers decreased by 8%, 22%, 15%, 24% and 2% with biochar addition, 25%, 30%, 29%, 34% and 22% with quicklime addition, and 19%, 26%, 16%, 32% and 26% with serpentine addition, respectively. In addition, the 3 passivators decreased malondialdehyde content by 32.60%、51.20% and 34.09%, and proline content by 8.32%, 16.76% and 10.5%, respectively, and increased catalase activity by 9.83%, 18.12% and 10.76%, superoxide dismutase activity by 17.37%, 38.76% and 18.78%, and peroxidase activity by 9.42%, 23.62% and 10.68%, respectively. The results demonstrated that all of the 3 passivators could effectively reduce the cadmium content in soil and organs of L. lancifolium, and enhance the ability of plant to resist cadmium stress. On the whole, quicklime has the superior performance on reducing cadmium.

  Changes of Key Enzyme Activities for Salvianolic Acid Biosynthesis Before and After Flowering in Salvia miltiorrhiza Polyploid WU Shun, MA Xiaojing, QIU Yun, SUN Jianpeng, ZHAI Xi, LIU Qi 2022, 38 (19):  73-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0901 Abstract + ( 150 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1286KB )   ( 22 ) To study the effect of flowering on salvianolic acid accumulation, the changes of the key enzymes activities for salvianolic acid biosynthesis were studied at bud, flowering and decaying stage in Salvia miltiorrhiza polyploid. The results showed that soluble protein increased first and then decreased, and reached the peak at flowering stage of S. miltriorrhiza polyploid, and the soluble protein content in No.5 S. miltriorrhiza leaves was higher than that of other S. miltriorrhiza polyploid at all stages. Tyrosin aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme activity at bud stage was higher than that after flowering, especially low at full flowering stage. The activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) enzyme increased gradually in different S. miltriorrhiza polyploid. The change of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) enzyme activity firstly decreased and then increased during the flowering stage. However, the TAT, PAL and C4H enzyme activities in No.5 S. miltriorrhiza were higher than those of other S. miltriorrhiza polyploid at all stages, which might be one of the reasons why salvianolic acid content in No.5 S. miltriorrhiza was higher than that of others.

  Investigation and Floristic Analysis of Medicinal Plant Resources in Lingdong District of Shuangyashan City ZHANG Wei, YANG Judong, TAN Long, GUO Shenglei, SUN Yan 2022, 38 (19):  77-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0162 Abstract + ( 200 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1401KB )   ( 38 ) The paper aims to explore the characteristics of medicinal plant resources and the floristic composition of medicinal plants in Lingdong District of Shuangyashan City and their genetic relationship with plants floristic composition in adjacent areas. The research was carried out based on the Fourth National Survey of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and the theory of plant geography. There were 272 species of medicinal vascular plants belonging to 71 families and 199 genera in Lingdong, which were dominated by angiosperms. In the composition of families and genera, single species family, oligotypic family, monotypic genus and oligotypic genus constituted the main body of plant resources in this area. Perennial herbs were the main form. Whole herbs were the main medicinal parts. 36 species were investigated, and the total reserve was 1808736.85 kg. The floristic components of seed plants were rich, mainly temperate components, and many components coexisted. The R/T value of Lingdong was the lowest and the temperate components were the highest. The results of cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship between Lingdong and Hegang was the closest. The wild medicinal plant resources are rich in Lingdong, the geographical elements of life form, medicinal parts and families and genera are obviously diverse, and the floristic affinity is affected by many factors.

  National Key Protected Plant Resources and Their Distribution Characteristics in Ledong County of Hainan Province LI Yingying, ZHENG Yunke, WANG Zhunian 2022, 38 (19):  86-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0712 Abstract + ( 193 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 34 ) According to The List of Rare and Endangered Plants in China (volume 1), The Rare and Endangered Plants in China Plant Red Data Book - (volume 1) and The National Key Protected Wild Plants List (first batch), we found that there are 31 species of national key protected plants in Ledong County of Hainan, which belong to 26 families and 29 genera, including 21 families, 23 genera and 23 species of angiosperms, 4 families, 4 genera and 4 species of gymnosperms, 1 family, 2 genera and 4 species of ferns. The study shows that the flora of the national key protected plants in Ledong County has obviously tropical properties, and distributes mainly at the middle altitude of 650-750 m and slope of 20°-30°. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for planning management and scientific protection of national key protected plant resources in Ledong County by studying the distribution characteristics of the resources.

  Spatial-temporal Variation Characteristics of NPP and the Driving Factors: A Case Study of Yan’an MA Su, CUI Guoyi, ZHAO Yu, ZHAO Ying, LIU Xuezhen, ZHANG Chengdong 2022, 38 (19):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0733 Abstract + ( 381 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1793KB )   ( 52 ) Based on the net primary productivity of vegetation (NPP) from 2000 to 2009, and considering the four natural factors of climate, vegetation, topography and soil, we used trend analysis and geodetector method to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of NPP and its driving factors in Yan’an. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2009, NPP in the study area presented an upward trend in general; (2) the spatial distribution of NPP in the study area was high in the south and low in the north; (3) precipitation, vegetation type, elevation and temperature were the main driving factors of the spatial distribution pattern of NPP in the study area. The contribution rate of interaction of any two natural factors was higher than that of single factor. China’s Grain to Green Program conducted in the study area and the climate fluctuations were the main reasons for the interannual increase of the NPP. The spatial differentiation of NPP was affected by the interaction of various natural factors. The study on spatial and temporal variation of NPP and its driving force could provide a theoretical basis for regional ecosystem restoration.

  Research Trend Analysis of Forest Greenhouse Gas Emissions WU Song, LIU Yongzhi, YANG Libin, JIANG Yunbing, ZHOU Tian 2022, 38 (19):  99-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0181 Abstract + ( 180 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2741KB )   ( 40 ) To understand the research status and development trend of forest greenhouse gas emissions, based on the bibliometric method, the published literature in the Web of Science database from 2017 to 2021 was statistically and visually analyzed with the help of VOSviewer and Citespace tools. The results are as follows. (1) The literature on global forest greenhouse gas emissions was increasing year by year, and the impact factors of journals with high publication volume were high. The publication volume of China and the United States were far more than that of other countries, and the two countries had the closest cooperation, while they had cooperative research with almost all other core countries in this field. (2) The publication volume of the literature of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Forestry ranked among the top 10 in the world, they had a great global influence in this research field, and they were also the main research force in China. (3) Corre M D and Veldkamp E from Germany and Peng Ch from China ranked first in the number of published papers. There was more cooperation among authors in the same cluster, and the communication between authors in different clusters still needs to be strengthened. (4) Research on the law and mechanism of global warming and forest land-use change on greenhouse gas emissions, and the improvement of the data model and the monitor technology were the research priorities and hotspots in this field. Therefore, in view of China’s high comprehensive strength in this research field, to accurately determine the distribution of domestic forest carbon storage is particularly important. To realize the goal of ‘carbon neutrality’, the establishment of carbon sink trade mechanism, and the pilot and popularization of the urban carbon trade market will be important tasks in the next few years.

  Effects of Tillage Methods on Heavy Metal Cadmium Accumulation in Rice-Wheat Rotation System in Chengdu Plain ZHANG Qi, LIU Haitao, TIAN Jing, YAO Li, WANG Hong, LIN Chaowen 2022, 38 (19):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0736 Abstract + ( 213 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1194KB )   ( 36 ) To study the effects of tillage methods (plow tillage, rotary tillage, no-tillage and straw retention) on heavy metal cadmium accumulation in rice-wheat rotation system in Chengdu Plain, and to explore the optimal agricultural production pattern in Cd contaminated fields, a two-year field experiment was performed on the Cd contaminated fields. The experiment was carried out with different tillage methods, including plow tillage with straw retention, plow tillage with straw removed, rotary tillage with straw retention, rotary tillage with straw removed, no-tillage with straw retention and no-tillage with straw removed, to analyze their effects on crop yield and Cd content in straw and soil. The results showed that plow tillage treatment could significantly reduce the heavy metal Cd concentration in wheat and rice grain compared with the rotary tillage and no-tillage. Under the same tillage method, straw retention had no great impact on the wheat and rice grain Cd concentration. Compared with the rotary tillage and no-tillage, the total and available Cd content of topsoil and the Cd content in straw under plow tillage were significantly lower. Therefore, to ensure the crop yield and reduce the Cd content in agricultural products, plow tillage is one of the effective technical patterns for the safe production of the wheat-rice rotation system in Cd contaminated fields in Chengdu Plain.

  Selenium Content of Vegetable Soil in Chongqing and Its Influencing Factors ZHANG Han, GONG Min, SHI Rujie 2022, 38 (19):  114-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0708 Abstract + ( 188 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1229KB )   ( 36 ) A total of 28 samples of plow layer soil (0-25 cm) were collected from vegetable field in Chongqing to assess the total and available soil selenium (Se). The correlations of soil pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen content with total Se and available Se were analyzed. The results show that the soil total Se content in the study area is moderate and the overall average value is 0.22 mg/kg, slightly higher than the national soil background value. The average content of available Se content is 9.31µg/kg, which is at a high level. The variation coefficient of total Se and available Se is 76% and 53% respectively, indicating that there is a significant difference of Se content among the districts and counties in Chongqing. The correlation coefficient between soil total Se and available Se in the study area is 0.84 (P<0.01), which is significantly and positively correlated. Soil total Se and available Se are positively correlated with soil pH, organic matter and total nitrogen. Overall, the vegetable soil in Chongqing has the potential to develop Se-rich vegetables. In the future, the Se content in soil and vegetables could be improved by ameliorating soil acidity and alkalinity, increasing organic fertilizer and reasonably applying nitrogen fertilizer.

  Effect of Organic Improvement Materials on the Fertility of Dredger Fill in Coastal Area MA Xiang, CAI Yongli, LIANG Jing 2022, 38 (19):  120-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0728 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 30 ) Dredger fill is an important soil resource for urban development in coastal areas, but due to its serious degradation of soil physical and chemical properties, it has made coastal areas become the key and difficult point of urban green construction. To carry out improvement test of dredger fill is very important, which can provide scientific guidance for the reuse of dredger fill in coastal areas. This study took Shanghai Lingang dredger fill as the research object, different proportions of peat, organic substrate and bio-organic fertilizer were added to improve the quality of dredger fill. A four-month pot experiment was set up to analyze the physical and chemical properties of each treatment soil, and the biomass of tagetes was also measured. Based on the research results, the optimal improvement ratio was evaluated. The results of the study showed that, compared with the unimproved soil treatment (CK), the addition of peat, organic substrate and bio-organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the bulk density and soil pH of dredger fill. The organic improvement materials could also increase the maximum soil water holding capacity, soil porosity and soil organic matter. Compared with those of CK, after adding peat, organic substrate and bio-organic fertilizer, the bulk density was reduced by 0.30, 0.23 and 0.24 g/cm3, respectively, the maximum soil water holding capacity was increased by 62%, 40% and 45%, respectively, and the soil organic matter was increased by 26.1, 39.8 and 39.1 g/kg, respectively. Compared with CK, after adding peat, organic substrate and bio-organic fertilizer, the biomass of the aboveground and underground parts of tagetes increased to varying degrees. The total fresh weight of tagetes was expressed as peat> organic substrate> bio-organic fertilizer. The comprehensive score of soil principal components’ analysis was significantly and linearly correlated with the dry weight of the aboveground part of tagetes, indicating that the comprehensive evaluation results of soil are of reference significance and the 50% peat addition is the optimal ratio.

  Repellent Effect of Rhizobium on Spodoptera frugiperda REN Xuexiang, JING Maofeng, SU Xianyan, CHI Yu, CHEN Haoliang, ZHONG Yongzhi, YE Zhenghe 2022, 38 (19):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0475 Abstract + ( 210 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 55 ) The purpose of this study is to determine whether rhizobia remaining in the soil of soybean have repellent effect on Spodoptera frugiperda. Maize and wheat were coated with rhizobia, the differences of leaf feeding amount of S. frugiperda in different treatments were determined, and the influence of rhizobia on S. frugiperda was clarified. It was found that the leaf feeding amount of S. frugiperda on maize and wheat seeds after rhizobia treatment were significantly less than that of control treatment. When maize leaves were placed for 6, 22 and 27 h, the maize leaf weight of rhizobia treatment was decreased by 0.1167, 0.2622 and 0.3733 g respectively, and leaf weight of the blank treatment was decreased by 0.1744, 0.4211 and 0.5744 g respectively. When wheat leaves were placed for 22 h, the wheat leaf weight of rhizobia treatment was decreased by 0.3102 g, and that of the blank treatment was decreased by 0.3503 g. In conclusion, rhizobia have a repellent effect on S. frugiperda.

  Safety of 6 Herbicides on Setaria italica and Their Weed Control Efficacy LI Binghua, LIU Xiaomin, XU Xian, ZHAO Bochui, LI Zhuolin 2022, 38 (19):  133-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0086 Abstract + ( 529 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1374KB )   ( 87 ) In order to screen safe herbicides for Setaria italica (foxtail millet), the efficacy of metribuzin, bixlozone, flumioxazin, flumetsulam, pyroxasulfone and terbuthylazine were studied using laboratory bioassays in two application periods of seedling pre-emergence and post-emergence, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to test the weed control efficacy and safety of terbuthylazine screened out by the indoor bioassay experiment. The indoor bioassay results showed that the pre-emergence application of the six herbicides inhibited the biomass of foxtail millet by more than 20% and caused seedling death. In foliar-applied treatments, the herbicides inhibited plant height and biomass of foxtail millet to a lesser degree than in soil treatments, but the inhibitory rate of metribuzin, flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone on foxtail millet were more than 20%. The biomass inhibition rate on foxtail millet by 1500 g/hm2 and 1800 g/hm2 of 50% terbuthylazine SC was 0.76% and 2.99% respectively, and the control efficacy on Amaranthus retroflexus was 98.42% and 100% respectively. Field experiment showed that the biomass control efficacy of 1500 g/hm2 and 1800 g/hm2 of 50% terbuthylazine SC on broad-leaved weeds were 93.46% and 95.84%, respectively, and the two treatments increased the millet yield by 41.40% and 41.82% compared with the blank control. Based on the research results, the six herbicides have low safety on foxtail millet under pre-emergence soil treatment, and terbuthylazine has the application prospect as foliar-applied herbicide in the control of broad-leaved weeds in foxtail millet field.

  Effects of Mixed Saline-alkali Stress on Growth and Physiology of Alfalfa WANG Xiaochun, YANG Tianhui, WANG Chuan, YANG Weidi, GAO Ting 2022, 38 (19):  139-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0766 Abstract + ( 276 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1346KB )   ( 28 ) In this study, mixed saline-alkali solution was used to simulate the saline-alkali stress, and pot experiments were carried out on alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The experiment set mixed saline-alkali solution gradients of 0.0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% to stress the seedling stage alfalfa, and to study the effects of mixed saline-alkali stress on plant height, root growth, leaf proline and other growth and physiological indicators. The results showed that with the increase of saline-alkali concentration, the plant height of alfalfa, and the biomass of the aboveground and underground parts all increased first and then decreased, the highest value appeared under the stress of 0.3% concentration, followed by that under the concentration of 0.6%, 0.9% and 0.0%, and the lowest value was observed under 1.2% concentration. There were significant differences among the treatments. The root thickness and root length were the lowest under 1.2% concentration stress, which was significantly lower than those of other treatments. Physiological indicators varied greatly among varieties. The content of proline, soluble sugar and MDA in leaves of most alfalfa varieties were the highest under the 1.2% concentration, which were significantly different from those under other treatments. The chlorophyll content of some varieties was the highest under 0.3% concentration and the lowest under 1.2% concentration, and others had irregular changes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT under 1.2% concentration were significantly higher than those of control. It is concluded that alfalfa at seedling stage has stronger tolerance to saline-alkali stress than that at germination stage. When the saline-alkali concentration is 1.2%, the growth and physiological indicators of alfalfa change greatly compared with those of CK, so this concentration can be used as the appropriate one to identify the saline-alkali stress tolerance for alfalfa at the seedling stage.

  Aroma Substances of Flue-cured Tobacco ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ ZHOU Dong, ZHANG Yan, LV Jun, ZHANG Jiankui, DENG Kexuan, ZONG Xuefeng, DAI Xiumei 2022, 38 (19):  146-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0780 Abstract + ( 243 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1293KB )   ( 79 ) The comparative analysis of the aroma substances’ contents of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ and the control, ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’, was carried out to improve the cultivation technologies of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ and the application of the cultivar in cigarette manufacturing industry. The middle part of tobacco leaves (C3F) of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’, ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’ in Wushan County of Chongqing were collected, and the aroma substances in leaves were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 70 kinds of aroma substances or latent aroma substances were detected in the samples. The contents of terpenoids, aldehydes and ketones in ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ were slightly lower than those in ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’. The contents of nitrogen heterocycles and phenols were slightly higher than those in ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’. The contents of alcohols, esters and acids in ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ were lower than those of ‘Yunyan 87’, but higher than those of ‘K326’. The proportion of aroma substances of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ in the total amount of detected aroma or latent aroma substances was 23.48%, higher than that of ‘Yunyan 87’ (22.74%) and ‘K326’ (17.98%), which was conducive to the rapid degradation and production of aroma substances during aging. The proportion of neophytadiene in ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ to the total amount of aroma substances was lower than that of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’, which was beneficial to reducing the irritation of flue gas and coordinating the odor. The ratio of furan compound content to neophytodien content of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ was higher than that of the control, the amount of aroma substances produced by carotenoids degradation of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ was 5.92% and 5.22% higher than that of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’ respectively, and the amount of leaf exudate degradation products or derivates of ‘Yujinxiang No.1’ was 34.310 µg/g, higher than that of ‘Yunyan 87’ (32.996 µg/g) and ‘K326’ (32.490 µg/g), which was conducive to showing the aroma characteristics of the cultivar. In summary, high content of aroma substances and coordinated chemical composition result in good aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Yujinxiang No.1’.

  Response Surface Method for Optimizing the Fermentation Process of Acanthopanax senticosus with High Isofraxidin Yield ZHANG He, WAN Lu, YAN Jiajia, YOU Mengyao, ZENG Weimin, ZHENG Chunying 2022, 38 (19):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0702 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1629KB )   ( 28 ) Single factor experiment and response surface method were used to improve the yield of isofraxidin from fermenfed Acanthopanax senticosus. Fermentation duration, initial pH, fermentation temperature, shaker speed, added volume of AJ14 suspension and substrate concentration were detected to study the effects on the content of isofraxidin. Based on the single factor experiment, the optimized condition was determined by using Box-Behnken experimental design to study the initial pH, fermentation duration, added volume of AJ14 suspension and their interaction effects on the yields of isofraxidin. The results showed that the optimum parameters were initial pH of 7.5, fermentation temperature of 27℃ and the added volume of AJ14 suspension (1×107 CFU/mL) of 6 mL. Under the condition, isofraxidin in fermented A. senticosus was (0.6629±0.0007) mg/g and the relative error of predicted value was small. Therefore, the analytical results obtained by the response surface method could lay a foundation for the production of isofraxidin by microbial fermentation and provide reference for microbial fermented traditional Chinese medicine.

  Effects of Temperature-changing Withering Technology on the Quality of Gongmei White Tea HUANG Fan, WANG Yingchun, YE Yulong, GONG Xuejiao, HUANG Yingbo, XIONG Yuanyuan 2022, 38 (19):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0065 Abstract + ( 218 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 29 ) In order to explore the effects of temperature-changing withering on the sensory quality of white tea, Gongmei white tea of different seasons were taken as the research object. Compared with the traditional withering process, short-term hot air (45℃) of 10, 30 and 50 s were added to the withering process. The results showed that: compared with traditional withering process, the temperature-changing withering of 30 s enabled the sensory quality of Gongmei white tea to have grassy aroma reducing, honey aroma, orange-red tea soup and sweet taste, showing the characteristics of aged white tea;but after the temperature-changing withering of 10 s, there was still grassy aroma and astringent taste of fresh white tea; and the temperature-changing withering of 50 s had obvious effects on white tea, showing red color of dry tea, infused leaf and soup, and the sweetness of the taste and aroma had the characteristics of black tea. The three kinds of temperature-changing withering treatments could all reduce the content of water extracts, amino acids, soluble sugars, tea polyphenols, EGCG, ECG, non-ester catechins, ester catechins, total catechins and other substances in Gongmei white tea, and increase the content of flavonoids, thearubigin, theaflavin, and theabrownin. In terms of the Gongmei white tea of different seasons, after 30 s temperature-changing withering, the content decrease of caffeine, tea polyphenols, EGCG, ECG, CG, ester catechins and total catechins of Gongmei white tea in summer were greater than those in spring and autumn; while the flavonoids, GC and EC contents of non-ester catechins of Gongmei white tea in summer had the largest increase and the highest sensory quality score. To sum up, temperature-changing withering at different time has a significant impact on the quality of white tea of different seasons. The temperature-changing withering treatment at 45°C of 30 s can be used as a technological means to accelerate the aging of white tea and improve the utilization value of summer tea.