Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.20 Published:15 July 2022

  Main Agronomic Traits of Winter Wheat in Regional Trials of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley: Evolution in the Past Decade WEN Mingxing, LI Dongsheng, CHEN Chen, GUO Rui, YAO Weicheng, SHEN Xueyi, LIU Jiajun, DENG Yao 2022, 38 (20):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0188 Abstract + ( 266 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1112KB )   ( 38 ) Based on main agronomic traits of 212 materials of the national wheat regional trial in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley from 2012 to 2021, the evolution law of the traits was analyzed. The results showed that the wheat yield and the number of grains per spike decreased first and then increased as the time went on, the number of effective spikes decreased significantly, 1000-grain weight and plant height continued to increase, and the duration remained basically stable. In the future, on the basis of maintaining the current yield structure in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley wheat region, 1000-grain weight should be increased, the number of grains per spike should be appropriately reduced, and early-maturing varieties should be cultivated, which will be more conducive to improving the yield in this wheat region.

  Effects of Seed-Tuber Dressing by VDAL and Harpin on Potato Growth and Development CHUN Jun, SANG Youshun, CHEN Tao, FENG Yan, LI Qian, Zhang Qingpei 2022, 38 (20):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0191 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1340KB )   ( 141 ) Seed-tuber dressing is a necessity in potato cultivation because of cubed potato sowing. However, the existing methods mainly aim at the prevention of diseases and insect pests and focus on chemical agent closure. To meet the needs of induced resistance and green input increase in potato production and the development of green agriculture, we chose early-mature potato variety ‘XiSen No.3’ as the test material, and took the fermentation products VDAL and Harpin immune-induced protein dry powder which were made of engineering bacteria for seed-tuber dressing. Compared with the conventional chemical agent seed-tuber dressing method, we set up different concentrations of VDAL and Harpin, obtained the test data of potato germination, seedling emergence, plant and tuber growth and yield by investigation and statistics, and carried out the comprehensive evaluation of the effects of VDAL and Harpin on potato growth and development. 0.5 ppm Harpin and 3 ppm VDAL had better effects on the early emergence rate, which was above 20% higher than that of CK. The plant height increased by 13.73% and 9.30% respectively, tuber weight per plant in tuber expansion period increased by more than 20%, and the yield increased by 20.04% and 12.99% respectively compared with those of CK. This study identified the effects of seed-tuber dressing by VDAL and Harpin and could provide reference for the development of new methods and new products of potato seed-tuber treatment.

  Different Concentrations of Citric Acid: Effects on Sugar Beet Seed Priming CONG Junchao, HU Huabing, WANG Ronghua, LIU Dali, WU Zedong, WANG Maoqian 2022, 38 (20):  13-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1146 Abstract + ( 491 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1268KB )   ( 39 ) In order to study the effect of citric acid as initiator on sugar beet single seed priming, and to provide a basis for the selection of sugar beet seed coating material, in this experiment, sugar beet single seed 1113×NY051 was used as material, citric acid with different concentrations was used as initiator, and the data of germination potential and germination rate were obtained by direct measurement method. The results showed that the 9 treatments with different concentrations of citric acid and different time gradients could effectively promote the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index of 1113×NY051, and reduce the specific conductivity. Among them, the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index of 1113×NY051 beet seeds treated with 5 mmol/L citric acid at 8, 12 and 24 h were higher than those of the control group (CK), and the specific conductivity was lower than that of the control group (CK). Different concentrations of citric acid could significantly promote seed germination, and different treatment time and reagent concentrations had different effects on seed germination.

  Construction of Corncob Degradation Compound Microbial Agent and Analysis of Its Degradation Effect HAN Xiaoyun, HU Changlin, XU Ke, ZHENG Guihua, GUO Yuhao, SUN Qingshen 2022, 38 (20):  20-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0814 Abstract + ( 505 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2633KB )   ( 565 ) The purpose of this research is to construct a compound microbial agent to degrade corncobs, use biomass energy efficiently and decrease environmental pollution. In this study, cow dung and the fermented substrate of cow dung mixed with corncob were used as tested materials. The cellulose-degrading bacteria were screened through Congo red staining and filter paper enzyme activity (FPA), and the strains were identified. The obtained strains were subjected to antagonism analysis by the streaking method. Finally, the strains were compounded and inoculated into the corncob to study the fermentation effect. The results showed that the enzyme activities of strains BC-2W, BC-2Y, BC-7W, BC-7Y, BC-12Y, BC-15W, BC-15Y, B1-2, B1-11, B2-7, B2-8 and B2-9 obtained from both kinds of fermentation substrates were all higher than 9.0 U/mL, and the cellulose degradation rate of corncob inoculated with compound microbial agent reached (55.63 ±2.21)%, which was higher than that of corncob inoculated with cow dung. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscope results showed that the degradation degree of lignocellulose in corncob inoculated with compound microbial agent was higher than that of cow dung group. The compound microbial agent could degrade corncob effectively, and it had great application prospect in cellulose degradation and utilization of biological resources of corncob.

  Effects of Climate Change on Phenophase of Woody Plants in the Forest-Pasture Ecotone at the Western Foot of the Great Khingan Mountains WANG Yanping, JIN Lei, GAO Jian, WANG Zhichun 2022, 38 (20):  29-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0182 Abstract + ( 263 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2001KB )   ( 330 ) The purpose of the study is to reveal the change trend of woody plants’ phenophase and its response to climate change in the forest-pasture ecotone, and provide meteorological reference for guiding the ecological restoration projects of sand fixation and wind prevention. The phenophase observation data of three kinds of woody plants, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate, and simultaneous meteorological data from Ewenki meteorological experimental station in Inner Mongolia from 1994 to 2019 were used to analyze the influence of climate change on the phenophase of woody plants in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains by linear tendency estimation, Pearson correlation coefficient, scatter diagram and other methods. The results showed that in the 26 years, the temperature increased significantly in the plant growing season in this region, and the change trend of precipitation was not obvious. The flowering period of Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate was earlier, and the late abscission period was postponed by 9.6, 7.5, and 8.5 d every 10 years, respectively. The growing season was prolonged significantly, and the average growing season was 160-164 d. The air temperature was the key meteorological factor affecting the flowering period in spring and the late abscission period in autumn. The advanced flowering period of the three woody plants had a significantly negative correlation with the rise of temperature in spring, and the postponing of the late abscission period was significantly and positively correlated with the rise of temperature. In conclusion, under the background of climate warming, the earlier flowering period and the delayed late abscission period of the three woody plants have been observed, and the growth period is extended. The postponing days of the late abscission period are more than the earlier days of the flowering period, indicating that climate change has a more obvious impact on the late abscission period of woody plants, and the late abscission period has a greater contribution to the extension of the growing season. The phenophase change of woody plants is mainly influenced by temperature and has little correlation with precipitation in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains.

  Evaluation on the Drought Resistance of Seedlings of Nine Greening Tree Species ZHANG Mengfei, LI Shuang, LI Yunsheng, MA Haixia, LIU Yueqiu 2022, 38 (20):  38-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0052 Abstract + ( 320 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1730KB )   ( 215 ) With the increasing shortage of urban water resources, the problem of drought is becoming more and more serious. To study the drought resistance of different greening tree species can provide a theoretical basis for their cultivation and application under different site conditions, and is of great significance to landscaping. Two-year-old seedlings were used as test materials. After a certain period of drought stress treatment, 15 growth physiological indicators, such as biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and malondialdehyde and etc., were measured. The drought resistance of 9 greening tree species was evaluated by comprehensive drought resistance coefficient evaluation, membership function method and cluster analysis. The results showed that drought stress had significant effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 9 greening tree species. Water deficit could lead to the inhibition on the seedling growth, and the significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmotic regulators (P<0.05). The evaluation results obtained by the three comprehensive methods were basically the same. Based on the results, the 9 tree species could be divided into two groups: one was drought-resistant tree species including Euonymus japonicus and Eucommia ulmoides, while the other one included weak drought-resistant tree species like Ligustrum lucidum, Hibiscus syriacus and Magnolia wufengensis, and drought-sensitive tree species such as Magnolia denudata, Koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspensa and Catalpa bungei. The drought resistance of the 9 greening tree species followed the order of Euonymus japonicus > Eucommia ulmoides > Ligustrum lucidum > Hibiscus syriacus > Magnolia wufengensis > Magnolia denudata > Koelreuteria paniculata > Forsythia suspensa > Catalpa bungei.

  Effects of Light on Biological Productivity and Photosynthetic Capacity of Phragmites australis LIAN Xiaoqian, TAO Changzhu, GUO Haolan, LI Nana, CAO Yue, WU Pengfei 2022, 38 (20):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0655 Abstract + ( 310 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1348KB )   ( 180 ) Phragmites australis is an excellent afforestation material in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone. In order to study its response to different light environments, taking P. australis populations distributed in different light habitats along the waterfront as the objects, the effects of light intensity on the growth, biomass accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of P. australis were determined. In this experiment, based on the method of in-situ observation in field to measure plant height, ground diameter, leaf SPAD value and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of P. australis under full light and canopy shading respectively, the biomass of different organs was determined by indoor test using the measure of whole plant harvest. The results show that: (1) under canopy shading, the plant height, leaf biomass and stem biomass of P. australis are higher than those under full light environment by 30.95%, 56.08% and 84.37%, respectively, the plant height of P. australis has significantly positive correlations with the diameter at root collar and stem dry weight, and the coefficients are 0.692 and 0.875, respectively; (2) there is significant difference of the SPAD value of P. australis leaves between the two light conditions, compared with that of the full light environment, the SPAD value of leaves under canopy shading is 25.98% higher; (3) canopy shading could significantly promote the value of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fm and the maximum photochemical quantum yield Fv/ Fm of PSII by 34.14% and 10.73%, respectively.

  The Physiological Basis of Magnesium Recovering Tobacco Plants from High Temperature and Strong Light Stress FENG Changqing, WEI Xiaoling, HUANG Yunxia, XU Shichang, QIU Fuxiang, WU Ti, ZHENG Yingjie, LI Wenqing, HE Huaqin 2022, 38 (20):  53-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0064 Abstract + ( 281 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1247KB )   ( 1342 ) In this study, flue-cured tobacco ‘Cuibi No.1’ was used as the material, and four concentrations of magnesium supply (0, 12.0, 48.0 and 120.0 mg/L) and two light intensities [600 and 1200 µmol/(m2·s)] at 33℃ were designed to study the effects of magnesium supply on the physiology of tobacco plants under high light intensity and high temperature stress. The results showed that: (1) the contents of sucrose and soluble sugar in the shoots and roots of tobacco plants were significantly affected by the supply of magnesium and the intensity of light, while the starch content of tobacco plants was also significantly affected by the light intensity; high light intensity could induce the accumulation of soluble sugar in the shoots and roots of tobacco plants, and the soluble sugar in the shoots reached its maximum value under high light intensity when the magnesium supply was 48.0 mg/L; (2) with the increase of magnesium supply, the activities of key enzymes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), acid invertase (AI), glutamine synthase (GS) and nitrate reductase (NR), increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum at 48.0 mg/L of magnesium supply; these enzyme activities in tobacco plants under high light intensity were higher than those under normal light intensity; magnesium supply, light intensity and magnesium supply × light intensity significantly affect NR and AI activities in the shoots of tobacco plants; (3) high temperature and high light intensity enhanced the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ in tobacco plants, but the absorption was inhibited with the increase of magnesium supply; magnesium supply, light intensity and magnesium supply × light intensity significantly changed the contents of K+ and Ca2+ in the roots of tobacco plants. Appropriate magnesium supply (48.0 mg/L) could enhance the activities of key enzymes of carbon and nitrogen, promote the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, increase the accumulation of soluble sugar, and then alleviate the damage of high temperature and high light intensity to tobacco plants.

  Application Research of Selenium in Chinese Chestnut Cultivation LI Aihua, LI Jinzhu, YAN Shoaliang, XIANG Shanshan, LIN Yun 2022, 38 (20):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0841 Abstract + ( 609 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1351KB )   ( 110 ) The paper aims to study the impact of selenium on the nutrient content of chestnut seed, improve chestnut nutritional value, and find out an efficient way of selenium fertilizer application to cultivating selenium-enriched chestnut. The bio-organic fertilizer with selenium content of 138 mg/kg was used in the study. Five treatment groups were set according to the amount of fertilizer of 0.0（CK）, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 kg per tree. For all sample chestnut trees with fruits, we detected the selenium content in soil, leaves and chestnut seeds and analyzed the main components of chestnut to study the correlation between the selenium content in fertilizer and the content of selenium and other nutrients in chestnut. The results showed that the selenium content in soil and leaves increased with the increase of selenium fertilizer level and planting years. Selenium could enter chestnut through metabolism, and promote the transfer of selenium to chestnut with the accumulation of selenium in soil and leaves. The selenium content of chestnut under selenium fertilizer application was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the uptake of selenium also promoted the absorption of other nutrients. In the fourth year, the content of selenium in chestnut under treatment 3 was the highest, reaching 0.539 mg/kg, and the content of soluble sugar, protein and starch was 9.673, 4.817 and 40.707 g/100g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. In conclusion, the proper use of fertilizer with selenium can improve the quality and additional value of chestnut, which will be a healthy way to supplement selenium for human being.

  Variation Characteristics of Organic Carbon in Arable Black Soil in Suihua City LIU Wanling, WANG Junjie, LIN Zijun, ZENG Ting, CHEN Yimin, SUI Yueyu, JIAO Xiaoguang 2022, 38 (20):  67-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0074 Abstract + ( 261 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1965KB )   ( 219 ) To explore the variation characteristics of organic carbon of arable black soil in Suihua City of Heilongjiang Province, the content of soil organic carbon in 2002 and 2019 were compared to clarify the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of organic carbon. The results showed that the average organic carbon content of arable black soil in Suihua City in 2002 was 22.02 g/kg, and the coefficient of variation was 22.57%. The average organic carbon content in 2019 was 21.67 g/kg, and the coefficient of variation was 22.47%. The organic carbon content in 2002 and 2019 belonged to medium variation. The average organic carbon content only increased in Wangkui County and Beilin District, by 2.96 g/kg and 0.13g/kg, respectively. The average organic carbon content in Lanxi County, Suiling County, Qing’an County, Qinggang County, Hailun City and Mingshui County decreased by 1.91, 1.72, 1.45, 0.46, 0.44 and 0.32 g/kg, respectively. According to the nutrient classification standard, the organic carbon content in Suihua was at the third and fourth level in 2002 and 2019. In view of the spatial variation, the organic carbon first decreased then increased from both sides to the middle and increased gradually from south to north. From 2002 to 2019, the organic carbon content of arable black soil in Suihua showed a downward trend, the nutrient classification of organic carbon did not change in the 17 years and the spatial distribution trend of organic carbon did not change significantly.

  Effects of Four Annual Rotation Patterns on Soil Microbial Community ZHANG Heqing, WU Jie, HAN Shuai, XI Yadong, LI Yuejian, LIANG Genyun 2022, 38 (20):  73-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0809 Abstract + ( 292 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1548KB )   ( 793 ) To clarify the changes of soil microbial community in the cultivated layer under different crop rotation patterns, and to reveal the potential mechanism of paddy and dry crop rotation which is beneficial to the sustainable production of vegetables, in this paper, we designed 4 common crop rotation patterns, fixed the test plots in the same geographic area for long-term crop rotation experiments, and used high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the sequence of the ITS1 region of fungi in the soil and the V3-V4 variable region sequence of the 16S rDNA of bacteria. Soil microbial diversity analysis was conducted. Alpha diversity analysis shows that the soil fungal community diversity in the cultivated layer changes significantly under the four annual rotation patterns, and the Shannon index of the water and dry rotation pattern (SH) is significantly higher than that of the graft pattern (JJ) and vegetable rotation LZ pattern (LZ), and has no significant difference with vegetable rotation LD pattern (LD). The diversity and richness of soil bacterial communities in the cultivated layer change significantly. The Shannon index and ACE index of the SH pattern are significantly higher than those of the LD pattern, and the Shannon index of the SH pattern is significantly higher than that of other patterns. The principal coordinate analysis shows that among the four annual rotation patterns, the soil microbial communities in the cultivated layer are significantly differentiated. The SH and LZ patterns are grouped separately, and the JJ and LD patterns are grouped together. Significant analysis of species differences between groups shows that the SH pattern has 7 genera of fungi and 26 genera of bacteria that are significantly richer than other patterns; the LD and LZ have 4 genera of fungi and 7 genera of bacteria, respectively, their abundance is significantly higher than other patterns; only one genus of bacteria in JJ pattern has significantly higher abundance than other patterns. Significant changes take place in the soil microbial communities in the cultivated layer under long-term annual rotations of different crop rotation patterns. Long-term paddy-upland rotation could increase the diversity of soil microbial communities, enrich the types and relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, and is more conducive to the sustainable production of vegetables.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application on Amino Acid Content in Rhizosphere of Sugar Beet at Different Development Stages DU Shengnan, PAN Hengyan, XING Qinan, ZHANG Ailing, WANG Qiuhong 2022, 38 (20):  81-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0169 Abstract + ( 232 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1711KB )   ( 260 ) The content of amino acid in the rhizosphere soil could change under nitrogen application. In this study, the changes of amino acid content in the rhizosphere soil at different development stages of sugar beet after nitrogen application were determined and analyzed, one sugar beet variety with high organic nitrogen absorption efficiency and one with low organic nitrogen absorption efficiency were selected, and nitrogen application (N: 150 mg/kg) and no nitrogen application (N: 0 mg/kg) were set up. Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were collected at seedling stage, leaf cluster rapid growth stage, root sugar accumulation stage and harvest stage, and the contents of amino acids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the content of total amino acid increased with the growth of sugar beet in the four stages, and the variation range was from 1194.9 to 1375.63 mg/kg, but there were differences in the changes of various amino acids. The total amount of amino acid nitrogen in the fertilized soil was 117.35 mg/kg higher than that in the unfertilized soil. The largest increase was neutral amino acid, with an average increase of 91.56 mg/kg. The amino acid mineralization of ‘KWS8138’ (high nitrogen absorption efficiency variety) was 63.76 mg/kg higher than that of ‘Beta176’ (low nitrogen absorption efficiency variety). The ratio of amino acids in rhizosphere soil was significantly affected by the growth of beet, while the change of amino acids outside the rhizosphere soil was not significant. The change of amino acid content in rhizosphere soil was greater than that in non-rhizosphere soil. The application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the content of amino acid nitrogen in the soil, thus improving the sustainable nitrogen supply capacity of the soil.

  Phenological Change Characteristics of Malus pumila in Southeastern Tibet from 2001 to 2020 BAI Yuxuan, DU Jun, WANG Ting, SONAM Wangdoi 2022, 38 (20):  89-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0088 Abstract + ( 297 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 35 ) To analyze the impact of climate change on the Malus pumila phenophase in Nyingchi of southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region could provide a theoretical basis for coping with climate change and local apple production. Based on data of the daily mean temperature (Tm), maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), precipitation (Pr), relative humidity (RH) and sunshine duration (S) in Nyingchi from 2001 to 2020, we adopted linear regression method, Pearson correlation coefficient and dominance analysis method to reveal the changing trend of phenophase and growing duration of Malus pumila, and the leading climatic factors. The results showed that the Malus pumila phenological periods were postponed at a rate of 2.11-10.20 d/10a in southeastern Tibet from 2001 to 2020, and the largest delay was found in the first flowering date. The phenological periods in spring were delayed significantly than those in autumn. The fruit growth and development period and the apple tree growing season were shortened by 8.10 and 1.59 d/10 a, respectively, which were different from the prolonging trend in the main apple producing areas in China. During apple tree growing season, Pr, RH and S decreased, while the other climatic factors increased. Tm, Tmax, Tmin and Pr showed an increasing trend before fruit maturing period, and then decreased. The leading factor affecting the length of Malus pumila phenophase was ∑T0 (accumulated temperature ≥0℃), except from the late leaf coloring period to the late leaf falling period, during which, the leading factor was S. On average, for every 1℃ increase of Tmax in early March, the first flowering date could be 3.29 days earlier, and for every 1℃ increase of Tm in late August, the fruit maturing period could be 3.15 days later.

  Effects of Surface Diurnal Temperature Range on Chemical Constituents of Flue-cured Tobacco in Hubei Tobacco-growing Areas LIU Jing, YANG Wei, CHENG Dan, REN Yongjian, WANG Lijuan 2022, 38 (20):  97-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0113 Abstract + ( 242 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2045KB )   ( 121 ) In this paper, the surface temperature data from 16 national meteorological observing stations during 1960—2020 and the chemical constituents data of flue-cured tobacco from 2005 to 2020 in Hubei tobacco-growing areas were used to analyze the effects of the surface diurnal temperature range (surface temperature difference in short) variation on chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco at different growth stages by mathematical statistics. The results showed that the effects of surface temperature difference on chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco were obvious. The tendency of surface temperature difference at tobacco growth stages in Hubei tobacco-growing areas had a declining trend except in the root extending and rosette stage, which could be remarkably seen in Xingshan, Zigui, Zhushan and Nanzhang. Compared with the upper and middle leaves of Hubei flue-cured tobacco, the dispersion degree of chemical constituents of the lower leaves was the largest, which had significant spatial difference. The mutation year of the field stage, the vigorous growth stage and the mature stage of Hubei flue-cured tobacco was 1974, 1973 and 1979 respectively, and the decreasing trend of surface temperature difference was more significant after the mutation. Meanwhile, further decrease of the surface temperature difference in the future would lead to the decrease of the content of nicotine, reducing sugar and total nitrogen in tobacco leaves, and the increase of the content of total sugar, potassium and chlorine, and the ratio of potassium to chlorine, the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine, the ratio of total sugar to nicotine, and the ratio of total sugar to reducing sugar.

  Effect of Supplementary Feed on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices and Economic Benefit of Grazing Yaks in Cold Season WU Hao, HAI Peng, GUO Fei, CAN Muyou 2022, 38 (20):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0567 Abstract + ( 315 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 30 ) This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementary feed on growth performance and blood biochemical indexes of grazing yak in cold season. A total of 120 healthy yaks were selected and randomly divided into 8 groups including 1 grazing group (control) and 7 supplemental groups (grazing + supplementary feed). The experiment lasted for 120 days with the beginning of 7 days for adaptation. The results showed that average daily gain was significantly increased for supplementary feed group compared to grazing group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the average daily gain was linearly increased with the increase of supplemental levels (P<0.05). However, serum biochemical indices were not significantly affected by supplementary feed (P>0.05), indicating that nutrients’ digestion and absorption were not negatively affected. There were significant differences in net income for energy supplement between supplemental group and grazing group (P<0.05), which was 4.93 Yuan and 1.69 Yuan per head, respectively, and supplemental group had 388.80 Yuan more during the total experimental period. Meanwhile, net income was the highest at 0.4% supplemental level, 247.20 Yuan more than the grazing group. In summary, the growth performance and economic benefit could be improved by supplementary feed without adverse effect on animal health in cold season.

  Effects of Yak Transfer Factor on Tibetan Sheep Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation CHANG Jianjun, WEN Ying, LI Li 2022, 38 (20):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0502 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1310KB )   ( 257 ) To investigate the effects of yak transfer factor (TF) on the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in Tibetan sheep, the effects of lymphocytes, fetal calf serum (FCS) and concanavalin A(ConA) of different concentrations on promoting lymphocyte proliferation were tested by MTT test. Under optimal conditions, the effect of yak TF on peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation in Tibetan sheep was explored. The results of the experiment demonstrated that, under the combination of lymphocyte, ConA and FCS of 5.4×106 unit/mL, 1 μg/mL and 8% respectively, the best stimulation effect could be achieved. Yak TF only or TF with ConA of 1.5 mg/mL (the best concentration) could also promote lymphocyte proliferation. 3 days after yak TF was injected in each dose group, the proliferation effect of sheep lymphocytes under the stimulation of TF only or TF with ConA became stronger, but the difference was not significant compared with the individual proliferation effect of cell groups (P>0.05). The effect was significantly higher than that of the cell groups at 5-7 days after the injection (P<0.05). The conversion proliferation effect of the 2 mL dose group was better than that of the 1 mL and 3 mL groups, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). Yak TF can effectively enhance the immunity.

  Analysis of Nutrient Resource and Cropland Load from Animal Manure in Shaanxi Province Suo Long, Wang Peng, Zhang Junli, Jing Pengjuan, Li Jianhong, Dong Xiaomei, Bai Yisha, Cao Hongxia, Li Kang, Zhao Xiaojin 2022, 38 (20):  117-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0185 Abstract + ( 258 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 24 ) The objective of this study is to investigate the nutrient resource of animal manure and its environmental pollution risks in Shaanxi Province. This paper estimated the time variation, regional distribution and cropland load of animal manure amount based on the provincial statistical data from yearbook and relevant literature. The environmental risk of animal manure pollution was systematically analyzed. From 2009 to 2017, the amount of animal manure in the whole province presented a trend of first increase and then decrease, with the animal manure amount and nutrients’ amount of 7118.36 × 104 t and 86.76 × 104 t respectively in 2014, being the maximum amount of all the years. Livestock and poultry had geographical characteristics, e.g., sheep, cattle and pigs were the main breeding in northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, respectively. The animal manure load in the province was 22.36 t/hm2, while the nutrient load of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 111.59, 58.56 and 104.22 kg/hm2, respectively. The total nutrients’ amount of animal manure was about 35.63% of the amount of agricultural chemical fertilizer. The amount of animal manure in Shaanxi Province is within the allowable range of environmental carrying capacity. The risk of environmental pollution exists in Yangling Demonstration Zone, Ankang City, Hanzhong City, Xianyang City and Baoji City. The nutrient resource of animal manure has great potential to replace chemical fertilizer in Yulin City, Yangling Demonstration Zone, Ankang City, Shangluo City and Hanzhong City, while the rational use of the resource can effectively promote zero growth in chemical fertilizer use.

  Effects of Application Amount of Biogas Slurry from Pig Manure on Agronomic Traits and Silage Quality of Rice HOU Fuyin, YANG Zhiqing, JIN Chongfu, SHI Kai, AN Chen, CHEN Changkuan 2022, 38 (20):  124-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0332 Abstract + ( 242 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1337KB )   ( 57 ) In order to consume the biogas slurry of stock raising waste on site, reduce environmental pollution, the effect of biogas slurry application amount on rice agronomic traits and silage quality were studied. 17 biogas slurry fertilization levels of N2-N48, as well as conventional fertilizer (CF) application and blank control (CK) were designed. With the increase of biogas slurry application amount, the tillering number of rice increased significantly, and the biomass of rice increased first and then decreased, and the biomass of N8 fertilization group was the highest. The overall score of texture, color and smell of silage rice first increased and then decreased with the increase of biogas slurry application amount. When biogas slurry application amount exceeded N240% replacing nitrogen fertilizer, the pH of silage rice significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with that of CF and CK, neutral detergent fiber in biogas slurry N2-N8 fertilization groups slightly decreased (P>0.05), but NDF in biogas slurry N14, N16, N20, N28, N32, N36, N40 and N48 groups significantly increased (P<0.05). There was no significant change in soluble sugar, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and crude fiber in different biogas slurry application groups compared with those of CF. Compared with that of CF, the crude ash content of silage rice in biogas slurry N2-N24 (except N14) groups had no significant difference (P>0.05), but when excessive biogas slurry (N280%-N480% replacing nitrogen fertilizer) were applied, the crude ash content significantly decreased (P<0.05). Replacing chemical fertilizer with biogas slurry is helpful to increase the biomass of rice and improve the quality of silage, but it should not be applied in excess.

  Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Effects of Polysaccharides from Edible Fungi Cultivated with Cinnamon Wood XIAO Yang, SHEN Weizhi, YANG Qiong, LI Qingrong, XING Dongxu, ZOU Yuxiao 2022, 38 (20):  132-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0042 Abstract + ( 309 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1353KB )   ( 1212 ) To explore the edible and medicinal value of edible fungi with cinnamon as cultivation material, based on cinnamon wood cultivation material and common cultivation material, the polysaccharides of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus were extracted and determined respectively. The antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides was evaluated by ORAC method, and the hypoglycemic effect was analyzed by animal experiment. The results showed that there were great differences in polysaccharide content of edible fungi among different varieties and different cultivation materials. The polysaccharide content of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 16.89% and 14.44% respectively, and that of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 4.22% and 5.95% respectively. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was significantly higher than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom, and the antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides from cinnamon cultivation material was significantly higher than that from common cultivation material. The polysaccharide high dose groups of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material could significantly relieve the diabetes symptoms in mice. The low dose groups also had a certain degree of improvement on the diabetes symptoms in mice. The efficacy of the experimental groups increased with the increase of dosage. At the same experimental concentration, the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material was better than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from cinnamon cultivation material. It could be seen that ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material had considerably high polysaccharide content, and both had strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. The results of this experiment can provide theoretical reference for the development and utilization of cinnamon resources in the production of rare edible fungi such as ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus.

  The Pollination Efficiency and Tea Seed Quality of ‘Jincha No.1’ with Different Bee Species ZHAO Dongxu, CHEN Daoyin, JIANG Li, SU Xiaoling, LI Duojiao, HUA Qiyun 2022, 38 (20):  138-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0718 Abstract + ( 223 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1241KB )   ( 168 ) Honeybee pollination is very important for agricultural production. To study the effects of pollination of different bee species on tea quality, this study took tea plant ‘Jincha No.1’ as the research object, and studied the effects of honeybee pollination technology on tea yield increase and quality improvement by using Apis mellifera Ligustica, Apis cerana cerana and Bombus terrestris, respectively. The results show that Apis cerana cerana pollination group has the highest number of flower visiting per minute, Apis mellifera Ligustica pollination group has the most number of stigma pollen, and Bombus terrestris pollination group has the longest access time. Apis cerana cerana pollination could significantly increase fruit setting rate of tea seeds and polyphenol content of tea seed oil, but has no significant effect on oil content of tea seeds. Apis mellifera Ligustica pollination and Bombus terrestris pollination have no significant effect on fruit setting rate, but could significantly increase the polyphenol content and oil content of tea seeds. The three pollination groups have no significant effect on the main components of tea seed oil. In practice, corresponding bee species can be selected for pollination according to production needs.

  Muscle Nutritional Components of Channa Argus and Golden Channa Argus: Analysis and Evaluation AN Li, HU Bin, MA Rufang, ZHANG Zhishan, DONG Xuesa, ZHU Yongan, LI Xian, ZHU Shuren 2022, 38 (20):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0384 Abstract + ( 302 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1296KB )   ( 510 ) The muscle nutritional components of Channa argus and golden Channa argus were compared to provide reliable data for the nutritional value research of golden C. argus. The conventional nutrient components, amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle of C. argus and golden C. argus were determined and analyzed by using the national standard test method, and SPSS16.0 was used for studying the results. The results showed that the content of crude protein, crude fat and ash between C. argus and golden C. argus were not significantly different (P>0.05), while the moisture content of the golden C. argus was significantly higher than that of C. argus (P<0.05). Among the 17 amino acids detected in the 2 species of C. argus, glutamic acid (Glu) content was the highest, cysteine (Cys) content was the lowest, and the ratios of EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA were 39.29%-39.66% and 77.20%-79.36% respectively. There was no significant difference in the content of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid between C. argus and golden C. argus (P>0.05), as well as the content of DHA and EPA. The content of oleic acid and linoleic acid of golden C. argus were significantly higher than those of C. argus. The above results indicate that golden C. argus is a kind of fish with high nutritional value as well as ornamental value, and has good prospects for development and utilization.

  Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint Evaluation of Open-field Pepper Production in Guizhou Province ——A Case Study of Jinping County LIANG Long, SUN Kai, ZHANG Changzhu 2022, 38 (20):  149-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0706 Abstract + ( 259 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1339KB )   ( 615 ) To evaluate the ecological benefits of the conversion of maize cultivation to pepper production in Guizhou Province, Jinping County was taken as an example. Based on the survey data of 80 small farmers and 4 cooperatives, the life cycle evaluation method was adopted to quantify the energy flow and carbon footprint of pepper production. The results showed that: (1) the energy input of pepper was 53431.8MJ, much more than the energy output of 9000 MJ, the net energy efficiency was -44431.8MJ; among which, fertilizer (53%) and agricultural film (16%) accounted for the maximum proportion of the energy input; energy utilization efficiency, energy ratio per product and unit energy production rate were 0.17, 4.75 MJ/kg, and 0.21 kg/MJ, respectively; (2) carbon footprint indicated that carbon emission was greater than carbon fixation, and the two were 5450.9 kg CO2eq and 2227.3 kg CO2eq/hm2 respectively, the net carbon efficiency was (0.41) less than 1, and was the contributing source of greenhouse gas emissions; the maximum contribution of fertilizer production and transportation and agricultural fertilizer application to the farmland ecosystem were 44.7% and 32.07% respectively; organic carbon ratio, unit area carbon footprint, carbon footprint per product and unit economic benefit carbon footprint were 0.07, 0.55 kg CO2eq/m2, 0.48 kg CO2eq/kg, 2.91 yuan/kg CO2eq, respectively. So, in this region, there are potential ecological risks in pepper planting after the adjustment of agriculture industrial structure. Therefore, optimizing the input structure of agricultural materials, reducing fertilizer application, increasing the proportion of organic material investment, developing clean energy, and strengthening variety breeding are the key points to improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and achieve win-win results of production and ecology in pepper planting in Jinping.

  Climate-smart Grassland Management Technology Helps the Revitalization of Pastoral Areas ZHOU Chengyang, LIU Hao, HUANG Ding, WANG Jie, LI Tingyu, WANG Mingli, ZHANG Yingjun, LI Chengyu, ZHAI Xiyue, YANG Wuteng 2022, 38 (20):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0006 Abstract + ( 235 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2277KB )   ( 2476 ) Climate warming and human activities have brought unprecedented challenges to the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to enhance the Qinghai-Tibet pastoral area’s ability to cope with climate change, rationally utilize alpine grassland resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural animal husbandry, and increase herdsmen’s income and livelihood resilience, this research team implemented the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)-World Bank (WB)-Global Environment Facility (GEF) climate-smart grassland management technology research. In Mole Town of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, we worked with herdsmen to implement the natural grassland management technology of non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, monitored grassland vegetation diversity and productivity, calculated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation in the study area through satellite images, and investigated the social impacts and herdsmen’s satisfaction and economic conditions resulting from climate-smart grassland management. The pilot application and investigation of climate-smart grassland management technology has achieved rich results in Mole Town. Grassland productivity has been increased by 34.1% and 50.0% respectively under non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, and both of these two restoration measures have increased the grassland vegetation diversity to a certain extent. NDVI showed that the vegetation growth under the restoration measures is better than that of the control land. In addition, 88.6% of the herdsmen are satisfied with the climate-smart grassland management technology. The implementation of the management technology directly or indirectly increased the income of the project households and herdsmen. And the scientific literacy of about 80.0% of local herdsmen has been improved. Climate-smart grassland management technology can improve the grassland vegetation diversity, productivity and green coverage, increase herdsmen’s income, improve herdsmen’s living environment, promote herdsmen’s scientific literacy, and enhance herdsmen’s ability to cope with climate change, thereby helping the revitalization of pastoral areas.