Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.24 Published:25 August 2022

  Responses of Yield and Quality Traits of New Wheat Variety ‘Yunmai 110’ to Different Planting Densities DING Mingliang, LIU Jia, LI Shaoxiang, YANG Zhonghui, BAI Yingwen, ZHANG Yanjun, LI Hongsheng, XIONG Shian, YANG Mujun, LIU Kun 2022, 38 (24):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0947 Abstract + ( 625 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1444KB )   ( 221 ) This study aims to explore the response of yield and quality related traits of a new wheat variety ‘Yunmai 110’ to different planting densities. ‘Yunmai 110’ was used as the experimental material, and one factor randomized block design with 6 planting densities was adopted. The yield and quality related traits were investigated, and the variance analysis of different planting densities was conducted. The results showed that planting density had a significant effect on the yield and yield components. It also had a significant effect on the number of tillers at the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh leaf stages, but it had no significant effect at the eighth leaf stage. Planting density had a significant effect on the grain perimeter of the variety, but it had no significant effect on the other four grain type traits. Planting density had a significant effect on the bulk density of the variety, but it had no significant effect on the other 8 quality traits. When the basic seedling density was 270×104/hm2, the yield was the highest (6435.00 kg/hm2), the growth and decline of stems and tillers of the variety was the most gentle, the highest spike rate was 25.39%, the largest grain perimeter was 18.07 mm and the highest bulk density was 798.00 g/L. Therefore, the yield and quality related traits of the new wheat variety ‘Yunmai 110’ have a great response to different planting densities. The variety can obtain the highest yield with the basic seedling density of 270×104/hm2, under which the three yield elements are the most coordinated, the growth and decline of stems and tillers are the most reasonable, the plant height is appropriate and the comprehensive quality traits are the best. ‘Yunmai 110’ is suitable to be popularized under this planting density.

  Quality Traits of Maize Kernels: A Review on Molecular Genetics WANG Lishan, ZHANG Jianguo, YU Tao, CAO Shiliang, YANG Gengbin, LI Wenyue, WANG Chengbo, DUAN Yajuan, OU Yingzhuo, ZHAO Qing, LIU Changhua 2022, 38 (24):  8-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0965 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1192KB )   ( 1365 ) Maize is one of the most important grain crops in the world. Improving the kernel quality of maize is a highly concerned problem in the field of maize breeding worldwide. The traditional and conventional breeding methods have the limitations of long breeding time and low transformation rate, so the most economical and effective way to solve this problem is to use molecular marker assisted selection breeding. In order to provide reference for molecular design and breeding of maize quality traits in the future, this study summarized relevant research progress of QTL mapping, molecular marker assisted improvement, candidate gene cloning and transgenic technology application of maize kernel quality traits at home and abroad. Based on the review, the study points out that the utilization of high-quality gene resources in maize is not sufficient, and the application of existing molecular marker technology in maize breeding is not extensive enough. In the future, breeding methods and quality identification techniques should be improved to shorten the breeding cycle of maize.

  Large-Pod Peanut Varieties in North China: Evaluation and Analysis of Comprehensive Quality HAN Yanhong, LIU Ruanzhi, YANG Haitang, HU Yanling, LI Pan, ZHU Zhenzhen, SHI Yanzhao, YU Mu 2022, 38 (24):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0082 Abstract + ( 840 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1194KB )   ( 58 ) The aim is to provide a scientific basis for the popularization and utilization of new peanut varieties by evaluating the comprehensive quality of peanut varieties. In the study, 22 large-pod peanut varieties in north China were used as experimental materials, and the comprehensive membership function values of 5 main quality indices of the 22 varieties were calculated by membership function method. The results showed that compared with CK ‘Huayu 33’ (0.44), there were 7 varieties with higher membership function values, including ‘Zhonghua 224’ (0.62), ‘Hehua 1615’ (0.55), ‘Jihua 1208’ (0.51), ‘Xu 0607-5’ (0.48), ‘Yunhua 1’ (0.47), ‘Kainong 91’ (0.46) and ‘Puhua 55’ (0.45). Among them, the oleic acid content of ‘Zhonghua 224’ was more than 75% and O/L > 10, which could be used as high-quality and high-oleic acid peanut germplasm resource. 3 peanut varieties, which were ‘Hehua 1615’, ‘Yunhua 1’ and ‘Xu 0607-5’, had relatively high crude protein content and good nutritional quality, and they could be used as high-quality fresh peanut varieties. The oil contents of ‘Jihua 1208’, ‘Kainong 91’ and ‘Puhua 55’ were relatively high, and they could be used as oil-processing peanut varieties. 7 peanut varieties, which were ‘Zhonghua 224’, ‘Hehua 1615’, ‘Jihua 1208’, ‘Xu 0607-5’, ‘Yunhua 1’, ‘Kainong 91’ and ‘Puhua 55’, had better comprehensive quality, and were suitable for planting and promotion in north China.

  Buckwheat Seed Shelling Characters: A Review MA Guifang, XIN Haibo, XIU Li, SUN Chaoxia, ZHANG Hua 2022, 38 (24):  19-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0077 Abstract + ( 387 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 4467KB )   ( 974 ) Buckwheat has a wide range of adaptation and rich germplasm, and it is a medicinal and food crop. Its seeds have a high nutritional value. Buckwheat seeds are composed of embryos, endosperm and hulls. The hull is rich in lignin, cellulose and sugar, which makes it difficult to shell. This trait seriously restricts the development of the buckwheat processing industry. Therefore, cultivating germplasm resources which are easy to shell is one of the main objectives of buckwheat breeding. The formation and dehiscence of buckwheat hulls are regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. In order to fully understand the factors affecting buckwheat hull dehiscence, this study summarized the composition and cellular arrangement of different buckwheat hulls, generalized the function of enzymes in the process of seed hull dehiscence and the function of the waxy cuticle in the process of seed hull shedding, and analyzed the regulation of transcription factors on hull development. It also pointed out the main differences and relative key candidate genes in hull development and hull dehiscence traits between thin and thick hulled buckwheat seeds, which could provide an important theoretical basis for the cloning of key regulatory genes for dehiscence and efficient molecular design breeding.

  Potted Conservation Substrates of Sweet Potato Germplasms: Screening and Evaluation YAO Xiaojian, ZHANG Xiongjian, YAO Zhufang, LUO Zhongxia, WANG Zhangying, HUANG Lifei, FANG Boping, YANG Yiling 2022, 38 (24):  28-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0850 Abstract + ( 247 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 3400KB )   ( 313 ) To screen and optimize soil substrate for potted conservation of sweet potato germplasm resources in the National Germplasm Guangzhou Sweet Potato Nursery, field soil, sand and peat substrate were selected as materials for seven different soil substrates preparation in this study. The soil substrates were evaluated and screened by measuring the growth indexes of different sweet potato varieties. The growth indexes, including fresh weight of the aboveground parts, the yield of sweet potato tubers and so on, were analyzed by subordinate function, variation coefficient and principal component analysis methods. The results showed that under substrate 5 (composed of 50% field soil, 20% sand and 30% peat soil), the subordinate function value of variation coefficient and the principal component comprehensive evaluation value of the growth indexes of different sweet potato resources were the highest, which were 8.1639 and 0.8725 respectively. It indicated that substrate 5 could keep the vitality and reflect the characteristics of different sweet potato germplasm resources most. Taken together, substrate 5 is recommended to be an appropriate soil substrate for potted conservation of sweet potato germplasm resources.

  Storage Temperature of Mature Passion Fruit: Effect on Storage Quality CUN Daize, DU Yuxia, LI Danping, LI Jing, DONG Jianmei, LI Jinxue, DUAN Minxian, ZHU Chunhua, GAO Junyan, ZHOU Xianyan 2022, 38 (24):  38-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0652 Abstract + ( 280 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 3331KB )   ( 400 ) The aim of the study is to explore the effect of storage temperature on the storage quality of passion fruit, and provide reference for improving the postharvest-storage quality of passion fruit. The passion fruit ‘Tainong No.1’ was used as experimental material. The mature fruits were stored at 4℃, 8℃ and room temperature, respectively. The quality indexes were measured every 2 days. The results showed that low temperature storage (4℃ and 8℃) could significantly delay the color change and the shrink of fruit, and maintain high sensory quality and prolong shelf life. There was no significant difference in total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acid (TA), TSS/TA and sensory quality of fruits (P>0.05). At the room-temperature storage, the TSS was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage from day 4 to day 6 (P<0.05), and significantly lower than that of low temperature storage at day 14 (P<0.05). The TA was significantly lower than that of low temperature storage after 10 days (P<0.05). The TSS/TA was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage after 6 days (P<0.05). The sensory quality was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage from day 2 to day 6 (P<0.05), and significantly lower than that of low temperature storage after 10 days (P<0.05). The weight loss rate of fruits increased with the extension of storage time and the increase of storage temperature. In conclusion, the fruit quality at room temperature storage is better than that of low temperature storage for the first 6 days, but low temperature storage could maintain high sensory quality and prolong shelf life.

  Effects of Earthworm Manure Soaking on the Growth of Three Vegetable Seedlings YU Yueyue, GUO Ning, YAN Shi, LIANG Jinfeng, MA Nan, GUO Xiaoxue, MA Zili, TIAN Fei, JIA Xiaohong 2022, 38 (24):  45-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0864 Abstract + ( 341 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 4291KB )   ( 24 ) To improve the quality and marketability of substrate cultivated vegetables by using earthworm manure substrate, this experiment studied the effect of earthworm manure soaking on the growth of Chinese cabbage, Brassica napus and Purple celery. We set up 4 treatments of untreated earthworm manure (M), earthworm manure soaking once (M1), earthworm manure soaking three times (M3) and turf substrate (CK). The results showed that compared with turf substrate treatment, earthworm manure substrate significantly increased the yield of vegetables. The average yield increase of the three earthworm manure substrate treatments on Brassica napus, Purple celery and Chinese cabbage was 41.4%, 35.4% and 16.7%, respectively. The response of the three vegetables to earthworm manure soaking treatment was different, and the corresponding degree from large to small was Brassica napus > Chinese cabbage > Purple celery. Compared with untreated earthworm manure treatment, earthworm manure soaking once and three times significantly reduced vegetable yield, but increased VC content. The content of nitrate was significantly reduced by earthworm manure soaking once and three times, which was 7.3% and 8.8% lower than that of non-soaking treatment, respectively, and there was no significant difference between soaking once and three times. It could be concluded that the application of earthworm manure soaking once has better effect in production, which is worthy of popularization.

  Water-Fertilizer Coupling: Effect on the Efficiency of Reduced Fertilization for Wheat in Purple Soil DENG Limei, CHEN Xiaofen, WANG Xuan, CUI Rongyang, ZHOU Tao, LIU Gangcai 2022, 38 (24):  51-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0839 Abstract + ( 299 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3970KB )   ( 49 ) The objective is to reveal the influence characteristics of water-fertilizer coupling on wheat and the efficiency of reduced fertilization in purple soil. Treatments of water-fertilizer coupling were conducted by plot and pot experiments at Qingfeng village and Yanting National Field Science Observation and Research Station of Farmland Ecosystem in Yanting County of Sichuan Province from October of 2018 to May of 2020. The effects of water-fertilizer coupling on the main properties of wheat and soil were measured. Results showed that water-fertilizer coupling had obvious promotion effect on wheat growth and grain yield, with the biggest positive effect being achieved when the watering amount was about 80% of the field water capacity. The wheat yield was not significantly decreased when fertilizer application amount was reduced by 10%-20%. Water-fertilizer coupling improved the availability of soil nutrients and the activity of soil enzymes, showing obvious promoting effect. Therefore, water-fertilizer coupling is an effective measure to improve the efficiency of reduced fertilization in purple soil region, so as to effectively prevent and control non-point source pollution.

  Important Principles of the Innovative Development of Ecological Agriculture in China: The Rational Development of the Agricultural Spatial-Temporal Ecological Niche and the Optimal Coupling of the Scientific Allocation of Production Factors HUANG Xi 2022, 38 (24):  57-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0017 Abstract + ( 262 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1143KB )   ( 21 ) China has more people and less arable land, and the number of people is increasing while the area of arable land is decreasing. We must take advantage of the characteristics of production objects and production factors to fully develop and utilize spatial ecological niche and temporal ecological niche, and scientifically combine agricultural production to give full play to the potential productivity of natural resource conditions, production objects, and various production factors, in order to improve the efficiency of the agricultural ecological economic system, offset the shortage of cultivated land and funds, and alleviate the troubles caused by the surplus of labor. Through a long-term typical investigation, the author took into consideration the selectivity of agricultural production objects, the discreteness of spatial layout, the controllability of production periods, the regional scale and volatility of market demand, and the interdependence and the substitutability of production objects and production factors, closely combined biology, ecology and social economics, and used cluster analysis and systematic comparison, to propose different optimization models for the innovative development of ecological agriculture. By coupling the rational development of the agricultural spatial-temporal economic ecological niche with the scientific allocation of production factors in all directions and throughout the process, the development of the spatial-temporal ecological niche is expanded from a two-dimensional form to a three-dimensional form, and the agricultural structure is advanced from the time section adjustment to the overall process optimization. This facilitates the small cycle of conversion of material and energy to boost the large cycle of the system, thereby effectively enhancing the power amplifier effect of the conversion of material and energy, and improving system productivity. The optimal coupling of the development of spatial-temporal ecological niche and the allocation of production factors outperforms the static and isolated space development and the backward method of allocation of agricultural production factors. It is an inevitable choice for the innovative development of ecological agriculture in China, and has theoretical and practical significance for promoting the sustainable, high-quality and efficient development of ecological agriculture.

  Migration Pathways of Heavy Metals in Plants and Influencing Factors: Research Progress LIAO Yumeng, LI Zuran, ZU Yanqun, LIU Caixin 2022, 38 (24):  63-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0231 Abstract + ( 895 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1265KB )   ( 3131 ) After absorbed by plants, the heavy metals from soil will accumulate in different parts of the plant through lateral and vertical migration. The lateral migration includes the pathways of symplast and apoplast. The vertical migration includes the pathways of xylem and phloem. The factors affecting the migration of cadmium, lead and zinc in plants include barrier structure, transport, physiological metabolites and energy supply. The study of the migration characteristics of heavy metals in plants provides a certain basis for the phytoremediation of soil polluted by heavy metals and the safe utilization of agricultural soil.

  Current Situation and Management Path of Cultivated Land Soil Acidification: A Case Study of Guangdong Province DENG Ting, WU Jialong 2022, 38 (24):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0969 Abstract + ( 293 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1335KB )   ( 54 ) The management of soil acidification of cultivated land is an important measure to improve farmland quality and ensure food security. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, this paper systematically analyzed the current situation, temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and management modes of soil acidification of cultivated land in Guangdong Province. By using the methods of field investigation, analytic hierarchy process and expert consultation, the study concludes that there are some difficulties in the management of soil acidification of cultivated land in Guangdong, such as insufficient standards, management modes, policy cohesion and funds. The study puts forward suggestions on building management path of soil acidification of cultivated land in Guangdong based on developing standards and specifications, model exploration, policy incentive, public participation and the establishment of long-term mechanism, in order to ensure food security.

  Meteorological Factors in Tongliao: Effects on Sweet Potato Yield DONG Jiarui 2022, 38 (24):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0876 Abstract + ( 296 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2297KB )   ( 109 ) The purpose is to survey the impact of meteorological factors on the yield of sweet potato in Tongliao and provide a scientific basis for agricultural planting structure adjustment in Tongliao. Based on planting data and meteorological observation of sweet potato extension planting bases, the correlation between meteorological factors and the yield of sweet potato was analyzed. The results showed that accumulated temperature and sunshine duration had obvious correlation with the yield of sweet potato, and the correlation coefficients were 0.741 and 0.837 respectively. The average daily temperature and precipitation had no significant correlation with the yield of sweet potato. Except the rooting-seedling establishment stage, the change features of accumulated temperature of the other development stages were similar with those of the whole development period. The correlation coefficients were all over 0.788. The inter-annual change feature of sunshine duration was consistent with that of the whole development period. Only the potato intamescentia stage had significant correlation with the inter-annual change features of precipitation and the average daily temperature of the whole development period, and the correlation coefficients were 0.933 and 0.936 respectively. Thermal and light conditions had relatively large effects on the yield of sweet potato, and they were the limiting factors for sweet potato planting. The effect of rainfall on sweet potato yield was not obvious.

  Climatic Resource and Its Impact on Spring Maize in Qingyang City: Analysis Based on Sowing by Stages CHE Ke, ZHANG Moucao, ZHANG Junlin, ZHANG Hongni 2022, 38 (24):  80-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0931 Abstract + ( 355 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2567KB )   ( 61 ) In order to study the influence of climate change on the growth and development of spring maize in Qingyang City, and take full advantage of favorable sowing time and climate resources to avoid disasters, ‘Longdan 339’, ‘Damin 3307’ and ‘Longsheng 5’ were taken as materials in Xifeng District Seed-multiplication Farm from 2018 to 2020 to conduct the experiment. Four sowing dates (April 12, April 22, May 2 and May 12) were designed for sowing by stages. By means of field investigation and meteorological data observation, the data related to the growth and development period, growth status, growth amount and meteorological elements were obtained. The results showed that when the sowing time was delayed, the growth period of ‘Longdan 339’, ‘Damin 3307’ and ‘Longsheng 5’ were shortened by 17, 17 and 11 days, respectively. The leaf area index reached the maximum during the heading to milk ripening stage, and there was significant difference among the varieties. Among them, the leaf area index of ‘Longdan 339’ was the largest, that of ‘Longsheng 5’ ranked the second, and that of ‘Damin 3307’ was the smallest. The dry matter accumulation was more in maize with suitable sowing time or by appropriately earlier sowing. With the postponing of the sowing date, the growth period of maize was shortened and the dry matter accumulation was insufficient, which could affect the yield formation. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions and climate, and take proper early sowing to cope with the impact of climate change, so as to avoid the harm of drought in summer, increase the yield, ensure food production safety, and provide a scientific basis for exerting resource endowment and rural revitalization.

  Application of Advanced Omics Technology in Plant Disease Resistance Research CHEN Mingyue, JIANG Tao, ZHAO Dongmei, BAI Li, ZHANG Xueqi, MENG Jiao 2022, 38 (24):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0961 Abstract + ( 325 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 1004 ) In recent years, the frequent occurrence of plant diseases has seriously affected the production and development of China’s agriculture. In order to improve plant disease resistance, this paper summarized the application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics in plant disease resistance research. At the same time, it summarized the methods of breeding disease-resistant varieties, biological control and plant disease monitoring technology to reduce plant diseases, analyzed different plant disease resistance mechanisms at molecular level, and revealed the close relationship between related disease resistance genes and their growth and development. This paper pointed out the shortcomings of omics technology application in plant disease resistance. There are still some functional proteins with low abundance or low molecular weight that have not been identified. Some suggestions were put forward, such as improving the sensitivity of detection technology, and perfecting gene and metabolic database. The continuous development and innovation of omics technology has brought new opportunities for the prevention and control of plant diseases. It will be helpful for breeding resistant varieties, detection and control of pathogenic bacteria, and improvement of plant resistance, so as to promote plant growth and increase crop yield.

  Cell Suspension Culture System for Passion Fruit: Establishment and Optimization KUANG Ruibin, YANG Min, ZHOU Chenping, YANG Hu, HUANG Bingxiong, WEI Yuerong 2022, 38 (24):  92-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0109 Abstract + ( 245 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 3407KB )   ( 28 ) The aim of this study is to establish a rapid and stable cell suspension culture system for passion fruit callus, and to optimize the culture conditions, which may lay a foundation for genetic engineering of passion fruit. The seedlings of passion fruit were used as plant materials and their different parts were used as explants to induce callus, which were then used to develop cell suspension culture. Single factor and orthogonal experiment were carried out to optimize the cell suspension culture conditions. Results showed that the basic medium MS with 2 mg/L 2,4-D was suitable for the induction of callus of passion fruit while the seedling hypocotyl was suitable as explants,with a callus induction rate of 83.3%. Under the optimal culture condition of MS-based medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 g/L Glutamine and 30 g/L sucrose, and pH of 6.1, a rapid and stable suspension culture system for passion fruit was established. The initial cell dosage was 6.0 mg/mL and shaker speed was 100 r/min, and 28℃ dark culture was adopted. Under the above growth condition, the suspension cells grew uniformly and vigorously. The growth curve of the suspension cells was S-shaped,and the logarithmic phase was on the 12-18 d after inoculation and the cells were cultured under suitable conditions. This study lays a material and technology base for cell engineering breeding and genetic transformation system of passion fruit, which is important for the development of passion fruit industry.

  Knowledge Mapping of Glomalin-related Soil Protein: CiteSpace-based Analysis JIN Taotao, ZHAO Ming, MAO Jieying, LUO Tianyu, LIU Wei, WANG Qiong 2022, 38 (24):  100-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0911 Abstract + ( 227 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 4221KB )   ( 1046 ) This study aims to systematically understand the research trends and hotspots of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) at home and abroad. Based on CiteSpace, the databases of Web of Science and CNKI were used to visualize and analyze the GRSP-related literature from 2004 to 2020 in terms of publication numbers, countries, institutions, literature co-citations and keywords. The results showed that the studies on GRSP had experienced three periods of beginning, development and stability. China had most publications on GRSP, followed by the USA and Spain. The institution with the largest number of publications was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which far exceeded the others. However, there was little cooperation between countries and institutions, which needs to be further strengthened. The landmark articles were written by GILLESPIE AW (2011), FOKOM R (2012) and RILLIG MC (2004). In view of the powerful ecological function of GRSP, more attention should be paid to GRSP in the future, especially the structural characteristics, extraction, purification, ecological function application and other aspects of GRSP.

  Pear Psylla in Korla of Xinjiang: Occurrence Dynamics and Trapping Effect of Yellow Sticky Board MA Junjie, GAO Youhua, GUO Qingyuan 2022, 38 (24):  109-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0975 Abstract + ( 236 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1630KB )   ( 64 ) In order to clarify the occurrence pattern and infestation of pear psylla, and the trapping effect of yellow sticky board in the orchards of Korla and its surrounding areas, the number of adult pear psylla trapped was investigated regularly by five-point sampling method using yellow sticky board during the active period of adult pear psylla in 2021, and the occurrence dynamics of pear psylla was analyzed in that year. The rate of pear psylla infestation in the control orchard and the orchard with hanging yellow sticky board were investigated after the active period of pear psylla, and the prevention and control effects of yellow sticky board on pear psylla were compared and analyzed. After investigation, in the Korla area, the infestation of pear psylla mainly appeared in the shoot period, before and after the flowering period, and before fruit maturity. There were two insect peaks in one year, at the end of March and the end of April respectively. To early August, the quantity of pear psylla began to reduce significantly, and the infestation was almost through the whole growth period of pear trees. The results of yellow sticky board experiment showed that the active period of adult pear psylla was the key period of pest control, the rate of pear psylla infestation in treatment area was decreased by 43.76% compared with that of the control area, indicating that hanging yellow sticky board had substantial prevention and control effect on pear psylla infestation.

  Pathogenic Bacteria of Sugar Beet Blight: Isolation and Identification LIU Danyang, CUI Rufei, GENG Gui, WANG Yuguang 2022, 38 (24):  113-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1177 Abstract + ( 290 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2968KB )   ( 44 ) The study aims to identify the pathogenic bacterial species responsible for sugar beet blight on the Hulan campus of Heilongjiang University and provide theoretical reference for the scientific prevention and treatment of the disease. Sugar beet blight plants collected from the Hulan campus of Heilongjiang University were used as test materials, and the pathogens were isolated and characterized by morphological observation, pathogenicity determination, and molecular biology according to the Koch's law. The results showed that strain L1 isolated from the roots of pathogenesis sugar beet seedlings had white hyphae. Large conidia were of the sickle type and had septa, and small conidia were mostly single cell with a few septa. The molecular identification results showed that this pathogen was in the same clade at the Fusarium saprophyticus group on a phylogenetic tree constructed based on ITS and tef1 sequences. Based on the morphological and molecular characterization results, the pathogen responsible for causing sugar beet blight on the Hulan campus of Heilongjiang University was determined to be Fusarium solani.

  Tea Active Ingredients: The Bacteriostatic Activity Against Erwinia amylovora and Stability RONG Hua, LIU Long, GUO Qingyuan 2022, 38 (24):  118-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0953 Abstract + ( 273 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3469KB )   ( 27 ) The aims are to study the bacteriostatic activity of tea active ingredients against Erwinia amylovora and their stability, and to provide a basis for disease control in field. The bacteriostatic activity of tea extracts against E. amylovora and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by punch method, and the effects of temperature, pH and UV irradiation on the bacteriostatic activity and stability of green tea extract tea polyphenols were further studied. The results showed that the bacteriostatic activity of tea polyphenols was higher than that of chitosan oligosaccharides, tea saponin had no bacteriostatic activity, and MIC of green tea extract tea polyphenols was 40 mg/mL. The bacteriostatic activity of green tea extract tea polyphenols remained stable at 10-60°C, but it was decreased slightly after being treated at 80-100°C. The bacteriostatic activity was increased at pH 2, and the bacteriostatic activity was decreased under alkaline condition. The bacteriostatic activity was decreased with the increase of irradiation time after UV treatment for 10-50 min. Tea active substances had certain bacteriostatic activity against E. amylovora, and green tea extract tea polyphenols had stable bacteriostatic activity and could be used as a natural pesticide control E. amylovora of pear.

  A Review on Penthiopyrad: A Novel Pyrazole Amide Pesticide HAN Wenhao, YAN Zhenmin, WU Yanbing, CAI Guanghui, ZHAO Lilin, LI Wei, CHEN Zenglong 2022, 38 (24):  124-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0908 Abstract + ( 428 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1390KB )   ( 417 ) To elaborate the ecological exposure risk and environmental fate of a novel pyrazole amide fungicide penthiopyrad, the authors summarized the synthesis path, biological activity, ecological toxicology, analytical methodology and environmental fate of penthiopyrad, as well as its application prospects. Penthiopyrad exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on fungal spore germination, and the prevention effect was better than the treatment effect. High ecotoxicity of penthiopyrad was observed to aquatic organisms, whereas obvious enantioselective differences were demonstrated to cell viability and oxidative stress. Further studies were recommended to investigate the fate characteristic and aquatic ecotoxicology of penthiopyrad under various circumstances, especially focus on the molecular mechanism of enantioselectivity. The chiral enantiomer of penthiopyrad with high-activity and low-risk was also explored to develop a scientific and accurate risk assessment system, and to reduce the high potential exposure risks to aquatic biological safety and human reproductive health.

  Current Situation and Removal Methods of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits in China LU Zhenping, TIAN Ying 2022, 38 (24):  131-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0874 Abstract + ( 439 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1163KB )   ( 712 ) The use of pesticides plays an important role in controlling pests in crops, especially for vegetables and fruits. However, the unreasonable use of pesticides has caused excessive pesticide residues, environmental pollution and other problems. China has a vast territory, and the situation of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits is different in different regions. Therefore, this study analyzed the current situation of pesticide residues in four economic regions of China in recent ten years and explored the residues’ differences in different varieties, purchase sources and seasons of vegetables and fruits. Then, this paper discussed different household processing methods to reduce the pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. Based on the analyses above, the paper put forward some relevant suggestions on scientific and rational use of pesticides, as well as effective methods for removing pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits.

  Discussion on the Technological Design and Advantages of Pig-raising Mode in Large-scale Buildings LIU Pingyun 2022, 38 (24):  138-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0137 Abstract + ( 294 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1231KB )   ( 238 ) With the development of African swine fever control, it is more and more difficult for pig-raising farms to acquire land. In addition, the height of facility farmland cannot exceed two-storey is not conducive to the expansion of production capacity and transformation and upgrading of the pig-raising farms. The permission given by the state for the first time to pig-raising in large-scale buildings can save the area of pig-raising farms, and has high bio-security. This new model has gradually come into the public view. Based on the practical experience of engineering design and biological characteristics of swine, the key parameters of engineering design were discussed from 9 aspects, such as site selection, plane, architecture, pen, and etc. It could be seen from the technological process design that pig-raising in large-scale buildings is more fine and scientific, and the intensive degree is high. Pig-raising in large-scale buildings has the advantages of intensive land use, good biological safety, good environmental quality and high management efficiency, and the parameters proposed by this paper can provide theoretical reference for the construction of pig-raising farms adopting the new model and lay a foundation for the industrial development of pig-raising in large-scale buildings.

  Straw for Livestock and Poultry Forage in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province: Contents and Comprehensive Ranks of Saccharide, Protein and Lipid Nutrients ZHANG Xueting, YUAN Enping, WANG Can, LI Gang, WANG Shaoxiang, LI Yun, ZHAO Shuiling, ZHONG Zhengyang, LI Guiqiong, YANG Di, XIA Pan, XU Cha, ZHAO Changling 2022, 38 (24):  145-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0957 Abstract + ( 309 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2094KB )   ( 54 ) This research aims to clarify the contents and comprehensive ranks of the saccharide, protein and lipid nutrients of straw for livestock and poultry forage commonly used in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province, and to provide a basis for the nutrient-evaluation and configuration of the forage straw. The straw of Amomum tsaoko, Canna edulis ‘Xichou Bajiaoyu’, Capsicum annuum ‘WenJin No. 1’, Capsicum annuum ‘WenZiJiao No. 3’, Capsicum frutescens, Pairs polyphylla var. yunnanensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Zea mays ‘Wenqingzhu No. 2’ frequently used by livestock and poultry farmers in Wenshan in recent years was taken as the test material. The contents of the soluble sugars, total starches and soluble proteins of the straw were determined with spectrophotometry. The crude protein and crude fat contents were detected by using Kjeldahl nitrogen and Soxhlet extraction methods, and the comprehensive ranks of the saccharide, protein and lipid nutrients of the straw were evaluated with membership function. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were the highest, reaching 163.603± 0.218 mg/g (DW) and 16.637±0.038 mg/g (DW), respectively. The contents of total starches and crude fats of ‘Wenqingzhu No. 2’ were the highest, reaching 283.008±2.507 mg/g (DW) and (3.598±0.055)%, respectively. The crude protein content of ‘Wenzijiao No. 3’ was the highest, which was about (11.864±0.202)%. Moreover, the difference of contents of soluble sugars, total starches, soluble proteins, crude proteins and crude fats among different kinds of straw all reached extremely significant levels, and the comprehensive ranks of the saccharide, protein and lipid nutrients of the eight kinds of straw were as follows: P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis>‘Wenqingzhu No. 2’>C. frutescens>‘WenZiJiao No. 3’>‘Xichou Bajiaoyu’>P. purpureum>‘WenJin No. 1’>A. tsaoko.

  Wheat Flour in Hetao Region of Inner Mongolia: Analysis of Flavor Substances by Gas Chromatography-ion Mobility Spectrometry YAN Wenzhi, YANG Lei, LIU Jing 2022, 38 (24):  151-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0927 Abstract + ( 242 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2833KB )   ( 31 ) In order to study the aroma of Hetao wheat flour and to find out the differences of flavor and flavor substances between Hetao spring wheat and winter wheat, the flavor substances of Hetao wheat ‘Yongliang 4’ were determined by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). At the same time, the winter wheat varieties ‘Xinmai 26’ and ‘Bainong 4199’ were chosen as the control. A total of 73 flavor substances were detected in flour samples of the three wheat varieties, including 26 aldehydes, 15 alcohols, 12 ketones, 6 esters, 3 acids, 2 phenols, 1 furan and 1 alkene. Among the flavor substances detected in ‘Yongliang No. 4’, the content of aldehydes was the highest, accounting for 30.55%, followed by ketones accounting for 30.28%, and alcohols accounting for 27.80%, and the rest of the substances had relatively small proportions, with phenols accounting for 3.19%%, acids accounting for 1.70%, esters accounting for 1.62%, and 2-pentylfuran together with α-pinene accounting for 0.87%. The content of maltol, butyraldehyde and other flavor substances in ‘Yongliang 4’ produced in Hetao region were high, which were quite different from those of ‘Bainong 4199’ and ‘Xinmai 26’. The high content of these flavor substances with special aroma may be the material basis for the strong aroma of Hetao wheat flour.

  Research Progress of Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) Biology WU Bin, HE Gang, WANG Weiping 2022, 38 (24):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0856 Abstract + ( 345 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1169KB )   ( 931 ) Since the 1980s, the Yangtze finless porpoise population has been declining, and remains at around 1,000 at present. In recent years, the Yangtze finless porpoise has received great attention, and more and more studies have been conducted. The newly revised List of National Key State Protected Wild Animals in 2021 confirmed that the Yangtze finless porpoise is officially promoted to the first class of protected wild animals in China. Meanwhile, as the 10-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River entered a new phase in 2021, the protection of the Yangtze River has shifted from a decisive battle to a long-term battle, and the protection of the Yangtze finless porpoise has entered a new phase. This article reviewed main research results of the taxonomy, morphology and anatomy, population ecology and conservation biology of the Yangtze finless porpoise, and discussed related research prospects.