Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.27 Published:05 October 2022

  Mutagenic Effect of Colchicine on Sweet Sorghum ‘FH59’ Seeds SHAO Rongfeng, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Yang, WANG Guan, CHANG Yuhui, BAI Wenbin, ZHAO Weijun 2022, 38 (27):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0999 Abstract + ( 403 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 4480KB )   ( 42 ) In order to study the mutagenic effect of colchicine aqueous solution on sweet sorghum ‘FH59’ seeds and create high-quality sweet sorghum resources, in this experiment, sweet sorghum seeds were soaked in different concentrations of colchicine solution (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%) for 24 h, 31 h and 48 h, respectively, the variation rate at seedling stage was counted, and the survival plants were identified in field. The results showed that the mutagenic effect of colchicine was significantly affected by the treatment time and the concentration of colchicine and their interaction. The best mutagenic effect was obtained under the condition of 0.15% colchicine solution treatment for 24 h, and the mutagenic effect of seedlings was significant. The mutants of plant height, growth period, ear length, grain color, brix and other major agronomic traits were found in the field of M2 generation, and the variation types were rich. Especially, a large number of dwarfing and early-maturing mutants were found, which had obvious improvement on sweet sorghum parents.

  Ecological Adaptability Study on Several Early-maturing Highland Barley Varieties in Langkazi County WEI Zexiu, PENG Jun, ZHUO Ma, YANG Sutao, BIANBA Zhuoma, MIMA Gengcai 2022, 38 (27):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1003 Abstract + ( 389 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1782KB )   ( 133 ) To understand the ecological adaptability of several early-maturing highland barley varieties in alpine, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, ‘Langkazi local highland barley variety’ (CK), ‘Xila23’, ‘Zangqing17’, ‘Zangqing690’, ‘Longzi heiqingke’ and ‘T28’ were planted. Under the same seeding and field management, the growth, yield and quality of these varieties were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the six highland barley varieties could mature normally in Langkazi County, the average plant height of the six varieties was 60.50-91.09 cm; except ‘T28’, the average plant height of the other 4 testing varieties were higher than that of CK, especially the average plant height of ‘Xila23’, which was 91.09 cm, and 23.09 cm higher than that of CK (68.00 cm), increased by 33.96%; (2) the sequence of straw biomass of the six varieties from high to low was ‘Xila 23’ (9239.50 kg/hm2)>‘Longzi heiqingke’ (7135.75 kg/hm2)>‘Zangqing17’ (6301.33 kg/hm2)>‘Zangqing690’ (5678.00 kg/hm2)>‘T28’ (5318.17 kg/hm2)> CK(4357.67 kg/hm2); (3) the sequence of grain yield of the six varieties from high to low was ‘Zangqing17’>‘Xila 23’>‘Zangqing690’>‘Longzi heiqingke’>CK>‘T28’; the grain yield of ‘Zangqing17’ increased by 52.42% compared with that of CK, followed by that of ‘Xila23’, which increased by 50.05% compared with that of CK. ‘Xila23’, ‘Zangqing17’ and‘ Longzi heiqingke’ can adapt to the ecological environment of Langkazi and achieve relatively stable biological yield and grain yield.

  Effect of Planting Density on Stem Tip, Yield and Planting Benefit of Facility Leaf-vegetable Sweet Potato in North China MAO Sishuai, LI Renkun, ZHOU Jihua, WANG Junying 2022, 38 (27):  13-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1031 Abstract + ( 231 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1155KB )   ( 48 ) In order to clarify the suitable planting density of facility leaf-vegetable sweet potato in north China, taking both picking difficulty and planting benefit into account, 6 planting densities (120000, 150000, 180000, 210000, 240000, and 270000 plants/hm2) were set under the premise that there was space for harvesting, to study their effects on traits of stem tip, harvest yield and planting benefit. The results indicated that, compared with that under the density of 120000 plants/hm2, the total yield significantly increased by 14.9%, 19.4%, 25.7%, 20.5% and 16.4% under the density of 150000, 180000, 210000, 240000, and 270000 plants/hm2 , respectively, and the highest yield was achieved under 210000 plants/hm2. The yield increase could be regarded as the result brought by the increase of average stem tip number. The increase of the stem tip number harvested per time in the early and middle harvest period was relatively big, thus making the yield of the two periods higher than that of the later period. As the density increased, the average fresh weight of single stem tip gradually decreased, mainly because the diameter of the base region of the harvested stem tip decreased. Compared with that under the planting density of 120000 plants/hm2, the net benefit of leaf-vegetable sweet potato increased under all other planting densities, and the highest net benefit was found under the density of 210000 plants/hm2, with an increase rate of 30.1%. In conclusion, for both picking and production function, by leaving the harvesting space of 30 cm, the density of 210000 plants/hm2 is recommended for planting leaf-vegetable sweet potato, with 3 rows as one production unit and space between plants of 18 cm×17 cm.

  Initiation Effects of Different Concentrations of Melatonin on Sugar Beet Seeds YANG Ran, XING Wang, LIU Dali, WU Zedong, WANG Maoqian 2022, 38 (27):  19-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1193 Abstract + ( 302 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1856KB )   ( 346 ) The study aims to explore the initiation effect of different concentrations of melatonin on the same type of beet seeds, and lay a theoretical foundation for the screening of beet seed coating materials. In this study, STm1619 beet seeds were used as experimental materials, and 9 treatments with 3 concentrations and 3 time gradients were set up. By soaking beet seeds back to dry germination culture, the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index were measured. The results showed that the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index of STm1619 beet seeds treated with 50 μmol/L for 8, 12 and 24 h were significantly higher than those of the control. The germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index of STm1619 beet seeds treated with 100 μmol/L for different time were higher than those of the control. The germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index of beet seeds treated with 200 μmol/L for 8, 12 and 24 h were also higher than those of the control. The effects of different concentrations of melatonin on seed germination of STm1619 sugar beet varied with time. Too long or too short processing time will have a certain impact on the initiation effect.

  The Influence of Phosphogypsum Storage on Regional Water Environment in Yunnan Province DONG Chunyu, ZHANG Hao, ZHONG Xiong, LUO Honglin, YANG Haichan, ZHANG Naiming, XIA Yunsheng, BAO Li 2022, 38 (27):  26-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0976 Abstract + ( 207 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3201KB )   ( 36 ) With the increase of phosphorus fertilizer production, the phosphogypsum pollution on environment has become more and more prominent. To solve the problem caused by phosphogypsum storage to the environment and realize the resource utilization of phosphogypsum, this study clarified the influence of phosphogypsum on the regional water environment media through field investigation, sampling, simulation test and establishing prediction model of phosphogypsum storage sites in phosphogypsum resource concentrated areas of Yunnan Province. The results showed that: (1) phosphogypsum at different storage sites was acidic, the phosphorus content of phosphogypsum in Dianchi watershed was relatively high while the fluorine content of phosphogypsum in Fuxian watershed was relatively high; (2) through surface runoff test, the content of total phosphorus and fluoride in surface water decreased with the increase of migration distance; a regression model was established for the migration of surface water pollutants along the way, showing that when the total phosphorus and fluoride in surface runoff migrated to 186.4 m and 167.30 m away from the storage site, respectively, their contents in water could reach the surface water standard of Class III; (3) through the soil column leaching test, the total phosphorus content in leachate decreased with the increase of leaching times, the fluorine content in leachate of different soil columns showed a positive correlation trend; except individual soil column leachate, the fluorine content of leachate at other depths was basically within the range of 0.15 to 0.45 mg/L, which could meet the groundwater standard of Class I to Class III. Thus, the study could provide a quantitative theoretical basis for solving the pollution load caused by phosphogypsum to water environment in phosphate mining area and even in regional river basin.

  Environmental Factors Affecting the Intensity of Phosphorus Release from Sediment: A Review CAO Jingxiao, LIU Junwu, CAI Jingju, FANG Yingchun, ZHU Jian, WANG Ping, ZHU Shanshan, JIANG Xiaxin 2022, 38 (27):  35-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1105 Abstract + ( 345 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1152KB )   ( 50 ) The release of phosphorus in lake sediment is the key to prevent the management of eutrophication lakes. Therefore, it is very important to understand the influencing factors and mechanism of the phosphorus release process in lake eutrophication control. The fraction, classification and bioavailability of phosphorus were summarized, the environmental factors affecting the release of internal phosphorus, and the problems existing in the release process of internal phosphorus in sediment and the mechanism study were analyzed. Furthermore, the future research directions for the internal phosphorus release process and mechanism were discussed.

  Organic Fertilizer Production with Fermentation and Composting of Chicken Manure Promoted by Flammulina Chaff ZENG Quan, SHI Guoying, SU Lin, YE Xuelian, HU Chunjin 2022, 38 (27):  44-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1113 Abstract + ( 253 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2121KB )   ( 554 ) In order to investigate the technical system to produce high quality organic fertilizer by rapid fermentation of chicken manure, this study produced organic fertilizer using chicken manure and filtered mud and different proportions of Flammulina chaff. The indexes of temperature, pH, moisture content, organic matter content, and the contents of total nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O, and the germination rate were tested in the fermentation process with different ratios of materials. The results showed that the time of fermentation and maturity was shortened by adding edible fungus chaff in the fermentation process. All the quality indexes of organic fertilizer produced by different formulations conformed to standard of NY/T 525-2021. Under the treatment of 30% mushroom bran, 60% chicken manure and 10% drying sludge, which had the shortest time of fermentation and maturity, the content of total nutrient, organic matter and moisture reached 10.33%, 48.5% and 32.5%, respectively, the seed germination index was 106.2%, and pH was 7.38 at the end of composting. In conclusion, composting fungus chaff and chicken manure according to scientific ratio is an important way for bio-safety disposal and resource utilization of agricultural waste materials.

  Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Nitrogen Conversion and Fixation in Sheep Manure Composting WANG Haihou, CHENG Yueqin, JIN Meijuan, LIU Zekai, SHI Linlin, LU Changying 2022, 38 (27):  51-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0894 Abstract + ( 367 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 4231KB )   ( 917 ) To study the conversion and fixation of nitrogen in the process of using rice husk biochar in sheep manure composting, we used sheep manure, edible mushroom residue and rice husk biochar pyrolyzed at 450℃ and 650℃ as raw materials, monitored the total ammonia volatilization and different forms of nitrogen content in compost by outdoor aerobic composting method. The water-soluble total nitrogen content and ammonium nitrogen content of the extracted samples after being adsorbed and desorbed by rice husk biochar were determined and analyzed by indoor adsorption and desorption method. The results showed that compared with those of CK, the ammonia volatilization accumulative amount of treatment BC450 and BC650 decreased by 68.99% and 75.09%, respectively, and the nitrogen retention rate increased by 26.2% and 33.1%, respectively, and the treatments reduced the water-soluble total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and humus nitrogen of the compost body, and increased the microbial biomass nitrogen of the compost body. The effect of treatment BC650 was stronger than that of treatment BC450. After the extraction of rice husk biochar with the same nitrogen content, the total nitrogen content in the nitrogen carriers treated by BC450 and BC650 was decreased by 21.79% and 28.6%, respectively, and the ammonium nitrogen content was decreased by 13.68% and 32.45%, respectively, compared with those before adsorption. After the desorption by rice husk biochar, the contents of total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the desorption solution treated by BC650 were significantly higher than those treated by BC450. In the composting process, the physical adsorption and chemical adsorption of nitrogen by biochar coexist, and the adsorbed nitrogen fails to improve the humic nitrogen content of compost and has reversible desorption property. The biochar pyrolyzed at 650℃ has stronger reversibility than that pyrolyzed at 450℃.

  Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Analysis and Prevention and Control Technologies in Northwest Sichuan Plateau -- A Case Study on Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture ZHENG Shenghua, CHEN Shanghong, CHEN Honglin, YANG Zepeng, AO Yuqin, LIU Dinghui 2022, 38 (27):  60-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0909 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1118KB )   ( 182 ) The Northwest Sichuan Plateau is an important ecological function area in Sichuan Province, and its ecosystem is inherently fragile. To improve the prevention and control level of agricultural non-point source pollution of the plateau, this study took Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture as an example and carried out field investigations, to analyze the agricultural and rural pollution sources, including farmland planting, livestock and poultry breeding, and rural human settlements. The results show that: (1) some agricultural counties in the south of the prefecture have problems of irrational and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides; meanwhile, the central and southern counties rely heavily on plastic film, which poses a potential risk of film residue pollution; (2) the livestock and poultry farms are mainly distributed in the central and southern counties, and the pollution risk of professional livestock and poultry breeding farms is relatively high; in the pastoral counties, such as Ruoergai and Hongyuan, the problems of overgrazing, soil desertification and pasture degradation are observed; (3) in some rural settlements, garbage and sewage collection and treatment facilities and rural toilet facilities are insufficient. Finally, the study puts forward corresponding prevention technologies for the existing problems, to provide reference for agricultural non-point pollution prevention and control in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau.

  Migration and Transformation Pathways of Nitrogen in Simulated Paddy Field System with Deep Application of Urea ZHU Jingping, DENG Qiuhong 2022, 38 (27):  66-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1017 Abstract + ( 256 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2352KB )   ( 312 ) To explore the migration and transformation pathways of nitrogen in soil and water system after urea was deeply applied to soil, the self-made device was used to simulate paddy field, and the subsequent experiments were carried out by measuring the changes of nitrogen concentration and related indicators in soil and surface water. The results showed that ammonia volatilization and nitrification were the main reactions in surface water, while denitrification was the main reaction in soil. After urea was deeply applied to soil for 15 days, the proportion of nitrogen loss in the system reached 14.86% of the total fertilization, and the loss came from ammonia volatilization and biological denitrification, which accounted for 68.95% and 31.05% of the total loss, respectively. The migration and transformation pathways of nitrogen in urea-treated paddy field are complicated, and the study could offer technical reference for rational fertilization and coping with farmland non-point source pollution by analyzing the reactions and migration pathways of nitrogen in soil and water system.

  Wetland Ecosystem Health Assessment in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve LIU Hongyuan, ZHOU Zhihua, WANG Nana, WANG Yanjun 2022, 38 (27):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1004 Abstract + ( 269 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1634KB )   ( 35 ) In order to better evaluate the health of the wetland ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, according to its characteristics and the connotation of wetland ecosystem health, we used the Euclidean distance theory and selected 13 indicators from four aspects of water, soil, biology and society, to construct the assessment system of the wetland ecosystem and evaluate the ecosystem health. Then, we analyzed the existing problems of the reserve based on the index diagnosis method. The results showed that the ecosystem health index (A value) was 0.656. The water guarantee rate, soil pH, dynamic balance of plant community, dynamic balance of animal community, population density, ratio of water extraction to water storage, ratio of wetland output value to input capital contributed positively to A value. The contribution of soil available phosphorus, wetland capital input capacity and supply function type to A value was negative. The evaluation method adopted by this study on wetland ecosystem health based on Euclidean distance could accurately reflect the ecosystem health, the existing problems were analyzed, and some suggestions on further improvement of the natural reserve were put forward.

  The Response of N2O Emissions to Straw Returning and Biochar Addition During Maize Growing Season in Mollisol ZHANG Nan, PAN Shiqiu, QIAO Yunfa, ZHU Baoguo, MIAO Shujie 2022, 38 (27):  79-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0943 Abstract + ( 306 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2352KB )   ( 38 ) Based on the long-term field positioning test established in Hailun Agroecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, a field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of straw returning and biochar addition on N2O emission flux during maize growing season in mollisol using static chamber and gas chromatography. Three treatments were designed in this experiment: chemical fertilizer (NPK), straw returning with chemical fertilizer (NPK + SR) and biochar with chemical fertilizer (NPK + BC). In the third year of the study, the emissions from soil during the maize growing season were collected and the N2O emission flux was measured. The results showed that the cumulative N2O emission increased by 83.1% under NPK+SR treatment and decreased by 32.4% under NPK+BC compared with that under NPK. Although the correlation coefficient between soil temperature and N2O emission flux changed with the treatments, there were significantly positive correlations between them across the treatments (P<0.05). In addition, there was no correlation between soil moisture and N2O emission across the treatments (P>0.05). Compared with NPK treatment, straw returning and biochar addition treatments increased maize yield by 12.0% and 34.4%, respectively. Therefore, the biochar from maize straw applied to field could not only increase maize yield, but also decrease N2O emission. Under the conditions of this experiment, biochar is a potential strategy for returning maize straw to field in mollisol region.

  Heavy Metal Pollution Within and Surrounding Nonferrous Metal Smelting Sites in Central-south China and Stabilization Remediation Technology: A Review GUI Juan, CHANG Haiwei, HE Junqiang, FU Yuncong, DAI Qingyun, LI Hongliang, LIU Daihuan 2022, 38 (27):  86-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0926 Abstract + ( 284 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1749KB )   ( 2571 ) Central-south China is distinguished by the considerable numbers and areas of non-ferrous metal smelting sites that have polluted the soils both within and surrounding the sites. This brings serious risks to the local environment and needs to be controlled urgently. To explore the pollution characteristics of the smelting sites and the surrounding soil in central-south China and the main effective stabilization and remediation technologies, we summarized the distribution of nonferrous metal smelting sites in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Anhui, and their pollution status. The pollution characteristics included large pollution area, mainly compound pollution, diversified pollution ways, different pollution levels and high heavy metal activity. The advances of stabilized materials used in remediation were expounded from two aspects: stabilization mechanism and material type. Finally, we discussed future research on the development of composite stabilization materials with high-performance, sustainability, wide adaptability and environmental value, aiming to provide support for the stabilized remediation of soil heavy metal pollution in nonferrous metal smelting sites and surrounding soil in central-south China.

  Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Fertility Grade Evaluation of Newly-increased Farmland in Weibei Dryland: A Case Study of Heyang County HU Yi, WANG Jing, LI Gang 2022, 38 (27):  94-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0886 Abstract + ( 400 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 40 ) To provide reference and guidance for follow-up management of newly-increased farmland, soil fertility status of newly-increased farmland following land consolidation project in Heyang County of Shaanxi Province, which was part of the eastern Weibei dryland, was studied. Development of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in newly-increased farmland from 12 towns in Heyang County were analyzed and then evaluated comprehensively using the matter-element model. The results show that the soil nutrient concentration is generally low in newly-increased farmland in Heyang County with an average organic matter content of 8.66 g/kg, total nitrogen of 1.30 g/kg, available phosphorus of 18.66 mg/kg, and available potassium of 151.21 mg/kg. The content of soil organic matter is relatively low, the contents of total nitrogen and available phosphorus are moderate, and available potassium is abundant. According to nutrient evaluation grades, soil classified as Grade IV with extremely low fertility accounts for 83.4% of all the newly-increased farmland and has huge room for soil fertility improvement. Taking local economic level and typical nutrient management practices into consideration, the priority should be given to organic fertilizers while application of chemical fertilizers should be increased at an appropriate rate. With respect to cropping systems, a 3-year grain-legume rotation with 1-year of soybean and 2-year of wheat is recommended.

  Current Situation of Soil Fertility in Fluvo-aquic Soil Region of Henan Province CHENG Guofeng, HUANG Da, ZHAO Dongli, WANG Liqiang, CHENG Zhijie 2022, 38 (27):  101-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0916 Abstract + ( 267 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1469KB )   ( 173 ) In Henan Province, fluvo-aquic soil is the most widely distributed soil type with the largest area, and the main grain production area. Its fertility directly affects grain production. Based on the cultivated land quality survey in 2018, this study selected three counties of Zhecheng, Hua and Sui as the study area, and analyzed the current situation of fluvo-aquic soil fertility in the province. The results showed that the average values of soil pH, soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content were 8.2, 17.4 g/kg, 1.11 g/kg, 21.1 mg/kg and 141 mg/kg, respectively. K-means clustering analysis was conducted to divide soil nutrients’ content into four grades. The soil organic matter content in grade 1 to 4 was >23.6, 18.1-23.6, 12.2-18.1 and <12.2 g/kg, and the proportion of each grade was 8.0%, 37.1%, 41.3% and 13.6%, respectively. The soil total nitrogen content in grade 1 to 4 was >1.35, 1.09-1.35, 0.85-1.09 and <0.85 g/kg, and the proportion of each grade was 18.4%, 30.7%, 35.7% and 15.2%, respectively. The soil available P content in grade 1 to 4 was>61.9, 36.1-61.9, 18.3-36.1 and <18.3 mg/kg, and the proportion of each grade was 2.7%, 8.8%, 32.0% and 56.5%, respectively. The soil available K content in grade 1 to 4 was>256, 171-256, 110-171 and <110 mg/kg, and the proportion of each grade was 6.4%, 18.9%, 38.4% and 36.3%, respectively. The results of principal component analysis showed that soil total nitrogen, organic matter and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting soil fertility in fluvo-aquic soil region.

  Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Microbial Diversity in Paddy Field Under Different Fertilization Modes: A Review SHI Lihong, SUN Mei, TANG Haiming, WEN Li, LI Chao, CHENG Kaikai, LI Weiyan, XIAO Xiaoping 2022, 38 (27):  106-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0921 Abstract + ( 250 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1076KB )   ( 1489 ) Soil organic nitrogen (SON) is the main form of nitrogen (N) in paddy field, and there is a close relationship between soil N mineralization, N availability and SON fractions. To clarify the contribution of SON fractions to N mineralization in soil can provide a theoretical basis for scientific field management practices. Soil N fractions and soil microbial diversity in paddy field are mainly affected by the fertilization modes. This study was conducted from the aspects of the effects of different fertilization modes on soil N forms and characteristics of N mineralization, the quantitative change of functional genes in soil ammonia oxidizing bacteria and soil nitrifying and soil denitrifying bacteria, soil N transformation microorganisms’ activity and extracellular enzymes, and soil microbial community structural diversity of N transformation. The study proposed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers is beneficial to improving the microbial availability of SON fractions and soil nitrogen supply, and it is an effective practice to enhance soil fertility in paddy field.

  Sugar Beet Heat-shock Protein Gene BvHSP18.2: Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis ZHANG Qiong, WANG Jinxia, MENG Shiqi, ZHONG Xin’ai, LIU Dali, XING Wang 2022, 38 (27):  111-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0222 Abstract + ( 261 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3771KB )   ( 302 ) The aim of this paper is to predict the function of sugar beet small heat-shock protein BvHSP18.2 (LOC104903994) by gene cloning and bioinformatics analysis. The full length of BvHSP18.2 gene was obtained by cloning BvHSP18.2 from the test material of sugar beet ‘780016B/12 superior’. The physicochemical properties, protein structure and multiple sequence alignment of BvHSP18.2 were analyzed by ProtParam tool, SWISS-MODEL, MEGA11, etc. The full length of BvHSP18.2 gene amplified by RT-PCR was 962 bp, encoding 158 amino acids, with the molecular formula of C928H1466N266O284S6, which was a hydrophilic unstable protein and belonged to the family of small heat-shock protein family. The protein encoded by this gene contained 13 phosphorylation sites, the alpha helix, irregular curl and other main components. The phylogenetic relationship showed that BvHSP18.2 was similar to the sHSP homologs of quinoa and spinach. Meanwhile, the promoter region of BvHSP18.2 gene had cis-acting elements involved in defense and stress response, and was presumed to play an important role in sugar beet growth and development and stress response. This paper can lay a foundation for further studies on the function and genetic regulation mechanism of this gene.

  Nitrogen Metabolism Involved in Low Nitrogen Stress in Plants: A Review LI Jiajia, XU Lingqing, ZHAO Yang, RUI Xiuli, SHI Junting, LIU Dali 2022, 38 (27):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0269 Abstract + ( 658 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1185KB )   ( 3789 ) The increasing deterioration of the environment has forced people to abandon the concept of high-fertilizer production and shift to the concept of low-fertilizer green production. This study reviewed different metabolic levels, and morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants from five aspects: enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen assimilation pathways, primary metabolism, secondary metabolism and nitrogen metabolism-related genes under low nitrogen stress, discussed the low nitrogen tolerance strategies of plants at different growth stages, and expounded the enzymes related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and their regulatory mechanism in the process of resisting nitrogen stress. It is proposed that in the future, according to the differences of low nitrogen tolerance of different plants or different growth periods of the same plant, and the relationship of key gene expression products, the molecular response mechanisms of plants under low nitrogen stress could be systematically and comprehensively studied from multiple disciplines and perspectives, so as to provide theoretical reference for the research on plant nitrogen metabolism involved in low nitrogen stress.

  Pyraclostrobin: Toxicity Determination and Control Effect on the Pathogens of Two Rare Fruits SONG Xiaobing, HUANG Feng, LUO Xiaoling, LIN Peihua, PENG Aitian, LING Jinfeng, CUI Yiping 2022, 38 (27):  125-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0996 Abstract + ( 318 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1187KB )   ( 31 ) The aims are to recommend the fungicides for important diseases of rare fruits in pesticide registration, and effectively change the current situation of a lack of fungicides or no fungicide available for disease control of minor crops. Toxicity determination and field efficacy test were utilized to evaluate the control effect and safety of pyraclostrobin 30% SC in the control of wampee anthracnose and guava leaf spot. The test results showed that pyraclostrobin had better inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotiopsis disseminatum, with EC50 of 0.0321 μg/mL and 2.0167 μg/mL respectively, which were significantly better than the effect of control fungicide of azoxystrobin. Pyraclostrobin 30% SC at 250 mg/kg had a good control effect against wampee anthracnose and guava leaf spot, the control efficacy of fungicide after spraying three times reached 78.68% and 77.45% respectively, which were significantly better than the control fungicide with pyraclostrobin 25% SC 200 mg/kg. In summary, pyraclostrobin 30% SC has a good control effect on both wampee anthracnose and guava leaf spot, and it can be applied and promoted in the control of the two fruit tree diseases.

  Meteorological Conditions for Late Blight Occurrence on Winter-planting Potato in Guizhou Province JIANG Shihua, CHI Zaixiang, ZENG Xiaoshan, YANG Xiuxun, MO Qingzhong, CHEN Jinmei, LEI Ying 2022, 38 (27):  129-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0990 Abstract + ( 236 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 4213KB )   ( 49 ) Based on the demonstration project of climate test on winter-planting potato from 2015 to 2018 which was established in the comprehensive scientific research base of Liupanshui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou (Yanjiao Town of Liuzhi County, altitude of 1100 m), and combined with the monitoring results of potato late blight in Nayong, Zhijin, Fenggang, Yuping, Tongren, Leishan, Duyun, Pu’an, Qingzhen and Puding of Guizhou Province from 2017 to 2018, the meteorological conditions and dynamic characteristics of potato late blight occurrence in the province were analyzed. The results showed that the late blight of winter-planting potato occurred mainly in April, which was the growth stage from flower budding to flowering. In this growth stage, when the daily average temperature≤18℃ and the relative humidity>75% lasted for 3 days or more, and the daily average temperature>18℃ and the relative humidity>80% were on the fourth day and thereafter, the late blight of winter-planting potato could be observed. Therefore, it is suggested to use the above conditions as a meteorological early warning indicator for the prevention and control of late blight of winter-planting potato, so as to actively carry out the prevention and control within three days since the emergence of the early warning indicator and improve the control efficiency.

  Bibliometrics Visualization Analysis of Plant Immune Inducers WU Yulian, FAN Huiyan, WANG Yanxin, XU Kaiyi, SHAO Chengyuan 2022, 38 (27):  138-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0946 Abstract + ( 264 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3544KB )   ( 101 ) To systematically analyze the status quo of research and the application prospect of plant immune inducer, this study collected relevant data from Web of Science and CNKI China, and used CiteSpace software and analysis tools like Excel to conduct visualization analysis of the literature on plant immune inducers published in domestic and foreign journals from 1985 to 2021. At present, the literature related to plant immune inducers has a fluctuating and rising trend. According to the WOS database, among the foreign language literature, the publications related to plant immune inducers mainly comes from the United States, China, Japan and other countries. Through the distribution analysis of high-frequency keywords, the research hotspots are salicylic acid plant immune inducers, amino oligosaccharides, Ralstonia solanacearum, and technologies concerning straw biological reactor and crop yield increase. Among the highly co-cited articles, those about the mechanism of plant immune inducers account for the main part. The results of this bibliometrics analysis could provide ideas and methods for the research and technology application of plant immune inducers in China.

  Ultra-low Dose Spray of Small Plant Protection UAV: Control Effect on Wheat Powdery Mildew in Desert Oasis Wheat Region CUI Yanhua, ZHOU Tingting, SHEN Yuyang, CHEN Li, LIN Guocang, YANG Anpei, ZHANG Hang, LEI Junjie, LI Guangkuo, GAO Haifeng 2022, 38 (27):  147-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1030 Abstract + ( 293 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1086KB )   ( 192 ) The control effect of ultra-low dose spray of small plant protection UAV on wheat powdery mildew was studied in order to provide guidance for the scientific use of small plant protection UAV to prevent and control wheat diseases. The random block method was used to investigate the occurrence of wheat powdery mildew in each treatment, and the control effects of fungicides on wheat powdery mildew were evaluated. The results showed that 240 g/L Mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin SC with the rate of 180 g/hm2, 19% Picoxystrobin·propiconazole SC with the rate of 199.50 g/hm2 and 23% Epoxiconazole·kresoxim-methyl SC with the rate of 103.50 g/hm2 added with synergist Maifei had good control effects on wheat powdery mildew, and the control effects were 77.88%, 74.23% and 73.26%, respectively. The control effects of 42% Metrafenone SC with the rate of 189.00 g/hm2, 430 g/L Tebuconazole SC with the rate of 129.00 g/hm2, 75% Trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole WG with the rate of 202.50 g/hm2 and 40% Myclobutanil WP with the rate of 120.00 g/hm2 added with synergist Maifei on wheat powdery mildew were between 60.90% and 65.72%. The seven kinds of fungicides can all be used for ultra-low dose spray of small plant protection UAV to control wheat powdery mildew, and can be used alternately in production to slow down the emergence of drug resistance.

  Study on Peanut Appearance Quality Detection Based on Color and Texture Features YANG Lulu, QIN Huawei 2022, 38 (27):  151-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0918 Abstract + ( 226 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2731KB )   ( 367 ) The aim of this study is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the on-line classification of peanut appearance defects. Preprocessing of RGB images of intact, damaged and moldy peanut kernels was conducted using mean shift method, grayscale processing and threshold segmentation. The research extracted 6 color eigenvalues of the first and second moments of the H, S and V components in the HSV color space of the peanut image, and four texture feature values, including energy, entropy, contrast and deficit moment, based on gray level co-occurrence matrix method. Then, we constructed a feature model combined of color and texture vectors. Finally, peanuts were detected and classified by BP neural network and SVM classifier, respectively. The results showed that the overall recognition accuracy of peanut kernels was 96.67% by BP neural network and 97.22% by SVM classifier, and the latter is better than the former. The recognition time of BP and SVM was 2.5 s and 1.1 s, respectively, and SVM classifier also had better recognition efficiency. Considering the accuracy and efficiency of recognition, the SVM classifier model is preferred in distinguish peanut kernels.

  Lipid-producing Monoraphidium sp.: The Best Medium Screening and Lipid-producing Property Enhancement MA Siqi, LI Chang, FAN Yang, SUN Ying, YIN Ziliang, LIN Yimeng, GE Jingping 2022, 38 (27):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0048 Abstract + ( 217 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3213KB )   ( 31 ) To investigate the effects of medium type and composition on the lipid-producing properties of Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 and fully improve the lipid production potential of the strain, the growth, biomass and lipid content of HDMA-11 were examined using cell counting, dry cell weight and Nile red staining methods in BG-11, BBM, TAP, D1 and SE media. The type and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources were then optimized to improve the lipid production characteristics of the strain. Results showed that the TAP medium could greatly shorten the culture period of the strain and increase its biomass productivity by 127% and lipid productivity by 117%. The lipid-producing indexes of the strain were further improved when 2 mL/L of acetic acid and 750 mg/L of ammonium chloride were added. The productivity of biomass and lipid of the strain after being improved were 70 mg/(L·d) and 315 RFU/(L·d) respectively, which was 218% and 116% higher than those of the initial levels. This work optimized the culture conditions of HDMA-11, elucidated the effects of acetic acid and ammonium chloride on the growth and lipid-producing indexes, and provided data basis for further exploration of the lipid-producing potential of the strain.