Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.28 Published:05 October 2022

  Influence of Fertilization System of Nutrient Critical Value for Optimum Yield of Tobacco on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco in Yuxi CHEN Jianfeng, ZHAO Wenjun, FU Libo, YIN Mei, WANG Zhiyuan, WANG Wei, WANG Yingxue, YANG Yanxian, CHEN Hua 2022, 38 (28):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0960 Abstract + ( 218 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 47 ) The paper aims to verify the validity and applicability of the fertilization system of nutrient critical value for optimum yield of tobacco. A field experiment with tobacco ‘K326’ was conducted in Yuxi to investigate the effects of the model on yield and quality of tobacco. It was found that the recommended fertilization amount (T3) by fertilization system of nutrient critical value for optimum yield of tobacco was 58.9 kg/hm2 lower than that of the conventional recommended fertilization amount (T2). Reducing fertilizer application had little effect on agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco, but could improve yield and quality, fertilizer contribution rate and fertilizer agronomic utilization rate. In 2019, the yield of T3 was 7% higher than that of T2, the output value was 11% higher than that of T2, the fertilizer contribution rate was 5.1 percentage points higher than that of T2, and the fertilizer agronomic utilization rate was 53.8% higher than that of T2. In 2020, the yield of T3 was 7.2% higher than that of T2, the output value was 8.5% higher than that of T2, the fertilizer contribution rate was 4.9 percentage points higher than that of T2, and the fertilizer agronomic utilization rate was 43.9% higher than that of T2. The grey correlation analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate chemical constituents of the middle and the upper leaves, then tobacco leaves of the three treatments were sorted. The order of middle leaves was T3> T1> T2, and the order of upper leaves was T3> T2> T1. The results of the two-year field experiment in this study showed that, compared with the conventional recommended fertilization, fertilization system of nutrient critical value for optimum yield of tobacco comprehensively and significantly improved the growth, yield and quality, economic benefit and fertilizer utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco, which could achieve the goal of precise fertilization and provide a practical way for the fertilization management in flue-cured tobacco production.

  Comparative Study on Agronomic Traits and Yield Among Different Edible Sunflower Varieties LUO Jingjing, WANG Heya, LIU Yantao 2022, 38 (28):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0115 Abstract + ( 410 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1340KB )   ( 58 ) In order to screen out suitable edible sunflower varieties for large-scale promotion in Ta’e reclamation area, seven edible sunflower varieties selected and introduced were compared with ‘Shuangxing 5’. By comparing the differences of agronomic traits, growth period and yield among different varieties, the value indexes with promotion potential were analyzed, and the dominant varieties were selected. Correlation and path analysis showed that plant height, stem diameter and grain number of the tested varieties had a significantly positive correlation with the yield. The traits with the largest direct path coefficient of edible sunflower yield were plant height and stem diameter. Regression analysis further clarified the direct relationship of plant height, stem diameter and plate diameter with the yield. The stem diameter of ‘Feitian No.1’, ‘Lefeng No.30’, ‘JK518E’ and ‘Tongqing No.5’ were significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05). The grain size and 100-grain weight of ‘Shuangxing 44’ were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). The results showed that the yield of ‘Feitian No.1’, ‘Shuangxing 44’ and ‘JK518E’ were not significantly different from that of the control. The yield of ‘Tongqing No.5’ was increased by 8.41%. In summary, ‘Shuangxing 44’ has the advantages of full grain, high 100-grain weight and large plate diameter, as well as good commodity. ‘Tongqing No.5’ has the advantages of strong plant growth, high number of grains per plate, moderate grain size and high yield, and has more extensive promotion value.

  Optimization Analysis of Grain Production Capacity of Heilongjiang Province in 2025 LIU Baohai, LI Xiaojun, GAO Shiwei, WU Licheng, XIAO Minggang 2022, 38 (28):  13-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0991 Abstract + ( 250 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1414KB )   ( 83 ) To analyze the change of grain production capacity in Heilongjiang during 2011-2020 and explore the possibility of optimizing the per unit area yield and planting area of crops under the constraints of grain production capacity in 2025 are conducive to the planning layout of grain production in Heilongjiang and the province’s role as ‘ballast stone’ of national food security. According to the statistical yearbook and historical data available on network, the planting optimization schemes of maize, rice and soybean varieties under the extremum condition of grain production capacity in Heilongjiang in 2025 were explored by using floating-point coding genetic algorithm (FGA) and entropy weight comprehensive evaluation method. The results showed that: for the optimized scheme by only adjusting the per unit area yield, the yield increase of soybean, rice and maize should be 5.01%, 5.00% and 3.69%, respectively, compared with those of 2020. For the optimized scheme by only adjusting the planting area, the planting area of maize, rice and soybean should be increased by 8.34%, 3.31% and -0.04%, respectively, compared with those of 2020. For the optimized scheme of coordinated adjustment of planting area and per unit area yield, the increase range should be maize planting area by 7.97%, soybean per unit area yield by 5.01%, rice planting area by 3.31%, maize per unit area yield by 2.29%, soybean planting area by -0.04%, and rice per unit area yield by -3.67% compared with those of 2020. Therefore, the dynamic optimized scheme to achieve the grain production capacity target could be obtained by adjusting planting area, or per unit area yield, or the coordination of planting area and per unit area yield. This study will provide scientific support for the planting layout and safe production of grain crops in Heilongjiang Province.

  Straw Degrading Bacterial Strains: Screening and Their Response to pH ZHANG Yun, SA Rula, BAO Guirong, SA Rulaqiqige, TAI Jicheng, LI Xiang 2022, 38 (28):  21-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0977 Abstract + ( 261 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1419KB )   ( 55 ) The paper aims to provide bacterial strain resources for straw returning to field in cold and cool areas. Taking the soil in low temperature environment and cellulose-rich decomposing materials as the bacterial source, the straw-degrading bacterial strains were screened by enrichment and subculture, and the straw decomposing agent, which is the main recommendation in production, was used as the test material. Fermentation of straw was conducted at 15℃ and 20℃, and under pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, the OD600 value of the fermentation broth was measured every 24 hours, and the filter paper enzyme activity, cellulase and straw degradation rate were measured after 15 days of fermentation, to explore the degradation effect of corn straw. The results showed that the rate of cellulose decomposition was accelerated when the strain was subcultured for 5-6 generations; the fermentation broth of the two test materials with different pH reached the peak on the 6th day at 15℃, and the highest peak was at pH 7.5. The two test materials were different at 20℃. The OD600 value of pH fermentation broth reached the peak value on the 7th day, the highest peak value of straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 was pH 8.5, and the highest peak value of straw decomposing agent was pH 5.5. The filter paper enzyme activity of straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 at pH 8.5 and 15℃ was significantly higher than that of straw decomposing agent, so did the cellulose activity at pH 7.5. The cellulase activity of straw decomposing agent was higher than that of straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 at pH 4.5 and 20℃. Under the conditions of 15℃ and 20℃, straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 had higher straw degradation rate at pH 7.5, while the straw decomposing agent had higher degradation rate at pH 4.5 and pH 5.5. Under the same fermentation conditions, straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 had significantly higher degradation rate of straw than straw decomposing agent. The suitable conditions for straw-degrading bacterial strains No.8 to degrade straw are neutral and alkaline under medium and low temperature, while the conditions for the straw decomposing agent are acidic under medium temperature.

  Functional Identification of Citrus CsaccA Gene WANG Chao, YANG Changyao, LI Feifei, MA Xiaochuan, CHEN Yuewen, XIAO Zhiwei, YIN Tao, YE Li, LI Yunsong, LU Xiaopeng 2022, 38 (28):  28-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0994 Abstract + ( 260 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1862KB )   ( 42 ) This study aims to improve the quality of citrus fruits. Function of a CsaccA gene, which is suspected to be related to citrus fruit quality, was systematically investigated through overexpression in Micro-Tom tomato, identification by PCR and GUS staining, plant phenotype observation and physiological and biochemical determinations. The results showed that the CsaccA gene significantly promoted plant biomass, and the biomass of the root, stem and leaf of transgenic plants were all significantly higher than that of control. The plant growth rate of transgenic plants was significantly faster than that of control as well. The transgenic fruit colored and ripened earlier than that of control. Quality analysis showed that the main sugar components of tomato fruit, glucose and fructose, had a significant increase in content. However, the main acid component citrate had a decrease in content significantly. In summary, transgenic studies have verified that the CsaccA gene functions in increasing fruit sugar-to-acid ratio, which can lay a foundation for fruit quality improvement in the future.

  Genetic Background Analysis of ‘Hetian’ Rose Based on DNA Sequence SONG Yao, WANG Hui 2022, 38 (28):  36-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0439 Abstract + ( 224 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1377KB )   ( 30 ) ‘Hetian’ rose is one of the main cultivated rose varieties in China, but its unclear genetic background is not conducive to product development and application. The suspected proximologous species of ‘Hetian’ rose were selected for this study, by using sequence alignment method and constructing the phylogenetic tree, we analyzed the genetic relationship of the varieties and clarified their genetic background. The results showed that the polymorphism of ITS sequence was high, especially ITS2 sequence, which could obtain more genetic information. Based on ITS2 sequence, ‘Hetian’ rose and Rosa gallica clustered into a small branch, indicating that their genetic relationship was close. The polymorphism of atpB-rbcL sequence was low among the tested plant materials, but it could reflect the maternal information. ‘Hetian’ rose was in the same branch with Rosa gallica, Rosa centifolia, Rosa phoenicia and Rosa rugosa. Combined with the clustering results of ITS, the study presumed Rosa gallica to be the female parent of ‘Hetian’ rose which had the common parental origin with Rosa damascena.

  Identification and Evaluation on Bolting Traits of Chinese Cabbage Group Germplasm Resources LAI Jia, WEI Shugu, HUANG Ling, SHENG Yuzhen, LIU Yong, ZHANG Qianfang, YE Pengsheng 2022, 38 (28):  41-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0410 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1555KB )   ( 33 ) To screen Chinese cabbage group germplasm resources with high bolting tolerance, 233 Chinese cabbage group germplasm resources were studied for open field cultivation. The bolting traits of Chinese cabbage group were comprehensively identified and evaluated by subordinate function method and systematic cluster analysis in budding stage and flowering stage. The variation range of budding stage was 39.00-181.00 days, and the variation range of flowering stage was 46.00-196.00 days. The variation coefficients were 24.53% and 19.80% respectively, indicating that there was rich genetic diversity in bolting traits of Chinese cabbage group germplasm. The 233 Chinese cabbage group germplasm resources were divided into 5 groups by subordinate function method, including 80 extremely bolting-tolerant germplasms. The results of cluster analysis showed that the 233 Chinese cabbage group germplasm resources were divided into 5 groups at the distance coefficient of 4.5, and the extremely bolting-tolerant type of group IV included 63 germplasm resources, all of which belonged to the extremely bolting-tolerant grade classified by subordinate function method, indicating that both subordinate function method and cluster analysis method can effectively identify the bolting tolerance of Chinese cabbage group germplasms.

  Effect of Casing Soils on the Yield and Quality of Ganoderma lingzhi WANG Aixian, LIU Fuyang, BAO Xinglu, WANG Ziying, LIU Xinrui, WANG Yixuan, ZHAO Junmin, WU Rengao, HUANG Zhilong, WU Xiaoping 2022, 38 (28):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0938 Abstract + ( 200 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 40 ) The effects of casing soils on the yield and quality of Ganoderma lingzhi were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the development of cultivation techniques and medicinal research of G. lingzhi. Ceramic soil, vermiculite, garden soil, sandy loam and peat soil were selected as casing soils, and without casing soil was used as control. The fruiting body yield, polysaccharide content, triterpenoid content, antioxidant activity of water extract and four heavy metal contents (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) were determined as indicators for comprehensive analysis to screen the best casing soil. The yield of G. lingzhi was significantly increased by casing soil cultivation, but there was no significant difference among different casing soils. When vermiculite was used, the highest yield was achieved as 136.67 g/bag, which was 32.32% higher than that of the control. The highest polysaccharide content of G. lingzhi cultivated in peat soil was 6.72 mg/g, which was 1.54 times as much as that of cultivated without casing soil. When sandy loam soil was used as casing soil material, the content of triterpenoids was the highest (6.67 mg/g), which was 1.25 times that of the control. The results of antioxidant activity showed that sandy loam, ceramic soil and vermiculite cultivated G. lingzhi had the highest scavenging rate of DPPH free radical. The contents of heavy metals in G. lingzhi cultivated with different casing soil materials were different, but they were all lower than the national standard and reached the safe level. Among these casing soils, sandy loam, vermiculite and peat soil could be selected for G. lingzhi cultivation.

  Comparative Study on Pollination Effects of Five Pear Varieties for ‘Yulu Xiangli’ Pear ZHAO Mingxin, CAO Gang, WANG Wei, CAO Sufang, LI Hongxu 2022, 38 (28):  52-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0987 Abstract + ( 462 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 25 ) To improve the fruit quality and the calyx-abscission rate of ‘Yulu Xiangli’ pear, screen out suitable pollination varieties, ‘Huangguan’, ‘Xueqing’, ‘Cuiyu’, ‘Zaosu’ and ‘Pingguoli’ were selected as pollination varieties, the main indexes such as fruit-setting rate, and fruit internal and external qualities of different pollination combinations were measured by artificial pollination with the healthy growing and fruiting ‘Yulu Xiangli’ pear as the female parent. The results showed that the artificial pollution of ‘Huangguan’ for ‘Yulu Xiangli’ pear had the highest fruit-setting rate, the smallest fruit shape index and skewness, the largest fruit size, the most correct fruit shape, high soluble solids’ content, and superior internal and external qualities to other pollination varieties. In general, ‘Huangguan’ is the most suitable pollination variety for ‘Yulu Xiangli’ pear in Jingtai area.

  Effects of Leaf Curtain Shaping on Growth and Fruit Quality of Red Wine Grapes in Xinjang ZHANG Ziqing, HAN Shou’an, WANG Min, XIE Hui, ZHANG Wen, ZHOU Long 2022, 38 (28):  58-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1169 Abstract + ( 187 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1627KB )   ( 30 ) The effects of leaf curtain shaping on leaf curtain and fruit microenvironment, photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of red wine grapes in plant shape were investigated to provide an effective method for improving the quality of Xinjiang wine grapes. The temperature, humidity, photosynthetic radiation intensity and photosynthetic physiological indexes of the fruit domain under the leaf curtain were measured at the stages of fruit expansion, color change and ripening; the fruit appearance quality, soluble solids and titratable acids, and the contents of flavonoids, polyphenols, proanthocyanidins and tannins in peel and seeds were measured at the stage of fruit ripening. The experiment results showed that compared with hedge-wall leaf curtain, V-shaped leaf curtain improved the overall light condition of leaf curtain and increased the daily difference, fruit domain humidity, photosynthetic capacity of leaves inside the leaf curtain, fruit spike looseness, and the contents of soluble solids, titratable acids and phenolic substances. Therefore, under the ecological conditions of the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, the use of V-shaped leaf curtain shaping is more helpful to improve fruit quality of red wine grapes.

  Effects of Substrates on Rooting of Cutting Seedlings of Passiflora caerulea YANG Fan, GUO Lina, DONG Meichao, WANG Ziran, FU Xiaomeng, LI Danping, YANG Hongxia, GAO Junyan, ZHOU Dongguo 2022, 38 (28):  68-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1016 Abstract + ( 185 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1279KB )   ( 25 ) To improve the quality of the cutting seedlings of Passiflora caerulea in Yunnan, suitable substrates for cultivating the cutting seedlings of P. caerulea were selected. Red soil, coconut chaff and river sand were used as substrate raw materials to study the effects of single substrate or mixed substrates with 10 different ratios on the root system of P. caerulea cutting seedlings, and the cost of seedling cultivation was analyzed. The results showed that different substrate treatments had significant effects on the rooting rate of P. caerulea cuttings. 45 days after cutting, the rooting rate of P. caerulea cuttings was the highest in substrates with the ratio of red soil: coconut chaff of 3:7 and red soil: coconut chaff of 5:5, the rooting rate was (76.67±6.67)% and (74.44±12.62)%, respectively. The treatments with red soil: coconut chaff of 7:3, red soil: coconut chaff of 3:7, red soil: coconut chaff of 8:2 and red soil: coconut chaff of 5:5 had a large number of roots, all of which were more than 20. The treatments with coconut chaff only or red soil: coconut chaff of 5:5 had relatively long roots, and the longest roots could reach more than 5 cm. Considering the rooting rate, root number, the length of the longest root, as well as substrate cost of P. caerulea cutting seedlings under different substrate treatments, it is suggested that the ratio of red soil to coconut chaff of 5:5 should be popularized in production.

  Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Sediments and Substrate of Shuifeng Lake Basin: Investigation and Evaluation CHU Xiangqian, LI Hongna, LV Weiguang, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, WANG Quanhua, ZHANG Hanlin 2022, 38 (28):  72-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0883 Abstract + ( 195 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1689KB )   ( 27 ) To evaluate the environmental risk of eutrophication and heavy metal accumulation in sediments and substrate of Shuifeng Lake basin, in May (normal water period), August (high water period) and November (freezing period) of 2014, sediment and substrate samples were collected from 9 sampling points in the Shuifeng Lake basin. The contents of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Ni and As in sediments and substrate were analyzed, and the eutrophication and heavy metal pollution were evaluated by using the organic pollution evaluation standard of water substrate and the Hakanson potential ecological risk evaluation method. The results showed that the content of TN in sediments and substrate was 0.172% and 0.167%, respectively, which was generally in a rich state (17/27 and 16/27). The content of TP was 0.192% and 0.174%, respectively, which was at a high level (25/27 and 20/27). The average content of organic matter in sediments and substrate was 29.85 g/kg and 27.87 g/kg, respectively, showing a low level. In terms of heavy metals, the pollution of Hg and Cu were relatively serious, and most of the sampling points were moderately polluted (7/9), and there was a high degree of potential risk. In general, the eutrophication of sediment and substrate in Shuifeng Lake basin is high, and the contents of some heavy metals exceed the standard. Although serious pollution has not occurred, it is necessary to strengthen the control of the accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals.

  Treatment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution by L-Aspartic Acid Derivatives: Research Progress JIAO Yongkang 2022, 38 (28):  79-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0940 Abstract + ( 189 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1096KB )   ( 47 ) This study reviewed the research progress of soil heavy metal pollution, introduced two biological derivatives of L-Aspartic acid, polyaspartic acid (PASP) and iminodisuccinate acid (IDHA), and summarized the research on the two compounds and their application in the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution. At the end of the paper, the author put forward the application direction and prospect of these two compounds in the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution, pointed out that these two compounds could be used to combine chemical and biological methods for the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution, effectively increase the rate of heavy metal treatment and have a broad application prospect.

  Soil Mechanical Compaction and Its Effect on Crop Growth ZHOU Yanli, LIU Na, YU Lihua, LU Bingfu, ZHANG Wenbin, LIU Xiaoxue 2022, 38 (28):  83-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0915 Abstract + ( 270 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1312KB )   ( 32 ) It is an inevitable trend that agricultural machines are replacing human and animal power in agricultural production. The soil mechanical compaction problem has become more and more prominent with the rapid improvement of agricultural mechanization level. In this study, we analyzed the stress transfer model of soil mechanical compaction and the deterioration of soil quality after the mechanical compaction such as the increase of soil bulk density and firmness, and the decrease of porosity, moisture content and permeability. It is found that soil compaction could lead to soil quality deterioration to inhibit the root growth and development of crops, and cause an adverse effect on the absorption of moisture and nutrients. It is estimated that soil mechanical compaction in agricultural production could reduce the yield of maize by 9.5%-14.4%, of wheat by 4.0%-20.0%, of soybean by 3.8%-13.4%, and of sugar beet root by 5.81%-24.13%, and sugar content of sugar beet by 0.49-0.81°Z. Therefore, sufficient attention must be paid to the soil compaction in agricultural production, and feasible technical measures should be taken to reduce the negative impact of agricultural mechanization on soil, promote crop growth and improve the comprehensive benefits of agriculture.

  Study on the Prediction Model of the Pollen Initiation Period of Woody Plants in Beijing WANG Chunling, YE Caihua, JIANG Jiang 2022, 38 (28):  89-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1028 Abstract + ( 200 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2030KB )   ( 49 ) The paper aims to solve the problem of urban pollen period forecast. In this study, four major woody plants (i.e. Ulmaceae, Cupressaceae, Salicaceae and Pinaceae) in Beijing urban areas were selected as the research objects. Based on four accumulated temperature phenological models (i.e. Spring Warming, Alternating, Sequential and Parallel), using the pollen concentration data of 2012-2019 from Beijing Meteorological Bureau, the pollen period of each plant was modeled. The results show that the pollen start dates of these four woody plants are significantly affected by vernalization, that is, the stimulation of cold temperature in winter would lead to an earlier pollen season in spring. Comparing the results of these four different models, it is found that the optimum model for Ulmaceae, Cupressaceae and Pinaceae is the Alternating model, the RMSE of this model is between 1-3 days, and the determination coefficient R2 is between 91%-95%. However, the best model for Salicaceae is Sequential model, RMSE is less than 2 days, and R2 is 92.8%. This shows that the phenological model based on accumulated temperature can effectively simulate the pollen initiation period of woody plants in Beijing, which has certain significance for the simulation study of plant phenological stage.

  Research on Gale Disaster Risk Regionalization of Solar Greenhouse in Inner Mongolia WANG Huizhen, WU Ruifen, JIANG Shaojie 2022, 38 (28):  98-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0982 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2750KB )   ( 48 ) Gale disaster is one of the main meteorological disasters affecting the facility agriculture production in Inner Mongolia. To provide a scientific basis for the planning and layout of facility agriculture, based on the field survey data of gale disaster of facility agriculture, ground wind observation data and greenhouse wind load indicators, we calculated the solar greenhouse gale indexes and graded the warning levels of gale disasters, and by constructing gale disaster assessment model of facility agriculture, we studied the wind resistance capacity of solar greenhouse in different areas of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that, from the comprehensive risk index of solar greenhouse gale disaster, the middle and high risk areas were mainly concentrated in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, and the gale disaster risk was generally high in the mountainous areas, especially in the northern piedmont area of the Yinshan Mountains in spring and autumn. This area, with more windy weather, strong risk index, high altitude and large population density, had high risk sensitivity and exposure degree, which could be the main gale disaster factors for facility agriculture. So, the development of facility agriculture in this area should be more cautious on avoiding gale weather. Gale risk was low in the Yanshan hilly area of southeast Inner Mongolia, which was suitable for the development of solar greenhouse. This research could provide technical support for the early warning service on gale disaster risk and the formulation of gale disaster prevention measures for facility agriculture in Inner Mongolia.

  Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Exogenous Melatonin for Reducing Propamocarb Residues in Cucumber LV Wei, LI Shengnan, FENG Guojun, YANG Xiaoxu, LIU Chang, YAN Zhishan, LIU Dajun 2022, 38 (28):  107-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1000 Abstract + ( 198 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1338KB )   ( 30 ) In order to explore the regulation effect of melatonin (Mel) on degradation of residual pesticide in cucumber, cucumber variety ‘Y3F604’ was taken as test material and the carbamate pesticide propamocarb (C9H20N2O2) was applied to study the effect of 1 mmol/L Mel on propamocarb residues by irrigating the root. At the same time, the content of O2-·, H2O2, MDA, GSH and GSSG, and the change of antioxidant enzymes and detoxification enzymes after the application of propamocarb were investigated. The results showed that the exogenous application of 1 mmol/L Mel significantly reduced pesticide residues in cucumbers after the propamocarb treatment for 48 h. Under the stress of propamocarb, the content of O2-·, H2O2 and MDA in leaves increased significantly, while exogenous Mel treatment could effectively inhibit the accumulation of O2-·, H2O2 and MDA in cucumber. Compared with the control, exogenous Mel treatment could significantly increase the activity of cucumber SOD, CAT, POD, APX and GPX under the stress of propamocarb, and further increase the content of GSH and total glutathione, the ratio of GSH/GSSG, as well as the activity of GST and GR. Therefore, exogenous Mel treatment could induce the ability of antioxidant and detoxification under the stress of propamocarb, thus promoting the metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber. This study provides a new way to promote the degradation of pesticide residues in vegetables.

  Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Litchi in Yunnan SONG Yunlian, LUO Xinping, ZHANG Yong, ZHENG Jian, WANG Yuequan, GAO Xianyun, ZHANG Huiyun 2022, 38 (28):  114-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0455 Abstract + ( 229 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3367KB )   ( 69 ) The study aims to observe and sort out major diseases and insect pests of litchi in Yunnan Province, and to give scientific guidance and solution to the prevention and control of litchi diseases and insect pests. A field investigation was conducted in five different litchi-planting areas of Yunnan from 2019 to 2021. The circular distribution statistical method was used to sort out the commonly occurred diseases and major economic pests of litchi. Based on the results, there were 7 common diseases of litchi in Yunnan, mainly Peronophythora litchii, Colletotrichum spp., and Phomopsis guiyuan. 31 insect pest species were observed, mainly Conopomorpha sinensis, Tessaratoma papillosa and fruit moths. The peak seasonal time of major diseases and insect pests (Conopomorpha sinensis, Peronophythora litchii, fruit moths and Tessaratoma papillosa) was from May to August. The Colletotrichum spp. was on peak from April to September, and Phomopsis guiyuan was active from March to September. At present, main diseases and insect pests of Yunnan litchi are concentrated from March to September, which is the key period for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.

  Technical Study on Roselle-Hawthorn Compound Jam DAI Jianju, YUAN Lichun, LUO Huiying, ZHAO Jun, JIN Jie 2022, 38 (28):  123-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1159 Abstract + ( 197 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1302KB )   ( 23 ) The paper aims to provide new ideas for the development of fresh roselle calyx and hawthorn fruit for edible purpose by exploring the best techniques for making original ecological jam. Using fresh roselle calyx and hawthorn fruits as the main raw materials, the effects of different thickness degrees, purified water amount and heating temperature on the sensory quality of roselle calyx puree, and the effects of different blanching time, softening temperature and softening time on the sensory quality of fresh hawthorn fruit puree were studied. To obtain optimal formula, the puree proportion of fresh roselle calyx and hawthorn fruit, and the addition amount of sucrose and fructose syrup in making jam were investigated by a L9(34) orthogonal experiment. The results indicated that the roselle calyx puree had uniform thickness and good smoothness when it was beaten at the speed of 2000 r/min in the colloidal mill, and the sensory quality of boiled roselle calyx original sauce was the best when the ratio of material to water was 10:2 and the temperature was 45℃. The peel, core and pulp of fresh hawthorn fruits were easier to be separated under the water temperature of 95℃ and the blanching time of 20 minutes, and the fresh hawthorn puree formed quickly and had pleasant taste and aroma under the softening temperature of 60℃ and the duration of 20 min. It is the best processing formula that the puree proportion of fresh roselle calyx and hawthorn fruit is 2:1, and the mass fraction of sucrose and fructose syrup is 20% and 3%, respectively. In addition to the common characteristics of jam, roselle-hawthorn compound jam also has rosy color and fresh taste, and the function of maintaining body fluid and relieving summer heat, and nutrition complementation.

  Analysis of Main Phenolic Acids in Green Peel of Different Ecological Banana Varieties Based on UPLC-MS/MS ZHANG Jing, LIU Lina, YANG Baoming, WANG Yongfen, HE Ping, XU Shengtao, YIN Kesuo, LI Shu, BAI Tingting, LI Yongping, LI Xundong, ZHENG Sijun 2022, 38 (28):  129-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0966 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1495KB )   ( 24 ) In order to fully explore and utilize the functional active substances of the green peel of different ecological banana varieties, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established to quantitatively analyze main phenolic acids in the green peel of various banana varieties. Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) was used, gradient elution was conducted with methanol (A)-0.2% formic acid aqueous solution (B), flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, injection volume of 5 μL, column temperature of 35℃. Under the negative ion scanning mode and the multi-reaction monitoring mode, the electrospray ionization source was detected. The separation effect of seven phenolic acids (gallic acid, quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin) was good, and the mass scores showed good linear correlation in the range of 1-200, 1-2000, 1-200, 1-200, 1-200, 2-200, and 1-500 μg/L (r2>0.9992), respectively, the average recovery (n=6) was 84.37%-92.17%, and RSD≤10.96%. The established UPLC-MS/MS method had the characteristics of accuracy, sensitivity, rapidity and good repeatability, and could be used for the simultaneous determination of the content of the seven phenolic acids in green banana peel. The content of main phenolic acids in the green peel of different ecological banana varieties was significantly different. The phenolic acid content in green peel of non-dessert bananas was significantly higher than that of dessert bananas, and the phenolic acid content in green peel of non-dessert banana ‘Pahang’ was the highest, which was 2.12 mg/g.

  A Review of Betacyanin Extraction and Purification TANG Ling, SUN Siqi, YAN Hua, LIU Yaxin, LIU Dali 2022, 38 (28):  136-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0201 Abstract + ( 274 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1214KB )   ( 46 ) Betacyanin is a non-toxic and harmless natural pigment which is popular for its high-water solubility, efficient coloring properties and various health-related biological properties. However, the extraction rate of betacyanin was extremely unstable and the purity of the extracted pigment was low. In order to further clarify the extraction and purification technology of betacyanin, this paper summarized the research progress of extraction and purification technology of betacyanin by domestic and foreign scholars in recent years. It is found that traditional extraction technologies such as solvent extraction method and continuous diffusion method have low extraction efficiency, high pigment loss and environmental pollution. Emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave and other auxiliary technologies, combined with macroporous resin adsorption, membrane separation and other purification means can overcome the defects of traditional extraction technologies and will be the key development direction in the future. In addition, this paper summarized the applications of betacyanin from the perspectives of food, pharmaceutical and health care products, and industrial application, and discussed future breakthrough of betacyanin research in medicine, extraction and purification process, and the betacyanin source.

  Study on the Preparation and Purification Process of Sapogenin from Gleditsia sinensis LIU Yanping, WANG Ying, ZHANG Jing, FAN Dingchen, LIU Jiajia, ZHAO Junjie, XUE Gang 2022, 38 (28):  143-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1088 Abstract + ( 160 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1598KB )   ( 22 ) To optimize the preparation process of sapogenin from Gleditsia sinensis saponin by acid hydrolysis, the effects of acid concentration, acidolysis time, acidolysis temperature, material-to-liquid ratio and acid types on the conversion of saponin into sapogenin by acid hydrolysis were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions were as follows: hydrochloric acid concentration of 4 mol/L, hydrolysis time of 4 h, hydrolysis temperature of 80℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1:30 (m:v), and the content of Gleditsia sinensis sapogenin product was about 65%. The sapogenin after acid hydrolysis was purified by organic solvent extraction and recrystallization. The best extraction agent was trichloroethylene, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:20 (m:v), and extraction time did not change much within 90 minutes. After one extraction and recrystallization with 60% ethanol, the purity of total sapogenin could reach 76.31%.

  Soilless Culture Nutrient Solution Information Acquisition System Based on Alibaba Cloud WANG Ying, QIAO Xiaojun, YAO Shiyuan, WANG Zhibin 2022, 38 (28):  150-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1005 Abstract + ( 221 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1920KB )   ( 38 ) To achieve accurate measurement and control of the important factors that affect crop growth in soilless culture nutrient solution, an information monitoring system of soilless culture nutrient solution in greenhouse based on cloud platform was proposed in this paper. This system consisted of acquisition module, control module, cloud platform and application terminal. To be specific, firstly, the sensor was used to timely measure the information of the influencing factors, including conductivity, pH, and temperature, level and oxygen content of the nutrient solution. Then, the data was integrated, processed and transmitted to the control module and Ali cloud platform for data preservation through wireless communication module. Finally, the information changes of the nutrient solution could be monitored in real time by means of the Web terminal. The experimental results revealed that the system proposed in this paper could accurately monitor the information of nutrient solution in good time, provide feedback information of nutrient solution needed by crops reasonably, and meet the requirements of functional design. Moreover, this system showed certain practical values with low cost.

  Impact of Livelihood Capital on the Livelihood Activities of Ethnic Minority Farmers and the Regional Differences: Case Study in Xinping County in Yuanjiang Dry-hot Valley PAN Yuhan, ZHAO Wenjuan, HE Kejian, HUANG Xiaoxia, SHI Yaqiu 2022, 38 (28):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0981 Abstract + ( 179 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2267KB )   ( 30 ) The paper aims to reveal the difference between livelihood capital and livelihood activities in the context of regional element changes and constraints, determine the key drivers that affect farmers’ livelihood activities. Taking Xinping County in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley as a case, we used NMDS (non-metric multi-dimensional scale analysis) and One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) to reveal the differences of livelihood capital and livelihood activity of the farmers living in the basin and the semi-mountainous region, and to interpret the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on livelihood activities through redundancy analysis and variation partitioning analysis. The results showed that: (1) the difference in the composition of farmers’ livelihood capital was mainly contributed by four indicators related to land transfer, namely per capita dry land area, per capita paddy land area, government subsidies, and land transfer income (the single difference contribution rate was more than 10%, and the cumulative contribution rate was 56.85%); (2) there were significant differences of the three livelihood activities, namely crop farming, working locally and working outside, between the farmers of the two types of living regions: basin farmers were mainly engaged in crop farming and working outside, semi-mountainous farmers mainly work locally; (3) the explanation rate of livelihood capital to the composition of livelihood activity was 57.3%, the importance degree of livelihood capital on livelihood activities was natural capital> human capital> financial capital> material capital> social capital. The current development of farmers’ livelihood activities depends on natural capital and human capital, while the support and transformation effect of material capital, financial capital and social capital on livelihood activity have not yet been emerged distinctly.