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• 2023 Vol.39 No.1 Published:05 January 2023

  Effects of Different Nitrogen Treatments on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Quality of Late-sowing Wheat ‘Huaimai 36’ Following Rice ZHOU Dongdong, ZHANG Jun, GE Mengjie, LIU Zhonghong, ZHU Xiaohuan, LI Chunyan 2023, 39 (1):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0001 Abstract + ( 379 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF ( 1362KB )   ( 114 ) To optimize the nitrogen fertilizer application technology for high-yield, high-quality and efficient cultivation of late-sowing wheat following rice in Huaibei region of Jiangsu Province, the effects of different nitrogen treatments on yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and quality of wheat were analyzed by using ‘Huaimai 36’ as the material. The two-factor split-zone test design was adopted with nitrogen application amount (210, 240 and 270 kg/hm2) as main zones, and nitrogen application ratios at different stages (basal: tillering: jointing: booting fertilizer as 0:3:3:4, 0:4:6:0, 3:1:4:2, 3:2:3:2 and 3:3:3:1) as subzones. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen application amount, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency (NARE) and yield increased first and then declined. Compared with those at the N210 and N270 levels, the NAE, NARE and yield at the N240 level were increased by 10.66% and 14.22%, 8.94% and 13.11%, and 13.94% and 0.89%, respectively. Under the condition of same nitrogen application amount, the nitrogen accumulation amount, NAE, NARE, NPE (nitrogen physiological efficiency), NHI (nitrogen harvest index) and grain yield with different basal and topdressing ratios ranked as 3:1:4:2>3:2:3:2>3:3:3:1>0:3:3:4>0:4:6:0. The maximum increase of yield was 15.22%. The results showed that the heavy application of jointing and booting fertilizer was beneficial to improving the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of late-sowing wheat following rice. The 1000-grain weight and grain quality of late-sowing wheat following rice could be improved by postponing nitrogen application appropriately and applying jointing and booting fertilizers separately. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application pattern for synergistically improving yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and quality is nitrogen rate of 240 kg/hm2 and the dressing ratio of basal: tillering: jointing: booting fertilizer of 3:1:4:2.

  Research Context and Trend of Fresh-eating Corn in China WANG Shaoxin, WANG Baobao, LI Zhongjian, XU Luo, FENG Jianying 2023, 39 (1):  8-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0081 Abstract + ( 335 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1978KB )   ( 93 ) By exploring the changes in the research field of fresh-eating corn in China, grasping the research status and hot topics, and discussing the research frontiers and development trends, the study aims to provide theoretical reference for the research of fresh-eating corn. The research team used 1588 fresh-eating corn research literature in the CNKI database from 2010 to 2021 as the research objects, and carried out visual quantitative analysis based on CiteSpace software. In the past 10 years, the research development in the field of fresh-eating corn was stable, and the number of core papers published per year remained above 100. The high-yield authors were represented by LU Weiping, LIU Chunquan, LI Dajing, LU Dalei, etc., presenting single-line or radial team cooperation. The institutions to which the authors belong were mainly agricultural colleges and universities and scientific research institutes. Agricultural colleges and universities achieved more significant results in terms of the number of publications, and scientific research institutes had more advantages in the research and development of new varieties, and scientific research institutions and universities had close team cooperation. The analysis of emerging words indicates that haploid, super sweet corn, seed germination, genetic diversity, nutritional quality, flavor, folic acid, soluble sugar, etc. are the research trends. The core task of future fresh-eating corn research will be expanding the research coverage, breaking through the traditional limitations, exploring gene editing technology, transgenic technology, gene sequencing, single-celled sequencing, genome, proteins, transcription and other cutting-edge biotechnologies which are auxiliary means for traditional fresh-eating corn breeding research, and the focus will be on sweet and waxy corn and super sweet corn research. The future research should also highlight the quality and nutrition of fresh-eating corn varieties, and improve their resistance to diseases and insects, lodging, drought and other stresses. In the fields of food processing and feed research, more attention should be paid to the technology development of new processing equipment for extending the harvesting period and storage period of fresh-eating corn and maintaining the nutrition of corn during storage.

  Starch Type Sweet Potato Cultivar ‘Chuanshu231’: Breeding and Superior Characteristics WANG Fang, QIAO Shuai, YANG Songtao, SONG Wei, LIAO Anzhong, TAN Wenfang 2023, 39 (1):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0068 Abstract + ( 272 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1496KB )   ( 70 ) To speed up the breeding process of new sweet potato cultivars with high quality and high starch yield, the high-quality starch type cultivar ‘Xicheng 007’ was selected as the female parent, and the seedling seeds were obtained by open pollination. In field, the candidate materials with stable yield were obtained through screening seedlings and the identification of high generation, then the southwest combined test and disease resistance test were conducted, and the new sweet potato cultivar with high quality and high starch yield was selected, which was named ‘Chuanshu231’. The morphological characteristics, flowering habit, yield, disease resistance, quality and superior characteristics of ‘Chuanshu231’ were studied. In 2017 and 2018 southwest combined tests, the average fresh weight yield of ‘Chuanshu231’ was 33.84 t/hm2, the dry matter rate was 35.62%, dry yield of sweet potato was 11.87 t/hm2, and the starch rate was 23.01%, all higher than those of the control ‘Xushu22’. In field, ‘Chuanshu231’ showed resistance to stem rot disease, moderate resistance to root rot and black spot diseases, and had the advantages of good germination and rapid growth of seedlings. In a word, ‘Chuanshu231’ is a new starch type cultivar with high quality and high yield. It has the characteristics of good germination and early growth dominance which can reduce the consumption of sweet potato tubers, prolong the growing period in field and increase economic benefits. The fast growth rate of ‘Chuanshu231’ in field is beneficial to enhancing stress resistance, so this cultivar has a large market potential, and can provide important breeding material for new starch type sweet potato cultivars with high quality and high yield. ‘Chuanshu231’ was registered as GPD Sweet Potato (2021)510016 through the registration application of non-major crop in 2021.

  Regional Change of Peanut Production in Henan Province GAO Wei, ZHANG Jun, HAO Xi, LIU Juan, ZANG Xiuwang 2023, 39 (1):  22-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0008 Abstract + ( 251 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1331KB )   ( 62 ) By analyzing the regional changes of peanut production in Henan Province in recent 30 years, this paper reveals the evolution law of peanut production pattern and provides guidance for the development of peanut industry, aiming to promote the regionalization, scale development, standardization and industrialization of peanut production in Henan Province. Utilizing the statistical data of Henan Province from 1990 to 2018, the regional changes and influencing factors of peanut production in Henan Province were analyzed by adopting the production focus, production region concentration, index of efficiency comparative advantage, index of scale comparative advantage and index of integrated comparative advantage and so on. The results showed that peanut production in Henan changed from the initial concentration pattern to dispersion pattern and the production center moved to the southwest with the application of new varieties and new technologies and the improvement of mechanization. The status of traditional peanut production areas gradually declined in central and eastern Henan, while the southern region became more and more important in peanut production in the province. The southern Henan had relatively high production concentration and strong efficiency comparative advantages, scale comparative advantages and integrated comparative advantages. It had become the dominant area of peanut production in the province, and the advantages had been gradually strengthened. Scientific and technological support and policy guidance promoted peanut production in various regions, and led to significant differences among the cities. For example, the advantages of peanut production were gradually increased in southern Henan, slightly developed in western Henan, while weakened in eastern and central Henan step by step.

  Adaptability and Wind Erosion Resistance of Winter Rapeseed in Semi-arid Area of Central Gansu KANG Yunqiang, LI Lingling, XIE Junhong, ZHANG Jian, DU Changliang, ZECHARIAH Effah 2023, 39 (1):  31-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0031 Abstract + ( 258 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1349KB )   ( 55 ) To explore the adaptability and wind erosion resistance of different varieties of winter rapeseed in semi-arid agricultural areas of central Gansu, six winter rapeseed varieties (winter Brassica rapa ‘HN12PZ16-2’,‘HN12PZ16-65’ and ‘Pingshi 8’, winter Brassica napus ‘QL-GAU-201’, ‘QL-GAU-196’ and ‘Low(1)-19’) were selected as the research objects, and their overwintering rate, wind erosion resistance, yield and oil content were analyzed in detail. The results showed that, the root-shoot ratio of winter Brassica rapa was significantly higher than that of winter Brassica napus before winter, and the overwintering survival rate was also significantly higher than that of winter Brassica napus. The overwintering rate of ‘HN12PZ16-65’ was the highest, reaching 88.33%. The yield and oil content of winter Brassica rapa were significantly higher than those of winter Brassica napus due to high plant height and 1000-grain weight, and the yield (2937.00 kg/hm2) and oil content (43.67%) of ‘HN12PZ16-65’ were the highest. The dry matter accumulation of winter rapeseed was high before winter, which increased the starting wind speed of farmland and significantly reduced the wind erosion of farmland. The wind erosion of farmland soil of the six winter rapeseed varieties decreased by 88.77%-92.79% compared with that of the open field. Therefore, ‘HN12PZ16-65’ has strong drought resistance, high overwintering rate, high yield and oil content, good adaptability and good wind erosion resistance in central Gansu, which is suitable for wind erosion wintering cultivation in semi-arid agricultural areas.

  Effects of Supplemental Light Quality and Duration on the Growth and Carbon Metabolism of Leaves of Greenhouse-grown Sweet Pepper DUAN Qingqing, HAN Meimei, TAN Yueqiang, ZHANG Zikun 2023, 39 (1):  37-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0626 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1392KB )   ( 43 ) To explore the effect of LED (light emitting diode) supplemental light on the growth and carbon metabolism of leaves of greenhouse-grown sweet pepper (Capsium annuum), ‘Aodaili’ was chosen as the material to investigate the effects of different light qualities and duration on the growth, mineral elements’ content, sugar content and activities of key carbon metabolic enzymes. The LED as light source was provided with three light qualities, including the ratio of red (R) and blue (B) light of 2:1(2R1B), 4:1(4R1B) and 8:1(8R1B), and three supplemental light duration, including 2 h (18:00-20:00), 4 h (18:00-22:00) and 8 h (18:00-02:00 next day), and no supplemental light was taken as the control (CK). The results showed that the growth and carbon metabolism of leaves of sweet pepper were significantly affected by light quality and light duration, which had an interaction between them. Compared with those of CK, the specific leaf weight (SLW), the contents of potassium, fructose and starch significantly decreased under 2R1B treatment; while the leaf number, total leaf area, total chlorophyll content, biomass net assimilation rate (NAR), total sugar content, and the activities of acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI) and sucrose synthase (SS) were significantly higher than those of CK under 4R1B or 8R1B. Moreover, the 8R1B treatment was slightly better than 4R1B treatment, indicating that increasing the proportion of red light was beneficial to leaf growth and carbon metabolism. Light quality had no significant effect on the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in leaves of sweet pepper. Under the same light quality, the leaf number, SLW, leaf area index (LAI), NAR, total sugar content, fructose content, starch content and the activities of AI, NI, SS and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of sweet pepper increased gradually with the duration of supplemental light except the 2R1B treatment. Moreover, these indexes were significantly higher under light treatment of 8 h than those under 2 h. In conclusion, increasing the proportion of red light and the duration of supplemental light is beneficial to the leaf growth, and can improve carbon metabolism and sugar content, and increase dry matter accumulation. The treatment of 8 h under 8R1B is optimal for sweet pepper.

  Genetic Analysis of Chlorophyll Content in the Flesh of Wax Gourd GOU Jiquan, SU Liwen, CHENG Zhikui, HUANG Xiaochun, WU Wenting, LV Haixuan, LIU Zhengguo 2023, 39 (1):  45-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0061 Abstract + ( 229 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1293KB )   ( 38 ) The paper aims to explore the genetic law of chlorophyll content in wax gourd flesh and lay a foundation for improving wax gourd breeding concerning flesh color regulating gene. Genetic groups P1, P2, F1 and F2 were obtained by using white flesh purified inbred line (LT-1) as P1 and green flesh purified inbred line (LT-2) as P2. Using the genetic analysis method of main gene plus polygene mixed model, the genetic law of chlorophyll content in wax gourd flesh was explored by analyzing the effects of main gene and polygene on chlorophyll content of wax gourd flesh. The results showed that the chlorophyll content in wax gourd flesh was regulated by two pairs of additive- dominant- epistatic major genes plus additive dominant polygenic genetic model. In F2 population, the heritability of the main gene was 82.0696%. The additive effect da of the first pair of major genes was -1.477, and the dominant effect ha was -1.465, and the dominance degree ha/da was close to 1. The second additive effect on major genes db was -0.835 and the dominant effect hb was -0.715, and the dominance degree ha/da was close to 1. It showed that additive effect and dominant effect were equally important for genetic control of chlorophyll content in the same pair of main genes. The additive and dominant effects of the two pairs of major genes were negative, which played a reducing effect. Therefore, to increase chlorophyll content in F2 generation, we should pay attention to the genetic effect of main genes, and use additive effect and dominant effect at the same time.

  Cultivation and Product Analysis of Pleurotus eryngii on Phragmites australis Substrates LI Xiaoyu 2023, 39 (1):  51-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0075 Abstract + ( 208 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1259KB )   ( 25 ) Taking Pleurotus eryngii cultivated on wood as the control, the mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis substrate was analyzed for morphology, organic nutrients, and the contents of mineral elements and heavy metals. The feasibility of using Phragmites australis to cultivate mushroom instead of wood was proposed from morphology and nutrition perspectives. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology, fresh weight and water content of Pleurotus eryngii between the two kinds of cultivation, as well as in the contents of crude protein, crude fat and amino acid. The contents of crude polysaccharide and zinc were significantly lower in mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis than those on wood, but the calcium and iron contents were significantly higher in the former than in the latter. Although there were some differences of arsenic and cadmium contents of mushroom between Phragmites australis and wood cultivation, the mushroom cultivated on both substrates could meet the food safety standards. In general, Phragmites australis cultivating mushroom instead of wood has a huge potential for promotion.

  Effects of Low Light on Quality and Sucrose Metabolism of Watermelon Fruit GAO Wenrui, SUN Yanjun, HAN Bing, FEI Cong, WANG Xiansheng, XU Gang 2023, 39 (1):  56-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0675 Abstract + ( 227 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1187KB )   ( 43 ) The paper aims to clarify the problem that low light reduces the quality of watermelon fruit. In this study, watermelon variety ‘Sumi 8’ was used as the test material. Through the field 50% shading treatment simulated low light test, the sugar composition and the activities of key enzymes of sucrose metabolism in different growth and development stages of watermelon fruit under low light stress were determined by liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. The results showed that shading significantly reduced the content of soluble solids in watermelon. In the early stage of fruit development (0-12 days), low light promoted the accumulation of sucrose in watermelon fruit, and then low light significantly inhibited the accumulation of sucrose in watermelon fruit. In the development stage of watermelon fruit, low light stress inhibited the accumulation of fructose and glucose in watermelon fruit. The decrease of sucrose phosphate synthase activity and invertase activity was the main reason for the inhibition of sucrose content accumulation, sugar content and sugar composition change under low light stress. This study provides a scientific basis for the management of light environment and the research and development of high-quality cultivation techniques in protected watermelon production in early spring and autumn.

  Effects of Compound Saline-alkali Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Table Grapes LU Qianqian, FENG Linjiao, WANG Shuang, GULIZHATI·Baoerhan , CHU Ren, ZHOU Long 2023, 39 (1):  62-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0002 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1411KB )   ( 44 ) To screen new introduced table grape varieties with saline-alkali tolerance, 10 grape varieties were used as materials to study the variation characteristics of physiological and biochemical indexes of grapes after 30 days of compound saline-alkali stress of different concentrations (0.29%, 0.58%, and 0.87% of the dry weight of pot soil). The correlation analysis of all indexes was carried out, and the principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the saline-alkali tolerance of the grape varieties. The results showed that with the increase of saline-alkali concentration, the root activity and leaf relative water content decreased gradually, the relative conductivity and the content of malondialdehyde and proline increased gradually, and the superoxide dismutase activity showed two trends of first increase then decrease or continuous increase. Correlation analysis showed that malondialdehyde content in leaves, malondialdehyde content in roots and proline content in leaves had extremely significantly and positively pairwise correlation. Superoxide dismutase activity in roots was significantly and negatively correlated with malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves. Three principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate was 77.99%. Finally, the order of saline-alkali tolerance of the 10 grape varieties from strong to weak was determined as ‘Zitianwuhe’, ‘Blackcrunchy Seedless’, ‘Hutai 8’, ‘Zaoxiawuhe’, ‘Silk Road Red Rose’, ‘Shine Muscat’, ‘Crimson Rose’, ‘Summer Black’, ‘Sweet Sapphire’, and ‘Wagamichi’.

  Production Effect of Strawberry Cultured by Constructing Ridge-type Soil Groove Coupling Substrate in Paddy Field JIN Meijuan, SHE Xudong, SHEN Mingxing, LU Changying, TAO Yueyue, WANG Haihou 2023, 39 (1):  71-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1211 Abstract + ( 179 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1439KB )   ( 31 ) In order to effectively alleviate the time contradiction between rice harvest and strawberry transplanting in the rice-strawberry planting mode, the conventional bare-seedling rice ridge transplanting of strawberry was used as the control (CK), and the ridge soil groove coupling substrate cultivation of strawberry in paddy field was used as the treatment (PR). The strawberry yield, dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic intensity of leaves under the two treatments were observed. The results showed that under PR treatment, the yield of strawberry was significantly higher than that of CK in two consecutive years, and the total yield increase rate reached 53.97% and 8.27%, respectively. The improvement of strawberry yield from early December to mid-January of the following year (early stage) and from late January to mid-March (middle stage) reached a significant level, and the yield increased by 0.49 t/hm2 and 6.19 t/hm2 in the first year and by 0.92 t/hm2 and 4.69 t/hm2 in the second year. The stem base width, aboveground dry matter weight, underground dry matter weight, and net photosynthetic rate of strawberry in PR were significantly better than those in CK, increased by 40.65% and 19.89%, 42.51% and 38.57%, 49.01% and 41.14%, and 9.16% and 36.89% in the first year and the second year, respectively. The application of strawberry ridge-type soil groove coupling substrate cultivation is beneficial to increasing the yield of strawberry in the early and middle stages as well as the sales profit of strawberry planting. It is in line with the orientation of modern agriculture in China, which is ‘stabilizing grain production and increasing efficiency, increasing farmers’ income by industry, and developing green and efficient agriculture’. The technology has good promotion and utilization value.

  Study on Germination Characteristics of Gaultheria procumbens Seeds WANG Sizhi, GUAN Wenling, HAO Xiaohan, SONG Jie 2023, 39 (1):  77-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0085 Abstract + ( 175 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1524KB )   ( 31 ) To improve the reproduction efficiency of Gaultheria procumbens, the collected seeds of cultivar ‘Speedy Baron’ were used as test materials to measure seed morphology, thousand kernel weight, and water absorption characteristics. The germination rate of seeds under different GA3 treatments and temperature treatments were calculated by the Petri dish filter paper germination method. Finally, the growth of seedlings obtained from sterile germination was compared with that of conventional seedlings. The results showed that the seeds of G. procumbens ‘Speedy Baron’ were small seeds [thousand kernel weight (0.2995±0.0111) g], with thin seed coats and good water permeability. There were interactions among GA3 seed soaking time, GA3 seed soaking concentration and temperature, among which GA3 concentration and temperature were the key factors affecting seed germination. The seeds were soaked in GA3 solution with a concentration of 1000 mg/L for 12-24 h, and the ambient temperature was 25℃ during the day and 15℃ at night, which was conducive to promoting seed germination, and the seed germination rate could reach more than 90%, significantly higher than that of the control (64.67%). The growth of tissue cultured seedlings was better than that of conventional seedlings. The average plant height (12.17 mm) and average root length (18.15 mm) of sterile germination of 1500 mg/L GA3 pretreated seedlings were higher than those of conventional seedlings (plant height of 9.65 mm and average root length of 13.31 mm). The medium formula was WPM+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+30 g/L sucrose.

  Spatial-temporal Variation Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Guangdong Major Tea Areas CUI Yingying, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Yiyong, LIU Jiayu, LI Jianlong, TANG Hao, TANG Jinchi 2023, 39 (1):  85-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1176 Abstract + ( 202 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1394KB )   ( 72 ) To understand the changes of soil nutrient characteristics of tea gardens in Guangdong Province, adjust soil nutrient management strategies in time, and improve tea yield and quality, the authors took three main tea areas in eastern, western and northern Guangdong as the research objects, conducted a comprehensive analysis of soil pH, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and medium-trace elements, and systematically evaluated the temporal and spatial changes of soil fertility attributes in these areas. The results showed that after 10 years’ change of nutrient management since 2009, the content of soil organic matter and available potassium in the tea area of eastern Guangdong increased significantly, reaching 22.87 mg/kg and 123.00 mg/kg, respectively. The soil pH in the tea area of western Guangdong decreased significantly, and the soil acidification degree was intensified. The soil organic matter content in the tea area of northern Guangdong increased significantly from 18.46 mg/kg to 26.27 mg/kg. The spatial difference analysis of soil fertility status of Guangdong tea gardens showed that the content of soil organic matter and available potassium in the tea area of western Guangdong was significantly lower than those in the tea area of eastern and northern Guangdong. Only the eastern Guangdong tea area had pH above 4.5. The content of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mg in the tea area of northern and eastern Guangdong were higher than those in western Guangdong, and some differences reached significant level. The soil nutrient management in the tea area of eastern Guangdong tended to be reasonable, and the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be highlighted appropriately. The soil nutrient management in the tea area of northern Guangdong was acceptable, but some types of organic fertilizers needed to be adjusted to alkaline fertilizers and appropriate soil conditioners should be applied to inhibit the aggravation of soil acidification. At the same time, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be strengthened. The soil fertility in the tea area of western Guangdong was poor, and the soil acidification was intensified, therefore, high-quality organic fertilizer and an appropriate amount of soil conditioner should be applied to improve the soil fertility and quality.

  The Forms and Classification Methods of Phosphorus in Soil: Research Progress YE Gengkang, E Shengzhe, CHEN Zhengyu, YUAN Jinhua, LU Gangbin, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yana, ZHAO Tianxin, WANG Yuxuan 2023, 39 (1):  96-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0041 Abstract + ( 785 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF ( 1174KB )   ( 259 ) Phosphorus in soil directly determines plant growth and crop yields, but phosphorus existing forms in soil are very complex, and those phosphorus forms that can be absorbed and utilized by plants account for only a small part of total phosphorus. Therefore, it is important to study the existing forms and classification methods of phosphorus in soil to improve the phosphorus use efficiency of crops, explore ways to enhance phosphorus availability, and reduce phosphorus loss. In this paper, the existing forms of phosphorus in soil, influencing factors of soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus classification methods were reviewed. The results show that the forms of phosphorus in soil consist of two major categories: inorganic phosphorus and organophosphorus, phosphorus absorbed by plants is mainly water soluble inorganic phosphorus, and other forms of phosphorus are difficult to be absorbed by plants, causing low utilization efficiency of phosphorus in soil. There are many factors that lead to low phosphorus use efficiency, mainly ions like calcium, iron and aluminum, and organic matter, pH, temperature, moisture etc. To study and improve the mechanism of the influencing factors could effectively enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of phosphorus classification methods by domestic and foreign scholars, the effective forms of phosphorus have been studied more in-depth and accurately. Bowman-Cole organophosphorus classification method and Hedley’s phosphorus classification method are the two most widely used methods at present.

  Definition of Grape Crowing Period and Analysis of Meteorological Conditions in Yanjing of Mangkang County of Qamdo City in Tibet HU Jun, DORJE Tashi, LABA , GESANG Droma, LUOSONG Quzhen 2023, 39 (1):  103-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1158 Abstract + ( 189 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1096KB )   ( 58 ) To better promote the rapid development of local grape industry in Yanjing of Mankang County of Qamdo City in Tibet, this study adopted parallel observation and mathematical statistics method to carry out the artificial observation on grape phenological phase and the automatic monitoring of meteorological elements, and then, according to the obtained data, analyzed the climate adaptability of grape at different growth periods and put forward disaster prevention countermeasures. The results showed that grapes in Yanjing generally began budding from early to late March, and entered the flowering period in early and middle May. The berry enlargement period came in late June to early July, after more than a month, grapes began to turn color and matured in mid-October. The leaves fell in late October and the grapevine went into the period of dormancy. Yanjing grapes needed about 200 days from budding to ripening. The light condition in Yanjing could fully meet the needs of normal growth and development of grapes, and the daily temperature in the budding period was mostly above 10℃. The average daily temperature in the flowering period was 16.4-20.6℃, and more than 80% of the period was above 25℃. The average daily maximum temperature was 21.9-28.0℃ and the wind speed was strong during the berry enlargement period, and the wind speed could reach 10 m/s for more than 20 days. From budding to fruit bearing period, there was little precipitation，while the rain continued to increase from the berry enlargement period but still could not meet the growth and development demand of grapes, which must be supplemented by irrigation.

  Combined Control of Semanotus bifasciatus by Pyemotes zhonghuajia and Scleroderma guani HU Shuai, LUO Liping, SUN Meng, YANG Yu, WEN Junbao 2023, 39 (1):  107-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0751 Abstract + ( 212 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1280KB )   ( 35 ) In order to explore the feasibility of combined application of two parasitoid natural enemies in pest control and provide a new idea of natural enemy utilization for biological control, Pyemotes zhonghuajia and Scleroderma guani were chosen to act on the third instar larvae of Semanotus bifasciatus simultaneously or successively. The results were shown as follows. (1) Parasitism rate and successful parasitism rate achieved 100% when the two kinds of natural enemies acted on the host simultaneously. (2) The number of breeding of Pyemotes zhonghuajia and that of Scleroderma guani were both above 70 when they parasitized the host individually, while the breeding numbers were reduced significantly when the two natural enemies were acting on the host simultaneously or successively. Consequently, it is suggested that the releasing time of Scleroderma guani should be 10 days later than that of Pyemotes zhonghuajia when the two kinds of natural enemies were utilized simultaneously in biological control of Semanotus bifasciatus, in order to reduce the probability of competing for the same host resource. The suggested strategy can not only avoid the interspecific competition of different natural enemies but also control the old-age larvae by Scleroderma guani. The results provide a theoretical basis for the combined control of boring insects by multiple natural enemies.

  Effect of Organosilicone Adjuvant on Wettability of 7 Insecticides on Sisal Leaves LIU Zhijun, GU Liushuang, YAN Chao, FENG Gang, HE Chunping, WU Weihuai, ZENG Xinnian, YI Kexian 2023, 39 (1):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0103 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1359KB )   ( 51 ) The paper aims to study the wettability of scalecide solution commonly used in farmland on sisal leaves, and choose suitable adjuvants to improve the utilization of insecticides. The critical surface tension of sisal leaf was determined by Zisman method, and compared with the surface tension values of 7 insecticides at the recommended dosage, and the surface tension values after adding different concentrations of organosilicone adjuvant. The critical surface tension of sisal leaf was 23.89 mN/m. The surface tension of the 7 insecticides ranged from 35.72 to 72.51 mN/m, which were all higher than the critical surface tension of sisal leaf, and the wettability of the solutions was poor. Organosilicone adjuvants could reduce the surface tension of the insecticides. By adding 500 mg/L silicone to 45% chlorpyrifos EC 450 mg/L, 200 mg/L silicone to 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC 45 mg/L and to 70% imidacloprid WG 350 mg/L, and 100 mg/L silicone to the other four insecticides, the surface tension of the solutions was lower than the critical surface tension of sisal leaf and the wetting effect of the solutions was good. Therefore, the adjustment and addition of adjuvants can improve the effect and the utilization rate of pesticides in the process of sisal disease and pest control.

  Laboratory Toxicity of Four Chemical Insecticides Against Agriophara rhombata GONG Xuena, WANG Xuesong, LUO Ziwen, CHEN Hongyun, WANG Yungang, LONG Yaqin, CHEN Linbo 2023, 39 (1):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0050 Abstract + ( 207 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1193KB )   ( 114 ) To effectively control Agriophara rhombata, an important leaf-eating pest of tea trees in Yunnan Province, suitable drugs and dosages were screened out to guide the reasonable application of insecticides. In this study, the toxicity of four insecticides at different dilution rates to the 3rd A. rhombata from 24 to 96 h was determined by leaf dipping method in laboratory. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of the four chemical insecticides to the 3rd A. rhombata was as follows: from 24 to 72 h, spinetoram 6% SC> indoxacarb 15% EC> tolfenpyrad 15% SC> chlorfenapyr 24% SC. At 96 h, spinetoram 6% SC> chlorfenapyr 24% SC> indoxacarb 15% EC> tolfenpyrad 15% SC. Therefore, spinetoram 6% SC and indoxacarb 15% EC have strong toxicity and quick efficacy, which can be recommended for emergency control of A. rhombata. Chlorfenapyr 24% SC has slow effect and obvious time-dose-mortality effect. The study results will provide a reference basis for the control of A. rhombata in Yunnan tea planting area.

  Estimation Model of Cotton Leaf Phosphorus Content Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance MA Yuanhua, YIN Caixia, WANG Hongyu, LIU Yuxuan, LIU Qiantong, ZHANG Ze 2023, 39 (1):  123-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1212 Abstract + ( 192 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1908KB )   ( 34 ) The changes of chlorophyll content in cotton leaves under different phosphorus application rates were studied, aiming to establish an estimation model of leaf phosphorus content based on hyperspectrum to realize the rapid monitoring of phosphorus content in cotton leaves. Pot experiments were conducted, the chlorophyll content and phosphorus content of cotton functional leaves were determined under different phosphorus application rates, and the spectral variables of phosphorus content were constructed by using the correlation between vegetation index and chlorophyll content, thus achieving the quantitative monitoring of phosphorus content in cotton leaves by using hyperspectrum. The following results were obtained. (1) About 100 days after sowing, leaf phosphorus content and chlorophyll content has a significant relationship (R2=0.96). (2) The spectral variables of phosphorus content in the first leaf, the second leaf, the third leaf and the fourth leaf from the top are constructed by the correlation between vegetation index (X) and chlorophyll content (I). Each blade of the optimal model is shown as follows: for the first leaf from the top (L1): I1=2.6131XRENDVI-0.4275, the XRENDVI represents red edge normalized difference vegetation index, R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) reach 0.71 and 0.20, respectively; for the second leaf from the top (L2): I5 =0.0142XTVI+0.3274, the XTVI represents triangular vegetation index, R2 and RMSE reach 0.76 and 0.09, respectively; for the third leaf from the top (L3): I9=-0.3445XARI+0.4996, the XARI represents anthocyanin reflectance index, R2 and RMSE reach 0.47 and 0.15, respectively; and for the fourth leaf from the top (L4): I10=-0.5082XARI+0.3484, R2 and RMSE reach 0.82 and 0.10, respectively. (3) The inversion model of leaf phosphorus content of cotton is constructed based on spectral variables, and the R2 and RMSE reach 0.75 and 0.04, respectively. Therefore, the leaf phosphorus content of cotton can be effectively monitored based on the correlation between leaf vegetation index and chlorophyll content at different leaf positions, and the liner relationship between chlorophyll content and leaf phosphorus content.

  Constructing the Monitoring Model of High Temperature Damage on Rice by Combining Data from Satellites and Ground Automatic Weather Stations Pema Rigzin, Dhonyo Dorji, Delek Kunkyi, Dekyi Yangzom, Yeshe Dorji, Penpa Tsring 2023, 39 (1):  133-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0739 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2147KB )   ( 44 ) With global warming and frequent occurrence of high temperature events, the probability of rice suffering from high temperature damage and serious losses also increases. This paper studies the monitoring model of rice high temperature damage based on the combination of data from automatic weather stations and satellites. The model used remote sensing to extract rice-planting areas, invert rice heading and flowering stages, and estimate the maximum and average temperature. At the same time, the data of automatic weather stations combined with remote sensing estimation of temperature were used to reconstruct more accurate, more complete and more objective data of the maximum and average temperature. Finally, according to the rice high temperature damage indexes, the rice high temperature damage was estimated and the model was constructed. This model can realize the qualitative, quantitative and degree monitoring of high temperature damage at the heading and flowering stages of rice. The model achieved good results in monitoring and verifying the high temperature damage in Anhui Province in 2017.

  VOSviewer-Based Visual Analysis on Research Status of Phyllosphere Microorganisms WU Song, ZHOU Tian, YANG Libin, JIANG Yunbing, PAN Hong, LIU Yongzhi, DU Jun 2023, 39 (1):  142-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0663 Abstract + ( 191 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2632KB )   ( 61 ) Through the analysis and comparison of domestic and foreign research fields of phyllosphere microorganisms, the research status and hotspots of phyllosphere microorganisms were clarified, and the reference for further research in this field was provided. This paper adopted bibliometric analysis method and the visual analysis tool VOSviewer to conduct correlation analysis on 114 literature included in CNKI and 521 literature included in the Web of Science core collection database. The annual publication volume in the field of phyllosphere microorganisms generally showed an upward trend, and the annual average number of English articles was higher than that of Chinese articles, with the United States, China and Germany ranking at the forefront. Among them, China and Australia cooperated most closely, and the United States collaborated most with other countries. Among research institutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most papers and cooperated more with other research institutions. Bai Zhihui (Bai Z H) published the most papers in this field, and the teams of the authors cooperated closely. Although there was close cooperation between the teams of Bai ZhiHui and Jin Decai (Jin D C) in the English literature, on the whole, there was still a lack of cooperation between the teams in both Chinese and English literature. As for phyllosphere microorganisms, studies have been carried out on their community structure and diversity, and related papers can be found in CNKI and WOS. At present, the Chinese literature only tends to explore the role of phyllosphere microorganisms in plant diseases, biological control and heavy metal pollution, while the English literature is more extensive and in-depth in discussing the interaction of phyllosphere microorganisms with plants, microorganisms and environment. In summary, the research on phyllosphere microorganisms is in its infancy, and the community structures and diversity of phyllosphere microorganism communities are the research hotspots and directions in this stage.

  Research Progress and Visual Analysis of Orchid Fresh-keeping Based on CiteSpace CHEN Hemin, XIAO Wenfang, CHEN Heming, LV Fubing, ZHU Genfa, LI Zongyan, LI Zuo 2023, 39 (1):  151-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0661 Abstract + ( 232 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2181KB )   ( 66 ) To have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the research progress of orchid fresh-keeping at home and abroad, in this study, two databases of WOS and CNKI were used, and the CiteSpace document visual analysis and bibliometric analysis were adopted to analyze the literature published by domestic and foreign scientific research institutes from 1989 to 2021. The results showed the numbers of published papers in the field of orchid fresh-keeping were in a slow uptrend around the world. The countries contributed the most in the orchid fresh-keeping area were China, Thailand and the United States. And orchid species of Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis and Oncidium attracted the most attention of scholars, and Chinese scholars focused on Phalaenopsis and Oncidium more, while Thai research teams focused on Dendrobium the most. The research interests were mainly on the physiology of flower senescence, among which endogenous hormone ethylene was the core of orchid senescence research, and how to inhibit ethylene production was the hotspot in physiological experiments on orchid fresh-keeping. According to the comprehensive analysis of the statistical data, the molecular mechanism of the orchid senescence and the application of molecular technologies to prolonging the orchid ornamental time will become the key research areas of orchid fresh-keeping.