Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.7 Published:05 March 2023

  The Appropriate Sowing Rate of Wheat Under the Climate Conditions of Jianghan Plain ZHANG Zihao, LI Xiangcheng, WU Haotian, FU Penghao, GAO Chunbao, ZHANG Yunbo, ZOU Juan 2023, 39 (7):  1-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0192 Abstract + ( 217 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1351KB )   ( 527 ) In Jianghan Plain, there is a lot of rain in autumn, and wheat often cannot be sown at the right time. In order to make up for the impact of late sowing on wheat yield, blindly increasing the sowing rate is common in the area, which can cause late lodging and wheat yield decrease rather than increase. Through a two-year field experiment, the effects of different sowing rates on wheat yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied, and the suitable sowing rates of wheat in Jianghan Plain under different climatic conditions were explored, in order to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency wheat cultivation in this area. In the extreme climate years from 2018 to 2019 and the normal climate years from 2019 to 2020, a field trial of wheat sowing was arranged in Wuhan, the wheat production area of the Jianghan Plain. The experiment adopted a three-factor resplitting area design. The main area factor was the variety: ‘Emai 580’, ‘Emai 170’ and ‘Zhengmai 9023’ were three wheat varieties. The sub-area factor was fertilizer: nitrogen application (150 kg/hm2) and no nitrogen application were set. The split plot factor was the sowing rate: treatments of 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/hm2 were set. The results showed that the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of ‘Emai 580’ in extreme and normal climate years were the highest when the sowing rate was 225 kg/hm2 and 150 kg/hm2, respectively. The grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of ‘Emai 170’ and ‘Zhengmai 9023’ both performed well when the sowing rate was 225 kg/hm2, but the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat in normal climate years were significantly higher than those in extreme climate years. The quadratic equation was used to fit the relationship between yield and the sowing rate, the optimum sowing rate of ‘Emai 580’, ‘Emai 170’, and ‘Zhengmai 9023’ in extreme climate years was 239.9, 242.5 and 218.5 kg/hm2, respectively; the optimum sowing rate in normal climate years was 159.2, 253.3 and 235.1kg/hm2, respectively. Considering the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency comprehensively, the suitable sowing rate of ‘Emai 170’ and ‘Zhengmai 9023’ in Jianghan Plain is 225-255 kg/hm2, and that of ‘Emai 580’ is 150-170 kg/hm2 in normal climate years. In extreme climate years, the suitable sowing rate of ‘Emai 170’ and ‘Zhengmai 9023’ is 215-245 kg/hm2, and that of ‘Emai 580’ is 225-240 kg/hm2.

  Changes of Agronomic Characters, Quality and Yield of Soybean Varieties Approved in Different Years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region JIA Limin, ZHAO Xiaoyu, WANG Xuejiao, SU Erhu, LI Qiang, GUO Jiahua 2023, 39 (7):  10-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0212 Abstract + ( 1372 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1390KB )   ( 29 ) To clarify the change trend and law of main agronomic characters of soybean varieties approved in different years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and promote soybean breeding, the main agronomic characters, quality and yield of soybean varieties approved by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2002 to 2020 were comprehensively analyzed. The number of main stem nodes showed an upward trend as a whole, the number of growth days showed no significant change as a whole, and the plant height, the number of effective branches per plant and 100-kernel weight showed a downward trend as a whole. The content of crude protein increased slightly, while the content of crude fat decreased. Among the approved soybean varieties, there were 8 high protein soybean varieties, accounting for 7.08% of the total approved number, and 42 high oil soybean varieties, accounting for 37.17% of the total approved number. The yield of soybean varieties approved from 2002 to 2020 showed a gradual upward trend, and the yield of ‘Xingdou 7’ reached the highest of 3531.0 kg/hm2 in 2019. Correlation analysis showed that there were complex correlations among the characters, and the yield was positively correlated with the number of growth days; the yield had a significantly positive correlation with the plant height and crude fat content, and the correlation coefficients were 0.298 and 0.274, respectively. The yield had a very significantly positive correlation with 100-kernel weight and the number of main stem nodes, and the correlation coefficients were 0.494 and 0.414, respectively. The yield was negatively correlated with the effective branch number per plant, and significantly negatively correlated with the crude protein content, and the correlation coefficients were 0.189 and 0.414, respectively. The increase of 100-kernel weight is the key factor to increase the yield of soybean in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Therefore, in the process of soybean breeding, attention should be paid to the combination of parents with high 100-kernel weight and moderate number of main stem nodes and the selection of individual plant of future generation. At the same time, attention should also be paid to quality and resistance, so as to select new soybean varieties with high yield, high quality, multi-resistance and wide adaptability in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

  Response of Main Growth Indexes of Summer Soybean Canopy to Nitrogen CHEN Yuli, YANG Ping, BI Haibin, ZHAI Huabo, WANG Dongfeng, ZHUO Ma, GAO Minghui, GONG Fajiang 2023, 39 (7):  19-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0245 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 39 ) In order to quantitatively analyze the response of main growth indexes of summer soybean canopy to nitrogen, field experiments of nitrogen application and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer management were carried out in the growing season of summer soybean by using soybean variety ‘Qihuang 34’ as the material in 2021. The response of main growth indexes of summer soybean canopy to nitrogen was clarified by the systematic analysis of the effects of different nitrogen application levels and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer management on the plant canopy nitrogen content in the key growth periods of summer soybean, and the internal relationship between the plant canopy nitrogen accumulation quantity, leaf area index, SPAD value, RVI value, NDVI value and the plant canopy nitrogen content. The results showed that nitrogen application could effectively increase the nitrogen content in the summer soybean canopy at flowering stage and early stage of grain bulging within a certain range, and the timely supply of potassium fertilizer in the early stage of grain bulging could promote the absorption of nitrogen by soybean plants. The canopy nitrogen content, canopy nitrogen accumulation, leaf area index, SPAD value, RVI value and NDVI value at early stage of grain bulging were higher than those at flowering stage. Canopy nitrogen accumulation, leaf area index and RVI value increased exponentially with canopy nitrogen content, SPAD value and NDVI value increased linearly with canopy nitrogen content at flowering stage, while SPAD value decreased linearly with canopy nitrogen content at early stage of grain bulging. Canopy growth indexes are important parameters to reflecting the growth status of summer soybean plant. To clarify the response of main growth indexes of summer soybean canopy to nitrogen is of great significance to guiding the efficient production of summer soybean and the regulation of fertilizer management.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Root Phenotype of Foxtail Millet Seedlings of Varieties of Different Decades YANG Xiaoxia, YAN Jiakun 2023, 39 (7):  24-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0232 Abstract + ( 204 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2330KB )   ( 113 ) Millet is an important food crop grown in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China and has high nutritional value. However, in recent years, frequent droughts have led to the degradation of millet varieties and the decline of quality. Because the root system is an important organ to transport organic matter and is critical to the whole process of plant growth and development, six varieties of millet of three different decades were selected as the research objects, and the soil culture method was used to simulate the drought environment (10 days after emergence, one group stopped watering until harvest, another group was irrigated normally, 70%±5% FWC) to explore the mechanism of drought stress on millet seedling root phenotype in the process of variety replacement. The results showed that the response mechanism of millet seedling roots to drought stress was different in varieties of different decades. With the advance of the variety replacement, the root dry mass, root length, root surface area and root volume of millet seedlings decreased first and then increased. The growth rate of millet in drought environment increased by 18.1% and 30.1% in 1970s—1980s varieties and 2000s—2010s varieties, respectively (P<0.05). The root-shoot ratio tended to decrease and stabilized at about 0.21, and the number of roots stabilized at 9-10. Under drought stress, the total dry biomass, root width, total root length, root surface area and root volume of the 1960s—1970s varieties decreased significantly by 37.6%, 47.9%, 36.8%, 40.1% and 30.6% (P<0.05) respectively, while the root density had no significant difference (P>0.05). For varieties of 1970s—1980s, the total dry mass, root width and root number increased by 59.8%, 21.4% and 27% (P<0.05), respectively, while the root surface area, root volume and total root length had no significant difference (P>0.05). For varieties of 2000s—2010s, the root width, total root length and ratio of root length decreased significantly by 28.5%, 15.3% and 35.9% (P<0.05), while the root surface area, root volume and specific root length had no significant difference (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that under drought stress, the root sensitivity of modern millet varieties at seedling stage decreased, the phenotypic difference was narrowed, and the tolerance was improved.

  Application Effect of Organic Fertilizer Combined with Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on Xinyi Honey Peach GAO Bohang, XIA Tongyong, WANG Guangfei, MA Yan, XU Yehong 2023, 39 (7):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0259 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1350KB )   ( 54 ) Field experiments were carried out on two representative soils to study the application effect of organic fertilizer combined with different chemical fertilizers’ reduction in the main production area of honey peach in Xinyi. The following treatments were set: no fertilization (NF), conventional fertilization (CK), and organic fertilizer treatments. OF-N, OF-P, OF-K, OF-NP, OF-PK, OF-NK and OF-NPK represented the reduction of chemical fertilizer N, P, K, NP, PK, NK and NPK on the basis of organic fertilizer application, respectively. OF-N had little effect on the commercial fruit yield. OF-P and OF-K increased the yield by 5.1%-6.8% and 6.1%-9.6%, respectively, while OF-NP and OF-NPK decreased the yield by 0.8%-7.6% and 3.9%-15.0%, respectively. All organic fertilizer treatments increased soil pH and organic matter content to varying degrees. Reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly decreased the soil available nitrogen to a lower value, reducing the application of potassium fertilizer effectively decreased the excess available potassium, and reducing the application of phosphorus fertilizer also decreased available phosphorus. In addition, all organic fertilizer treatments increased the content of soluble sugar and vitamin C to varying degrees, and reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the nitrate content of fruit. OF-P and OF-K increased net benefit, output/input ratio, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency, while OF-N, OF-NP and OF-NPK decreased net benefit and output/input ratio. Therefore, organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizers in Xinyi honey peach cultivation is conducive to alleviating soil acidification, increasing soil organic carbon pool, improving fruit quality, and increasing commercial fruit yield. It is appropriate for mainly reducing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and moderately reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer.

  Division of Planting Areas for Superior Quality Passion Fruits in Fujian NIU Xianqian, JIANG Li, LIN Qiujin, LIN Xiuxiang, LI Yongyu, SHI Qing 2023, 39 (7):  40-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0205 Abstract + ( 217 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1201KB )   ( 55 ) The study aims to clarify the advantageous planting areas of passion fruit in Fujian by studying the quality of passion fruits from different parts of the province, and provide guidance for farmers to develop passion fruit industry. Using ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ and ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.3’ from different production areas in the province as materials, the fruit quality was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis, and the differences of fruit quality among different production areas were compared by quality determination analysis. The results showed that there were quality differences of passion fruits from different places of origin, and the single fruit weight, fruit edible rate and sugar-acid ratio were the main factors affecting the fruit quality. The single fruit weight and edible rate of ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ grown in Yanping were the highest, and were significantly higher than those of Xinluo fruits. The highest sugar-acid ratio was found in Xinluo fruits (3.03), followed by that of Youxi fruits and Yanping fruits, and the lowest was observed in fruits from Gutian. The highest single fruit weight of ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.3’ was found in Hui’an (92.87 g), which was extremely and significantly higher than that in Hua’an, Fu’an and Wuping. The highest fruit edible rate was found in Hua’an (55.26%), which was extremely and significantly different from that in Fu’an (17.8%). The highest sugar-acid ratio was found in Hui’an (6.79), which was extremely and significantly higher than that in Fu’an, Hua’an and Wuping. The highest overall score for ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ was achieved by fruits from Yanping (0.2194) and the lowest was gotten by fruits from Gutian (0.1405). ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No. 3’ had the highest overall score in Hua’an and Hui’an (0.2461). The fruit quality of passion fruits in Fujian was correlated with the latitude of the production area, but not obviously correlated with the longitude; the best planting area for superior quality ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ was 25°-26°N and that for ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.3’ was 25°N. The area of certain altitude in the suitable latitude range is beneficial to improving the fruit quality, and can reduce the heat barrier for passion fruits.

  Effect of CO2 Capture Agent on Mineral Element Content of Pomegranate Leaves HE Lijuan, HONG Mingwei, WU Xing’en, ZHANG Hongchang, REN Jing, BAI Chunlan, WANG Zhenghe, YANG Rongping, ZHANG Hong 2023, 39 (7):  46-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0174 Abstract + ( 163 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1121KB )   ( 29 ) The effects of foliar application of different concentrations of CO2 capture agent on the changes of mineral elements in pomegranate leaves at different growth stages were studied, and the reasonable fertilization time and dosage were determined to provide a theoretical basis for precise fertilization and high quality and high yield production of pomegranate. ‘Tunisia’ soft-seed pomegranate in Yongsheng County of Yunnan Province was used as the material. On the basis of conventional fertilization, the changes of mineral elements in leaves during pomegranate growth under different concentrations of CO2 capture agent (1.3%, 1%, 0.7% and 0.5%) were studied. With the growth and development of pomegranate, the content of N, P, Ca and Zn in leaves showed an upward trend, and the content of K, Mg and Fe showed a downward trend. 1.3% treatment of foliar spraying inhibited the content of N and P in pomegranate leaves. 0.7% treatment had significant promotion effect on the content of N, P and K in pomegranate leaves, which increased by 22.3%, 47.6% and 121.9% respectively compared with those of the control (water spraying), and significantly increased Fe content of mature pomegranate leaves. The content of Ca and Zn in pomegranate leaves treated with 0.5% concentration of CO2 capture agent were significantly increased, and the highest was 19.72 and 144.54 g/kg respectively, increased by 5% and 1.05 times compared with those of the control. At the same time, 0.5% treatment promoted the content of P and K in pomegranate leaves during vegetative growth period. The content of mineral elements in pomegranate leaves can be regulated by spraying a certain concentration of CO2 capture agent on the leaves. Among them, 0.7% treatment of foliar spraying can significantly increase the content of N, P, K and Fe in pomegranate leaves. 0.5% treatment can increase the content of Ca, Zn, P and K. Appropriate fertilization schemes can be formulated according to the differences in mineral element content at different growth stages to meet the nutritional requirement of pomegranate growth and development, thereby improving the quality of pomegranate.

  Effects of Planting Date and Number of Topping Times on the Yield of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Gongju’ ZUO Hongjuan, CAO Hui, ZHANG Hongrui, WANG Feng, ZHANG Xiaoshen 2023, 39 (7):  51-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0260 Abstract + ( 176 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1116KB )   ( 24 ) To study the influence of cultivation measures on the growth and yield of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Gongju’, three planting dates (respectively May 1, May 20 and June 10) were adopted by setting no topping, one time topping and two times topping as the treatments. The plant height, crown width, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, fresh weight of single flower and yield per plant of C. morifolium ‘Gongju’ were counted during the flowering period, and the effects of different cultivation measures on the yield of C. morifolium ‘Gongju’ were compared. The results showed that: under the treatment of planting on May 20 and two times topping, the growth, flowering indexes and single plant yield of C. morifolium ‘Gongju’ were significantly better than those of other treatments; the crown width, the number of flowers per plant and the yield per plant of planting on May 20 and two times topping were the highest, increased by 26.39%, 8.76% and 14.86%, respectively, compared with those of no topping, but the plant height and the fresh weight of single flower decreased by 16.97% and 8.76% respectively. In summary, planting on May 20 and two times topping is the suitable cultivation measure which can improve the yield of C. morifolium ‘Gongju’.

  Research of AMF on the Growth and Development of Ornamental Plants HUANG Wenjing, YANG Shuhua, GE Hong, KOU Yaping, ZHAO Xin, JIA Ruidong, CHEN Jiren 2023, 39 (7):  55-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0199 Abstract + ( 235 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1256KB )   ( 41 ) In this paper, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and development of ornamental plants are summarized from four aspects: plant nutrient transport, apparent morphology, photosynthesis and abiotic stress resistance. The analysis shows that AMF promote the accumulation of nutrient elements in ornamental plants by regulating the expression of nutrient transport genes and increasing the nutrient uptake area of ornamental plants, thus improving plant nutrient absorption. By improving the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic enzyme activity in plants, the carbon fixation ability and source-library relationship of plants are improved, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. By regulating the activity of osmotic regulatory substances, antioxidants and other enzymes, the plant drought resistance, salt resistance and high temperature resistance are improved. This paper proposes that AMF should be further explored for the participation in the regulation of potassium ions, the regulation of chlorophyll fluorescence, and the regulation of stress-related transcription factors (such as GRAS family, AP2/ERF family and MYB family), so as to study the symbiotic mechanism of AMF.

  Landscape Design Mode of Native Plants Based on Nature WANG Qian, LI Liangtao, HAN Hongying, FAN Huimin, SUN Meiting, ZHANG Peng 2023, 39 (7):  64-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0236 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3725KB )   ( 28 ) Based on the advantages of native plant populations and their application status, the urban greening construction should be improved according to different ecological service functions of the city. Taking Handan City of Hebei Province as an example, the systematic sampling method was used to investigate the native plants in the Taihang Mountains, and the binary indicator species analysis method (TWINSPAN) was used to classify the community structure and plant functional traits. According to the life forms, ornamental characteristics and functional uses of native plants, the landscape design mode of native plants was studied. We identified nature-based solutions and combined urban ecological service functions, to meet the needs of serving green infrastructure and ecological garden construction. We took Erhu Ecological Park as a demonstration park, and chose four urban landscapes to propose different planting modes for centralized demonstration. Through the construction of a variety of natural landscape planting modes, the purpose of restoring human-damaged natural environment and improving urban green infrastructure can be achieved, thereby effectively promoting the sustainable development of ecological cities in China, and providing ideas for urban landscape construction.

  Ornamental Value Analysis of Akebia trifoliata and Its Application in Landscaping YANG Shu, HE Zixing, LUO Peigao 2023, 39 (7):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0983 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1825KB )   ( 32 ) By analyzing the ornamental value of leaves, flowers and fruits of Akebia trifoliata, it is found that the species has broad application potential in landscaping. The paper summarizes the application of A. trifoliata in vertical greening, landscape and ecological protection. In addition, it discusses the prospect of the development of new landscaping-specific A. trifoliata varieties, reveals the potential value of A. trifoliata as ornamental fruit tree, and elaborates the application of A. trifoliata as a medicinal plant in garden and park greening. The major objective of the present study is to accelerate the application of A. trifoliata in landscaping for achieving a better ornamental effect.

  Culturable Microorganism Diversity and Physicochemical Properties of Soil in the Reclamation Area of Coal Mine Wasteland ZHENG Wei, YUAN Longzhen, WANG Jianhua, YANG Yao, WU Chuanguang, HUANG Ying, YOU Ping, XUE Xiaohui 2023, 39 (7):  81-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0249 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 24 ) To evaluate the effect of different vegetation on soil ecological restoration in coal mine wasteland reclamation area, this paper used traditional methods to study soil microbial diversity and physicochemical properties of peach forest, wasteland, cedar forest, plum forest and green manure vegetation in reclamation area. The results are as follows. (1) The soil physicochemical properties of different vegetation were significantly different. The area was extremely rich in total phosphorus, lack in available nitrogen, total potassium and organic matter, and with medium level of available phosphorus and pH<5.8. (2) Among the three major microorganisms in this area, the proportion of bacteria was 87.58%-99.57%, which was the dominant colony under various vegetation, and there was a small difference under different vegetation; the proportions of fungi and actinomycetes had large difference, and the B/F value and the total number of the three major microorganisms of green manure vegetation were the largest. (3) The most culturable functional microorganisms in this area were ammoniated bacteria, iron bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but there were significant differences of the amount of bacteria among different vegetation, and the dominant functional microorganisms under different vegetation were different, such as iron bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in peach forest, iron bacteria in wasteland, ammoniated bacteria and iron bacteria in cedar forest, ammoniated bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plum forest, and ammoniated bacteria in green manure vegetation. The total number of culturable functional bacteria in cedar forest and green manure vegetation was 4.50 times and 3.48 times that of peach forest, respectively. (4) Under different vegetation types, the diversity of the three major microorganisms was higher in cedar forest, which was 0.71; the diversity index of some culturable functional bacteria was higher in wasteland, which was 1.52; ammoniated bacteria were mostly affected by soil physicochemical properties, followed by inorganic phosphorus bacteria and organic phosphorus bacteria. This study found that the dominant functional microorganisms under different vegetation in this area were ammoniated bacteria, iron bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and could provide some reference for the restoration of coal mine reclaimed soil.

  Effects of Tillage Methods on Soil Aggregate Microorganisms and Organic Carbon Mineralization: A Review LIU Xinkun, SUN Shengkai, DUAN Xiaohan, CUI Dongmei, ZHANG Tingting, CUI Jichao, ZHU Xuyi, HAN Huifang 2023, 39 (7):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0229 Abstract + ( 231 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1256KB )   ( 1056 ) Agricultural carbon emissions account for about 25% of the annual global CO2 emissions. To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in China before 2060, the absorption and emissions of CO2 in agriculture need to reach a dynamic balance. Soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization is a biochemical process of microbial decomposition of SOC which provides nutrients for crop growth and releases greenhouse gases such as CO2 to the environment. SOC mineralization in farmland is closely related to crop nutrient supply, carbon sequestration and CO2 emission, but SOC mineralization is affected by many factors. Soil tillage is the key factor driving farmland soil carbon fixation, and the impact of tillage methods on SOC is an important part of agricultural ecosystem carbon cycle research. Soil aggregates with different particle sizes are regarded as biochemical reactors for microbial carbon mineralization to produce CO2. The mineralization and decomposition of SOC can not be separated from the use of microorganisms and corresponding enzymes. Therefore, the tillage methods directly change the structure of soil aggregates, then change the microbial groups in soil, and ultimately affect SOC mineralization. This review summarized the effects of tillage methods, soil aggregates and associated soil microorganisms on SOC mineralization in farmland, aiming to reduce the occurrence of SOC mineralization in farmland, and provide theoretical support for China to achieve the goal of “double carbon” (peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality).

  Mechanism and Technology of Soil Fertility Cultivation in Loess Desert: A Review ZHU Xiaoyue, FANG Yan, SHANGGUAN Zhouping 2023, 39 (7):  95-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0252 Abstract + ( 178 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1133KB )   ( 27 ) The fragile ecological environment and soil erosion in loess desert area seriously affect the regional ecological protection and high-quality development. According to the characteristics of sandy land with low soil fertility, and poor agricultural and ecological utilization potential, Chinese scholars have carried out a lot of study and taken a series of measures to improve the structure and chemical properties of aeolian sandy soil. After decades of comprehensive management, the structure and fertility of aeolian sandy soil have been improved effectively. This study summarized the present situation of aeolian sandy soil improved by arsenic sandstone, coal fly ash, organic fertilizer, green manure and mulching, and discussed the action mechanism and effects of the soil improving technologies. It is considered that the technologies of soil improvement should be optimized and combined with different agronomic measures. The soil physicochemical property should be improved along with biological property of sandy land, to realize rapid and effective fertility cultivation. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of green soil fertility cultivation technology system and the monitoring of ecological effect of the technologies, and develop environment-friendly fertilizers which could be popularized, thus providing technical support for soil fertility cultivation and ecological restoration in sandy land.

  Biological Characteristics and Laboratory Virulence Determination of Tobacco Black Shank Bacteria in Qujing City LV Yiying, CAI Yongzhan, BAI Tao, HAN Xiaonv, LIU Dongmei, LI Zhu’an, WANG Ruibao, CHEN Xiaolong, WANG Qiyu, LIN Dengzhi, YU Lei, HUANG Feiyan 2023, 39 (7):  102-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0198 Abstract + ( 186 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1865KB )   ( 44 ) In order to clarify the biological characteristics of Phytophthora nicotianae of tobacco black shank, and screen high-efficiency chemical agents, the cross method was used to measure the colony growth diameter under different media, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, pH, glucose concentrations and light treatments. And hemocytometer was used to determine the number of sporulation. The sensitivity of Phytophthora nicotianae to 30% flumorph, 68.75% fluopicolide·propamocarb hydrochloride, 64% oxadixyl mancozeb, 80% cymoxanil, 70% propineb, 75% chlorothalonil, 80% fosetyl-aluminum, and 20% copper thiophanate were determined by the method of toxic medium. The results showed that the tested strains grew well on the oat medium. After 5 days of culture, the strains grew to 8.5 cm. The colonies were white and the hyphae were dense. The carrot medium was beneficial to sporulation quantity, and the quantity was about 7.92×107. The tested strains grew and sporulated better in beef extract (nitrogen source) and soluble starch (carbon source) medium. The growth rates of strains treated with different pH media were not significantly different, but the growth and sporulation were better in the pH range from 6 to 7. When the glucose concentration was 0.02 mmol/L, the growth and sporulation yield of the strains were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The tested strains had no significant difference under different light treatments, but the mycelium growth was denser under dark condition, which was beneficial to the sporulation. All 8 chemical agents had inhibitory effects on the tested strains, among which 30% flumorph and 68.75% fluopicolide·propamocarb hydrochloride had significant inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria, with EC50 of 0.1640 and 2.3339 μg/mL, respectively.

  Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Tetraniliprole Against Spodoptera frugiperda CHI Yanyan, LIN Shaoyuan, CHEN Bingxu, XU Shu 2023, 39 (7):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0160 Abstract + ( 555 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1260KB )   ( 151 ) To determine the feasibility and appropriate dosage of tetraniliprole for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda, egg immersion and leaf dipping methods were performed to explore the toxicity of 200 g/L tetraniliprole SC to eggs and 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, and the control efficacy test was carried out in field. The laboratory toxicity showed that the LC50 of 200 g/L tetraniliprole SC to the eggs and the 2nd instar larvae was 187.423 and 0.023 mg/L, respectively, indicating its poor toxicity to the eggs and much higher toxicity to the 2nd instar larvae than that of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC. In the two-year field experiment, the control efficacy of 200 g/L tetraniliprole SC was 43.26%-59.37% with ingredient dosage of 15-45 g/hm2 at 1 day after treatment (DAT), and the control efficacy increased to 80.28%-91.94% after 7 DAT. Moreover, the control efficacy of 45 g/hm2 treatment was still above 80% at 10 DAT. The 200 g/L tetraniliprole SC had good indoor toxicity to the 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, its field control efficacy was similar to that of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC and 5% emamectin enzoate ME, and it could be used as a potential agent for the control of S. frugiperda.

  Residues and Dissipation Characteristics of Three Fungicides in Pear and Soil GAO Meijing, SHEN Yan, LU Lina, ZHONG Jianfeng, LU Fei, ZHENG Zuntao, ZHANG Zhiyong 2023, 39 (7):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0220 Abstract + ( 777 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 68 ) Flusilazole, myclobutanil and tebuconazole are registered for the control of pear scab, and all of them have good control effects. In order to screen pesticides with high control efficacy and low residues, the residues and dissipation characteristics of the above three fungicides in pears and soil were studied in this paper by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The results showed that the half-life of flusilazole, myclobutanil and tebuconazole in pears was 8.83 d, 14.44 d and 4.70 d, respectively, and the half-life of the above three fungicides in soil was 18.38 d, 17.32 d and 16.50 d, respectively, tebuconazole had the fastest dissipation rate in pears and soil. In China, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of flusilazole, myclobutanil and tebuconazole in pears is 0.2 mg/kg, 0.5mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. For the field trial, the recommended dosage and 1.5 times recommended dosage of the three fungicides were applied to pears and soil respectively. Twenty-one days after the last treatment, the maximum harvest residue of flusilazole in pears was 0.109 mg/kg, reaching 54.5% of the MRL value; the maximum harvest residue of myclobutanil in pears was 0.42 mg/kg, reaching 84% of the MRL value; and the maximum harvest residue of tebuconazole in pears was <0.1 mg/kg, which was far lower than the MRL value. With the comprehensive analysis of the residues and dissipation characteristics of the three fungicides in pears and soil, it is found that the risk of tebuconazole was lower in diet and environment. The results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the selection of pesticides with high control efficiency and low residue in the control of pear scab.

  Design and Application of Automatic Water and Fertilizer Integration System for Apple WANG Wei, CHEN Endian, HUANG Qian, XIA Haibo 2023, 39 (7):  122-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0819 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2256KB )   ( 68 ) Guided by the theories of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and auto-control, we comprehensively utilized the methods and technologies of computer, geographic information and service-oriented sciences, to design a control terminal system, which included pump room control terminal, field control terminal, weather station monitoring terminal and moisture monitoring terminal, and constructed an intelligent irrigation cloud service system based on weather. The irrigation scheme would be generated according to the mathematical model of irrigation decision-making based on soil moisture and meteorological elements, and the intelligent irrigation cloud service system would distribute it to the water fertilizer integration equipment, thus realizing the whole chain management of irrigation and fertilization from scientific decision-making to accurate implementation. The result shows that the intelligent irrigation equipment with integrated water and fertilizer can achieve 36.36% water-saving rate, 26.17% fertilizer saving rate, 16.67% yield increasing rate and 13% increase in the proportion of high-quality apples, which has great popularization and application value.

  Developing the Device for Root Vegetable Crop Tuber Measuring ZHANG Chunfeng, LIU Junliang, WANG Nannan, ZHU Baoguo, MENG Qingying, FENG Haoyuan 2023, 39 (7):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0246 Abstract + ( 175 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1416KB )   ( 22 ) Root vegetable crops, such as beet, potato, etc., are rich in nutrition and suitable for large-scale planting, and have broad development potential. However, the growth process of the aboveground and the underground parts of root vegetable crops differ widely. It is hard to estimate the growth of the underground tuber by observing the aboveground part. To monitor the process of the underground tuber growth in real time and conduct auto-management, a tuber auto-measuring device was developed. The device was composed of X-type measuring clamps, resistance displacement meters, built-in wires, data memories, and other components. A field test was conducted to measure sugar beet tuber growth by the device. The results showed that the device was capable of monitoring the tuber growth in real time, and was qualified to distinguish the growth period and determine the tuber root diameter. The error range of the developed device was 2%-7% through the investigation.

  Storage Performance of Hawthorn Fruits Based on Principal Component Analysis YANG Mingxia, DIAO Shan, CUI Keqiang, ZHAO Shiyue, REN Rui, HE Meimei, JI Wei 2023, 39 (7):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0255 Abstract + ( 193 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1306KB )   ( 40 ) To investigate the storage performance of different varieties of hawthorn fruits, ‘Dajinxing’, ‘Zezhouhong’ and ‘Hongwuleng’ were used as specimens to carry out texture profile analysis (TPA) and puncture test. The differences of fruit texture, texture change patterns and storage performance of different varieties of hawthorn fruits during storage were investigated. The results showed that there were some differences in texture and storage properties among different varieties of hawthorn fruits. During the storage period, ‘Dajinxing’ had the smallest values of variation in peel hardness, flesh hardness and adhesion, followed by ‘Hongwuleng’, and ‘Zezhouhong’ had the largest value of variation in each index. The overall scores of the principal component analysis showed that the storage performance of hawthorn was ‘Dajinxing’> ‘Hongwuleng’> ‘Zezhouhong’ in the order of good to bad.

  Effects of On-tree Storage on the Fruit Quality of Phyllanthus emblica SHAO Xuehua, KUANG Shizi, HUANG Jianhui, OUYANG Jiamin, WAN Yan, LAI Duo 2023, 39 (7):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0273 Abstract + ( 769 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1173KB )   ( 30 ) This study evaluated the changes of fruit quality of Phyllanthus emblica treated by on-tree storage (OTS) technology to explore the feasibility of on-tree storage in P. emblica production. Taking ‘Shanghuxian’ seasonal fruits (picked in November) and fresh OTS fruits (picked in January and April) as test materials, a total of 24 indicators of the fruits, including the amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, lysine, proline and hydroxyproline), sugars (total sugar, reducing sugar and sucrose), nutrients (water-soluble pectin, tannins, cellulose and reduced ascorbic acid), functional components (total antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, procyanidins and total phenols) and enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase), were determined by the micromethod. The results showed that compared with seasonal fruits, the amino acid content of ‘Shanghuxian’ OTS fruits showed a significant upward trend (P<0.05), and the accumulation of amino acids was proportional to the time of the OTS. The contents of total sugar, sucrose and reducing sugar in ‘Shanghuxian’ all decreased significantly, and the longer the time of OTS, the more significant the decrease was. There was no significant difference in the content of water-soluble pectin between the OTS fruits and the seasonal fruits (P>0.05). The tannin and cellulose contents of the OTS fruits were significantly lower than those of the seasonal fruits, while the content of reduced ascorbic acid significantly increased. The total antioxidant capacity, and the content of proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and total phenolic of the OTS fruits showed a significant downward trend compared with those of the season fruits (P<0.05), among which the total phenolic content decreased by 77.75%. The determination results of the activities of eight enzymes in ‘Shanghuxian’ showed that the contents of acid phosphatase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase were significantly decreased after OTS, while the contents of alkaline phosphate, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were significantly increased. Among them, the content of peroxidase in the OTS fruits was 1.5 times higher than that of the seasonal fruits, and the acid phosphatase decreased by 75.42%. To sum up, the OTS of ‘Shanghuxian’ could slightly reduce the sugar content and antioxidant capacity of the fruits, but it could increase the content of amino acids and reduced ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and reduce the accumulation of tannins, phenols and cellulose. The OTS technology could reduce the astringency of the fruits and increase the rate of slag, thereby improving the taste and marketability of the fruits. The technology could be popularized and applied in the production of P. emblica.

  Research Progress of Air-curing Tobacco Modulation ZHONG Junwen, WANG Zhenghao, MA Lijuan, SHI Xiangdong, DING Songshuang 2023, 39 (7):  146-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0288 Abstract + ( 274 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1232KB )   ( 27 ) In this paper, the main physiological and biochemical change periods of inclusions and the change results in the process of air-curing tobacco modulation were discussed, the modulation techniques of two main types of tobacco (burley and cigar) were summarized, and various simple and convenient temperature and humidity control techniques applied in the process were summed up. It is concluded that most of the studies on the air-curing of tobacco have focused on burley tobacco, while only a few studies have focused on cigar tobacco, mainly on the changes of inclusions and the effects of curing methods and control techniques on the quality of tobacco leaves. In the future, it is necessary to further analyze the transformation mechanism of inclusions during cigar air-curing modulation, as well as the ultrastructural changes of cell tissues and the evolution and function of microbiota, optimize the modulation process, and formulate the standards of cigar air-curing.

  Design and Implementation of Crop Productivity Thematic Map System Based on GIS ZHANG Tiancheng, HE Hao, LI Dandan, WU Ze, PAN Feifan, ZHANG Tai, YANG Shuyun 2023, 39 (7):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0261 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1759KB )   ( 122 ) There are some problems in making thematic maps, such as cumbersome model calculation process, large amount of data processing and heavy mapping tasks. To improve the production efficiency and timeliness of maps, Python language, ArcGIS and database are used to develop data processing and thematic map making software, and an automatic mapping system for regional crop productivity is built in this study. The system collects meteorological data in real time, runs productivity model, and designs thematic map of regional crop productivity. Based on the case analysis of crop productivity mapping in Anhui Province, the simulation results are similar to the actual situation. After adjusting the geographical base map and meteorological stations, the simulation results can be directly applied to the crop producing areas in the central and east of China, providing information technology support for the stable yield of regional food crops.

  Nitrogen Cycling: Research Tendency Based on CNKI LU Jiaoyun, TIAN Hong, ZHANG Heshan, XIONG Junbo, LIU Yang 2023, 39 (7):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0221 Abstract + ( 160 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1166KB )   ( 25 ) In order to explore the hot spots and trends of nitrogen cycling research of the last decade, based on the CNKI database, this study used bibliometrics to summarize the literature types, source countries, research institutions, publishing journals and frequently cited literature, and then analyzed the general situation and trends of nitrogen cycling research. The results showed that: (1) from 2012 to 2021, the number of publications related to nitrogen cycling showed a steady increase year by year, and the main publication types were foreign language journals, academic dissertations and Chinese journals; (2) the main research countries were China and the United States, the research institutions were mainly universities, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences was one of the important institutions of nitrogen cycling research; (3) Science of the Total Environment from the Netherlands, Frontiers in Microbiology from Switzerland and Soil Biology & Biochemistry from the UK had the highest numbers of publications; (4) the literature cited frequently were mainly reviews, and their research direction was mainly focused on soil nitrogen cycling. In general, the related research on nitrogen cycling has a good development trend, and relevant theories have gradually enter the stage of comprehensive and in-depth systematic research, and formed the main research direction of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystem.