Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.8 Published:15 March 2023

  Research Progress of Sweet Potato with High Light Efficiency and Weak Light Tolerance ZHANG Xiaohong 2023, 39 (8):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0264 Abstract + ( 163 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1100KB )   ( 62 ) This paper summarized the research progress of high light efficiency and weak light tolerance sweet potato at home and abroad, in order to provide theoretical guidance for the breeding of high light efficiency and weak light tolerance sweet potato varieties. This paper elaborated from four aspects: (1) characteristics of germplasm with high light efficiency and weak light tolerance; (2) the effects of low light on agronomic characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, stress enzyme activity and osmotic regulators, root yield and quality of sweet potato; (3) research progress of germplasm screening of high light efficiency sweet potato and evaluation methods of shade tolerance of sweet potato varieties; (4) research progress of sweet potato breeding with high light efficiency and weak light tolerance. It also looked forward to the future research directions, and suggested that scientific and technological workers should focus on the breeding of sweet potato varieties with high light efficiency and weak light tolerance, formulate breeding objectives and improve breeding methods, so as to meet the needs of mechanization and high yield of modern sweet potato industry.

  GGE-biplot Based on R Language: Application in Regional Trial of Sugar Beet Varieties JIANG Wanyue, HU Xiaohang, MA Yahuai, LI Yanli 2023, 39 (8):  7-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0173 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1541KB )   ( 43 ) The aims are to clarify the yielding ability, yield stability, and adaptability of sugar beet varieties tested in different regional trials across China, and to identify the discriminability and representativeness of each test point. In 2020, 16 introduced KWS series sugar beet varieties were used as the test materials in 9 test bases in different ecological regions across the country. The sugar yield indicators of the varieties were analyzed by GGE biplot method based on R language. The results showed that KWS 0015(G16) had the highest yield in the regional trial of sugar beet varieties in 2020. KWS 7748(G6) and KWS 9921(G15) had relatively stable yield; and KWS 0015(G16) was the ideal variety for most test bases because of its strong regional adaptability, high and stable yield compared with other varieties. In addition, Hohhot (E9) had higher discriminability and better representativeness, and was an ideal pilot area for this study. In conclusion, the GGE biplot method is scientific for the comprehensive analysis of genotype, and environment and genotype interaction effects of sugar beet varieties.

  A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Colored-leaf Tree Species Introduced to the Huai’an Section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process ZHANG Qiulu 2023, 39 (8):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0334 Abstract + ( 158 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1335KB )   ( 35 ) This paper aims to make a comprehensive evaluation on the area adaptation of colored-leaf tree species introduced to the Huai’an section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. 16 introduced colored-leaf tree species were selected as the research objects. The author established a comprehensive evaluation model based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that leaf color, color duration and hot resistance were significant factors in the comprehensive evaluation system. According to the scores, the 16 colored-leaf tree species were divided into four grades: 5 species, such as Acer negundo ‘Aurea’ and Liquidambar styraciflua, had the highest introduction value; 5 species, such as Acer×freemanii and Acer rubrum，had relatively high introduction value; 4 species, such as Quercus nuttallii Palmer, had a common introduction value, and the rest 2 species, such as Quercus phellos, had relatively low application value. The study is of certain significance to the further introduction and domestication of colored-leaf tree species in Huai’an. At the same time, it also provides basic reference for landscape architecture in other cities.

  Annual Growth Rhythm and Biomass Allocation of Cinnamomum cassia Presl Seedlings YANG Zhuoying, LIANG Xiaojing, ZENG Xiangyan, WEI Xiaojuan, WU Siyu, LI Baocai 2023, 39 (8):  21-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0270 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1246KB )   ( 30 ) The growth rhythm of Cinnamomum cassia Presl annual seedlings was studied to provide a basis for its production and management, and to improve the quality of cinnamon seedlings out of the nursery. On the basis of regular observation, the growth dynamics, biomass accumulation, growth indexes and distribution law of Cinnamomum cassia Presl at seedling stage were studied, and the growth model of seedling height and ground diameter was established. The results showed that: the growth process of Cinnamomum cassia Presl annual seedlings could be divided into 4 stages, including seedling emergence stage, early growth stage, rapid growth stage and late growth stage. The growth of seedling height at rapid growth stage was 8.58cm, accounting for 52.59% of the annual growth. The growth of ground diameter at rapid growth stage was 0.029 cm, accounting for 67.44% of the annual growth. The biomass of stems and leaves was greater than that of roots for cinnamon annual seedlings, with a ratio of 7:3, indicating that the growth center of cinnamon was above the ground. Therefore, Logistic equation can be used to predict the growth of seedling height and ground diameter in the growing period and provide a theoretical basis for formulating reasonable seedling culture measures. From May to September, the seedling height grows rapidly, and the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be increased. From October to November, the seedling height grows slowly, and the ground diameter is still in the rapid growth stage, the application of nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied to promote the lignification of seedlings. From March to April of the following year, compound fertilizer with balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be applied.

  Spatial Pattern Analysis of Forest Resources and Key Protected Wild Plants in Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve SUN Meiting, LI Liangtao, WANG Qian, ZHANG Xiaohua, ZHAO Yanli 2023, 39 (8):  27-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0242 Abstract + ( 160 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3872KB )   ( 24 ) Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve has rich forest resources and wild plant resources, which is a hotspot area of biodiversity research. The spatial pattern analysis of Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve has important value and significance for the protection of biodiversity at the regional scale. The geographical and natural conditions of Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve were analyzed by using the forest resource survey data in 2003, 2016 and 2020, and ArcGIS10.7 software, so as to obtain topographic factors, stand survey factors, spatial distribution pattern of key protected wild plants and suitable habitat distribution. Through overlapping analysis of the suitable habitat distribution and the spatial distribution of the richness of key protected wild plants, the hotspot areas of key protected wild plants were determined. The results show that Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve has a large area of forest land, mainly young age groups, and high plant diversity in the range of middle canopy density (0.4-0.6). There are 31 species of key protected wild plants in the reserve, including 5 species of national level II wild protected plants. There are two hotspot areas in the reserve, one is located in the northwest of the reserve, which is mainly distributed in Changshou village, Huangzhuang, Lianggou and Chaoyanggou; the other is in the central part of the reserve, located at the junction of Naogou, Houqu, Qugou, Qibugou and Muzuo village. The spatial pattern analysis provides a scientific basis for the study of plant resource richness and diversity in nature reserves, and also provides planning reference for the construction of key protected areas of wild plants in nature reserves.

  Research Progress of Agricultural Soil Carbon Sink YUAN Mingrui, YANG Fengshan, CAI Baiyan, FU Haiyan, LIU Chunguang 2023, 39 (8):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0370 Abstract + ( 187 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1208KB )   ( 58 ) The soil carbon pool accounts for more than 90% of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool, and the carbon content of the soil carbon pool is 3-4 times that of the vegetation carbon pool and 2-3 times that of the atmospheric carbon pool. To fully explore the huge benefits of reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon sink of soil carbon pool and realize the goal of carbon neutrality before 2060, this paper summarized research progress of agricultural soil carbon sink. In soil carbon pool, agricultural soil carbon sink has great emission reduction potential and emission reduction cost advantages, and is an important way to deal with climate change. Although the potential of soil carbon sink is considerable, current research on soil carbon sink is still sluggish. At present, the research on agricultural soil carbon sink is faced with three main challenges: lack of comprehensive viewpoint and with insufficient carbon emission calculation indexes; the research content cannot keep pace with the time; and the spatial variation analysis cannot reveal the source difference of soil carbon sink. In order to exploit the huge emission reduction and sink benefits of soil carbon pool, this paper provides an overview of agricultural soil carbon sink from four perspectives, specifically: an overview of agricultural soil carbon sink in terms of its impact on peaking carbon emissions and realizing carbon neutrality; a review of agricultural soil carbon emission and carbon reduction measures from three aspects of agricultural soil carbon emission and its causes, regional differences and dynamics of agricultural soil carbon emission, and agricultural soil carbon sink and its reduction effect; suggestions for research directions and strategies of agricultural soil carbon sink; and an outlook on agricultural soil carbon sink. This study will provide a theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions from agricultural soils and for establishing a sound and green low carbon cycle development system.

  Measurement and Analysis of Carbon Emissions of Shandong Planting Industry SONG Hongen, JIANG Changyi, LI Shuchao, SUN Zhaoming 2023, 39 (8):  43-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0732 Abstract + ( 176 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1944KB )   ( 32 ) Agricultural carbon emission is one of the important causes of the greenhouse effect. How to reduce agricultural carbon emissions and how to achieve low-carbon agricultural development is an urgent problem to be solved. Planting industry is a key part of agriculture, and reducing carbon emissions from planting industry requires more attention. Based on the panel data of Shandong Province from 2009 to 2020, this paper calculated carbon emissions of planting industry in Shandong Province, and analyzed the spatio-temporal pattern of carbon emissions of planting industry in the province, aiming to provide reference for improving the low-carbon and emission reduction policy of planting industry. The results showed that the overall carbon emission of planting industry in Shandong Province presented a downward trend, and the spatial differences in the total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in cities and prefectures of Shandong were obvious, and the trend of ‘high—low—high’ was observed from the southeast to the northwest. The carbon emission intensity of Shandong Province also showed a downward trend year by year, but there were differences in the distribution pattern between carbon emission intensity and amount of the planting industry. Therefore, the influencing factors of the above situation were analyzed, and it was concluded that the level of agricultural development, rural per capita income and agricultural structure had significant inhibitory effects on the carbon emission structure of the planting industry, and the regional industrial structure adjustment also showed a certain degree of inhibition, while the level of agricultural mechanization and urbanization showed a significant role in promoting carbon emission.

  Evaluation of Heavy Metal Passivation in Contaminated Paddy Fields Based on Soil Quality and Rice Safety ZHAO Shouping, XIAO Wendan, CHEN De, YE Xuezhu, ZHANG Qi, WU Shaofu, HU Jing, GAO Na, HUANG Miaojie 2023, 39 (8):  51-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0239 Abstract + ( 142 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1363KB )   ( 37 ) With the popularization and application of heavy metal passivation technology in polluted arable land, comprehensive and integrated evaluation techniques are urgently needed for the treatment and remediation effects of heavy metal polluted rice fields. In this study, the commonly used passivation application patterns, including CK, lime 4500 kg/hm2 (LM), sepiolite 12000 kg/hm2 (SEP), lime +biochar 1:1 mixed application 9000 kg/hm2 (F1), lime+ biochar + calcium magnesium phosphate 1:1:0.5 mixed application 9000 kg/hm2 (F2) and lime+ biochar + sepiolite 1:1:1 mixed application 9000 kg/hm2 (F3), were compared in typical contaminated plots in Zhuji City (ZJ) and Yuecheng District (YC) of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The emphasis was on the effect of passivation on pollution indicators and soil quality. The remediation effect was evaluated by rice yield, heavy metal content in rice and heavy metal DTPA extractable amount in soil; the soil quality was evaluated by soil physicochemical indexes (soil organic matter, CEC, available nitrogen and clay) and biological indexes (microbial biomass carbon and soil sucrose activity) to build a comprehensive evaluation system. The evaluation results showed that: compare to those of CK, DTPA extractable Cd of F1 (YC) and LM (ZJ) soil decreased by <15%, organic matter and available nitrogen of F1 (ZJ) and LM (ZJ) soil decreased by >10%, the sucrose activity of F1 (YC) decreased by 43.4%, so the comprehensive evaluation conclusion for F1 and LM was ‘poor’. For SEP (ZJ) soil, the organic matter decreased by 20%, the microbial carbon decreased by 25.7%, the comprehensive evaluation conclusion was ‘poor’. The rice yield of F2 and F3 decreased by <8%, heavy metal content in rice were lower than the limited value of GB2762, and soil DTPA extractable Cd, Cr and Pb were reduced by more than 15%, 30% and 25%, respectively; and the reduction of soil physical, chemical and biological indexes were <10%, the overall evaluation conclusion of F2 and F3 was ‘excellent’. According to the constructed comprehensive evaluation system, F2 and F3 are the most effective treatments in remediating heavy metal contaminated paddy soil in the study sites.

  Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Application of Bio-organic Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Soil Nutrients of Celery LIU Yu, LI Ping, ZHAO Kaili, YAN Shi, LIU Jipei, LIU Lei, GUO Ning 2023, 39 (8):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0256 Abstract + ( 186 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1195KB )   ( 73 ) To explore the potential of fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement, and provide data support for the safe and efficient production of facility celery, a field experiment was conducted with celery ‘Ventura’ as experimental material. Four treatments were set up: conventional fertilization (4.5 t/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer+375 kg/hm2 chemical fertilizer), T1 (50% reduction of bio-organic fertilizer+15% reduction of chemical fertilizer), T2 (50% reduction of bio-organic fertilizer+30% reduction of chemical fertilizer), T3 (no bio-organic fertilizer+30% reduction of chemical fertilizer). The plant height, yield, quality and nutrient accumulation of celery and soil physical and chemical properties were measured. The results are as follows. (1) Compared with conventional fertilization, T1 and T2 did not reduce the yield of celery. The yield of T1 was the highest, which increased by 17.90%, and the plant height of T1 was relatively high. The yield of T3 decreased. (2) Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with application of bio-organic fertilizer increased fertilizer partial productivity, and T2 had the largest increase. (3) Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with application of bio-organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the nitrate content and increase the crude fiber content of celery. The quality of celery in T1 was better than that in conventional fertilization treatment. (4) Compared with the conventional fertilization, T1 and T2 reduced soil pH and increased the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium, and T2 had significant differences. The nutrient accumulation of celery organs with bio-organic fertilizer application was higher than that without bio-organic fertilizer application, and the nutrient accumulation of celery organs showed an increasing trend with the decrease of chemical fertilizer application. Comprehensively considering celery yield, fertilizer partial productivity, celery quality and soil properties, under the condition of facility celery planting, the reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with application of bio-organic fertilizer is a safe and efficient way of fertilization. Under the condition of this study, the optimal amount is bio-organic fertilizer 2.25 t/hm2 (50% reduction of bio-organic fertilizer)+ chemical fertilizer 318.75 kg/hm2 (15% reduction of chemical fertilizer). However, the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with application of bio-organic fertilizer on long-term yield of celery and soil nutrients need further verification.

  Effects of Salt Washing Methods on Soil Salinity and Nutrient Content and Vegetable Growth in Facility Agriculture SHEN Jianguo, SU Guijun, LOU Ling, HE Linhai, HU Kangying 2023, 39 (8):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0268 Abstract + ( 171 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 43 ) To understand the effect of different salt washing methods on reducing soil salinity and promoting vegetable growth, under greenhouse cultivation conditions, the authors compared the effects of peeling film leaching and irrigation leaching on soil salinity distribution, soil nutrients, soil pH and vegetable growth and yield. The results showed that: both peeling film leaching and irrigation leaching could reduce the surface and sub-surface soil salinity by promoting the migration of salt from surface to the lower soil layer, and the decrease of surface soil salinity was more than 50%. The two salt washing methods could also increase the yield of cabbage by promoting seed germination and root growth, so the seedling emergence rate and yield of cabbage increased respectively by more than 200% and 65%. In addition, the effect of peeling film leaching was better than that of irrigation leaching. The results also showed that salt washing could increase soil pH, but reduce soil nutrients of topsoil.

  Prediction Model of Meteorological Risk Grade for Potato Late Blight in Hubei Province Based on Discriminant Analysis TANG Yang, LIU Kequn, YANG Junjie, DENG Huanhuan, DENG Aijuan, CHE Junzhi 2023, 39 (8):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0290 Abstract + ( 147 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1434KB )   ( 37 ) The long-term prediction methods of meteorological risk grade for incidence of potato late blight were studied to provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of the disease. With the data in the low hilly and plain area of Hubei Province from 2011 to 2019, the correlations between incidence of potato late blight and meteorological factors were analyzed, and the meteorological factors which had great influence on the occurrence and epidemics of potato late blight were selected. By using discriminant analysis method and data of the meteorological factors selected above and artificial control factor from 2011 to 2017, prediction model of meteorological risk grade for incidence of potato late blight was established. The results showed that the incidence of late blight was correlated with the mean minimum temperature in middle March, sunshine duration in early April and wind speed in late April obviously (P<0.05). It was also indicated that the accuracy of the prediction model was 75.9% in self-validation and 75.3% in cross-validation, and the accuracy of the prediction model was 61.7%, which was tested with data from 2018 to 2019. It proved that the prediction model of meteorological risk grade for incidence of potato late blight could basically meet the needs of meteorological service, and it could provide reference for agricultural technicians to carry out late blight prevention and control in advance by predicting the incidence of potato late blight of the year.

  Application Effect of Simplified Control Technology “Three Prevention and Two Control” on Diseases and Pests of Ratooning Rice ZHANG Ming, LIU Longsheng, FANG Shengliang, ZOU Dan, HU Yao 2023, 39 (8):  79-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0982 Abstract + ( 162 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1288KB )   ( 20 ) The purpose of this study is to apply the technology of “three prevention and two control” to achieve the goal of simple and efficient control of diseases and pests of ratooning rice. Three treatments were set up in this experiment: “three prevention and two control” treatment, conventional control treatment, and CK (no prevention). And 3 repetitions were conducted to investigate the occurrence of diseases and pests in ratooning rice under different control treatments, as well as ratooning rice yield and yield composition. The results showed that the control effect of “three prevention and two control” was the best, and the control effect on diseases and pests in the first season of ratooning rice was more than 90%, and the control effect in the ratooning season was more than 75%, which were significantly better than those of the conventional control. At the same time, the number of pesticide application was reduced by 2 times, the application of solid pesticide and liquid pesticide was reduced by 65.0% and 46.23%, respectively. Under the “three prevention and two control” treatment, the yield of both seasons was the highest. Compared with those of conventional control, the yield of the first season was increased by 12.05%, the yield of the ratooning season was increased by 56.37%, and the annual yield was increased by 21.14%. The yield of the first season, the ratooning season and the year under the CK treatment were the lowest. The application of “three prevention and two control” technology for diseases and pests of ratooning rice has the characteristics of high yield, high efficiency, cost saving and labor saving, and has a good application prospect.

  The Occurrence Cause and Prevention and Control Measures of Rice Straighthead Disease in Dryland-to-Paddy Field LIU Weixi, YIN Wenfeng, LI Xiaojuan, XIAO Youlun 2023, 39 (8):  85-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0265 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1248KB )   ( 29 ) Rice straighthead disease is a physiological disease in rice production and occurs seriously in dryland-to-paddy field in recent years, which leads to substantial rice yield loss. The lack of definite causative factor for rice straighthead disease makes its prevention and control very difficult. Based on the occurrence of rice straighthead disease and the results of field experiments in dryland-to-paddy field in Chaling County of Hunan Province in 2020 and 2021, the cause of this disease was analyzed in detail and major strategies for its prevention and control were proposed in this study. The results from our investigation indicated that the rates of diseased panicle and grain in dryland-to-paddy field were 26.42% and 26.96% in 2020 respectively, and 26.30% and 24.00% in 2021 respectively, which resulted in yield loss by 25.11% and 22.92% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Furthermore, we found that serious soil compaction, poor soil aeration, low organic matter and continuous flooding were the major causes of serious occurrence of rice straighthead disease. By adopting a series of targeted measures, such as applying more organic fertilizer, sulfur-containing fertilizer like potassium sulfate and quicklime, and draining off the irrigation water, the rice straighthead disease was effectively controlled, the rates of diseased panicle and grain in prevention and control plots were only 1.36% and 0.72%, respectively, but were up to 26.30% and 24.00% in the blank control plots, respectively. This study could provide certain reference for the prevention and control of rice straighthead disease in dryland-to-paddy field.

  Pathogen Identification and Biological Characteristics of Wheat Fusarium Leaf Blight ZHENG Tongtong, WANG Ning, LI Jin, RONG Hua, LEI Bin, GUO Qingyuan 2023, 39 (8):  90-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0258 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2061KB )   ( 29 ) The study aims to clarify the causes of wheat plant death, leaf dryness and spots in main wheat production areas in Tacheng of Xinjiang, determine the pathogen, and lay a foundation for the effective disease control in field. In this study, the pathogenic bacteria of diseased plants were isolated and purified by conventional tissue isolation method. The pathogenicity was determined by needle inoculation; the pathogen species were identified by morphological observation and rDNA-ITS and EF-1 gene sequence analysis; and the biological characteristics of the identified pathogens YE9 and YE10 were studied. After isolation and identification, Alternaria and Fusarium were obtained, including 20 Fusarium equiseti and 20 Fusarium acuminatum respectively, and the isolation frequency was 13%. The optimum carbon source of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum was soluble starch, and the best illumination condition was 24 h. The optimum nitrogen source of F. equiseti was beef paste, and the optimum growth temperature was 28℃, the lethal temperature was 53℃, and the optimum growth pH was 6.5. The optimum nitrogen source of F. acuminatum was yeast extract powder, the optimum growth temperature was 20℃, the lethal temperature was 50℃, and the optimum growth pH was 7.5. The experiment confirmed that Fusarium could infect wheat leaves and cause the symptoms of wheat leaf blight, which was reported for the first time in China and laid a foundation for the effective control of the disease in field.

  Optimization of Extraction Process of Garlic Straw by Response Surface Method and Determination of Acaricidal Toxicity of the Crude Extract ZHAO Xiangjie, YUAN Binqiao, HUANG Tianxiang, GENG Shubao, ZHANG Jinyong, TU Hongtao 2023, 39 (8):  99-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0241 Abstract + ( 139 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1509KB )   ( 24 ) In order to strengthen the comprehensive utilization of farmland waste garlic straw, application of different organic solvents for the crude extraction of garlic straw, evaluation of the extraction effect of different solvents, and the acaricidal activity of the extracts were determined. Taking the extraction temperature, time, extraction frequency, and solid-liquid ratio as the influencing factors and the quality of crude extract of garlic straw as the result index, the single factor test was carried out, and the extraction process was optimized by response surface method. The results indicated that the mass of crude extract was 3.54 g when 95% ethanol was used as the extraction solvent, which showed a better effect than acetone, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, petroleum ether, and ether. The garlic straw extract had acaricidal activity. The optimal extraction condition was: extraction temperature of 33℃, extraction time of 50 min, extraction frequency of 5 times, solid-liquid ratio of 10:1, and the dissolution amount of crude extract obtained by the optimal extraction condition was 3.68 g. The indoor toxicity test on Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus viennensis Zacher was conducted. The results showed that the LC50 of Tetranychus urticae was 5.9403 g/L and that of Tetranychus viennensis was 5.1001 g/L. The crude extract of garlic straw extracted by the optimized process showed good acaricidal activity. This paper will provide certain reference for the comprehensive utilization of farmland waste garlic straw.

  Indoor Fungicide Screening for Two Strains of Fusarium Spp. with Strong Pathogenicity to Sweet Potato CHEN Xinliang, CHEN Jingyi, LUO Zhongxia, WANG Zhangying, FANG Boping, WANG Xiaobin, HUANG Lifei 2023, 39 (8):  106-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0251 Abstract + ( 203 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1451KB )   ( 24 ) Fusarium solani-melongenae and Fusarium oxysporum have strong pathogenicity to sweet patato. To screen effective fungicides to control them, the indoor toxicity of eight fungicides to the two strains of Fusarium spp. pathogens were detected by using mycelial growth rate method, and the eight fungicides were carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, procymidone, trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin·metiram, prochloraz, zhongshengmycin and tetramycin. The results showed that tetramycin and prochloraz were found to be the most effective fungicides inhibiting the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani-melongenae, and the mean effective concentration (EC50) value was 1.292 μg/mL and 2.145 μg/mL, respectively. The EC50 value of zhongshengmycin and trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole was 16.652 μg/mL and 28.641 μg/mL respectively, also effective against Fusarium solani-melongenae. However, procymidone, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin·metiram, with EC50 value of 440.540, 637.120, 680.765 and 22385.367 μg/mL respectively, were less effective against Fusarium solani-melongenae. Tetramycin, prochloraz and trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides inhibiting the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, and the mean effective concentration (EC50) value was 0.03, 0.131 and 0.177 μg/mL, respectively. Zhongshengmycin and carbendazim were also effective against Fusarium oxysporum, and the EC50 value was 3.66 μg/mL and 14.408 μg/mL, respectively. Thiophanate-methyl and pyraclostrobin·metiram had poor inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum strains, with EC50 of 28.611 μg/mL and 59.78 μg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effect of procymidone was the worst, its EC50 value was 379.426 μg/mL. Overall, tetramycin and prochloraz could obviously inhibit the two strains of Fusarium spp., and there were significant differences of the sensitivity of the two strains of Fusarium spp. to different fungicides. The sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum to the eight fungicides was higher than that of Fusarium solani-melongenae.

  Prevalence and Drug Resistance of ESBLs-Producing Salmonella Isolated from Different Poultry LI Cuihan, ZHAO Jianmei, ZUO Xiuli, LIU Na, WANG Juan, LIU Junhui, WANG Lin, ZHANG Qingqing, HUANG Xiumei, GAO Yubin, WANG Junwei, QU Zhina 2023, 39 (8):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0244 Abstract + ( 133 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1426KB )   ( 19 ) By understanding the prevalence and drug resistance of Salmonella carried by different poultry in Jiaodong area, the study aims to provide evidence for effective prevention and control of the epidemic transmission of Salmonella in poultry and curb its drug resistance. Conventional bacterial isolation and culture, mass spectrometry, PCR method and micro-broth dilution method were adopted, 3150 cloacal swabs collected from poultry farms in five regions of Jiaodong from August to October in 2021 were used to isolate and identify Salmonella, and carry out serotype identification, antimicrobial susceptibility test and detection of major drug resistance genes to β-lactams, and statistical methods were used to analyze significant differences. (1) A total of 194 Salmonella strains (6.16%) were isolated. The Salmonella carrying rate of waterfowl (14.36%) was higher than that of broilers (5.04%) and laying hens (1.15%). (2) S. Enteritidis (38.14%), S. Kentucky (21.65%), S. Senftenberg (14.95%), S. Indiana(12.37%), and S. Typhimurium (8.76%) were the main serotypes of Salmonella. Broilers and waterfowl (each 7 species) had more Salmonella serotypes than laying hens (3 species), but S. Enteritidis was dominant in all of them. (3) 110 strains of poultry Salmonella were relatively strong resistant to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline (58.18%-77.27%). Meropenem-resistant strains were not detected. Strains isolated from waterfowl and broilers were more resistant than those from laying hens, especially to amoxicillin/clavulanate (P=0.031) and tetracycline (P=0.007). (4) 81 strains (73.64%) of poultry Salmonella were multi-drug resistant (MDR), with a total of 43 drug resistance spectrum types. The drug resistance spectrum of strains isolated from broilers (25 species) and waterfowl (22 species) was much more than that of laying hens (8 species). (5) blaCTX-M (70.00%), blaTEM (51.82%) and blaOXA (26.36%) were detected in 110 Salmonella strains, the common drug resistance gene combination type was blaCTX-M+blaTEM, and there was a certain relationship between drug resistance genes and phenotypes (P≤0.001). This shows that the poultry in Jiaodong area all carry a certain proportion of Salmonella, but there are differences in the prevalence among different breeds of poultry. There are also some differences in the types of serotypes carried by different poultry, but S. Enteritidis is the most common serotype. The drug resistance of strains is more serious, and the drug resistance spectrum is complex and diverse. The resistance of poultry Salmonella to β-lactams is mainly caused by the expression of blaCTX-M+blaTEM gene.

  Comprehensive Evaluation Methods of Nutritive Value of Forage Wild Plant Leaves in Distribution Areas of Forest Musk Deer LI Feiran, WANG Yongqi 2023, 39 (8):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0309 Abstract + ( 152 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1331KB )   ( 43 ) In order to effectively utilize the forage wild plant resources, expand the application of multi-index comprehensive evaluation methods in evaluating nutritive value of some plant leaves for forest musk deer, the contents of five proximate nutrients including crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract and crude ash of forage wild plant leaves were taken as the evaluation indexes, the nutritive value of different plant leaves was evaluated based on multi-index evaluation models such as Z-score, principal component method, Topsis method and entropy coefficient, and the four evaluation results were comprehensively evaluated for the second time. The results showed that there were some similarities among the four evaluation methods, such as the nutritive value of Cerasus serrula was the highest, some differences in the forage quality of some plants, and great differences in the evaluation results of individual plants. The second time comprehensive evaluation results were ranked as Cerasus serrula>Clematis gracilifolia>Chenopodium album and Betula platyphylla>Cornus macrophylla >Sorbaria arborea>Clematis potaninii>Aralia chinensis>Betula albo-sinensis>Clematis gracilifolia>Clematoclethra actinidioides>Vicia cracca>Salix cupularis>Cerasus clarofolia>Salix wallichiana>Hippophae rhamnoides>Sorbus hupehensis>Elaeagnus lanceolata and Berchemia polyphylla>Acer laxiflorum>Berberis dasystachya. The results could provide some ideas and methods for exploring the comprehensive nutritive value evaluation of the forage plant leaves for forest musk deer, and building a technical system related to the scientific and stable development of forest musk deer populations.

  Detection and Analysis of Residual Additives in Food Based on UV-VIS Absorption Spectrum XU Dawei, BI Yuqi, XIE Hengjie, LIU Rui 2023, 39 (8):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0642 Abstract + ( 161 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1360KB )   ( 20 ) The action mechanism of antioxidant food additives TBHQ, BHA and BHT was discussed with lard as the research object. Using UV-VIS absorption spectrum and MCR-ALS method, it is proved that the gradual increase of the content of ctDNA will change the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of TBHQ at 260 nm and 287 nm, and the addition of TBHQ will also make the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of ctDNA appear at 262 nm and 282 nm, which proves that food additives can react with DNA, thus affecting human health. Therefore, the content of food additives needs to be controlled.

  Determination of Nicarbazin in Feeds Based on Mixed-Anionic Exchange Solid Phase Extraction by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry WANG Weili, DING Chenhong, LIU Zhenni, QIN Shuzhen, YIN Qiumiao, LIN Xuexian, HUANG Xiaomei, WAN Kai, CUI Zefeng, LI Yafei 2023, 39 (8):  133-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0187 Abstract + ( 131 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 17 ) The objective of this study is to develop a method for the determination of nicarbazin in feeds based on mixed-anionic solid phase extraction (SPE) by high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometric. The analyzed samples (compound feed, concentrated feed, and premixed feed) were extracted with methanol: acetonitrile (1:1), purified by mixed-anionic solid phase extraction column (MAX), dissolved in acetonitrile, separated on a C18 chromatographic column (100 mm × 2.1mm, 2.6 μm) and performed with acetonitrile and ultrapure water as mobile phases, with the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and the column temperature of 40℃ by gradient elution. The analysis was conducted by using negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) scan mode, and the samples were quantified by external standard method. The concentrations of nicarbazin in different feed matrix standard solutions had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.04-50 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients (r2) above 0.99, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.05 mg/kg. The recovery rate of nicarbazin with the content of 0.05-500 mg/kg in feed (0.05-10000 mg/kg in premixed feed) was 83.3%-105%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.4%-7.6%. The method was sensitive, accurate, repeatable and suitable for the analysis of low and high levels of nicarbazin in compound feed, concentrated feed and premixed feed.

  Transcriptome Analysis of Lepidoptera Insects Based on CiteSpace LIANG Zhantu, QUAN Linfa, LIANG Shengxi, CHEN Bingxu, MA Qun, YAO Qiong 2023, 39 (8):  142-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0513 Abstract + ( 127 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1657KB )   ( 27 ) Based on the databases of CNKI and PubMed, this paper analyzed the numbers, chronological distribution, countries, authors, journals and research contents of transcriptome studies on Lepidoptera insects by bibliometrics. We used CiteSpace V visualization software to analyze author clustering, keyword co-occurrence and research hotspots. Ten scientific papers, 9 research institutions, 9 authors and 8 journals were searched from the database of CNKI, while 927 papers, 690 authors and 162 journals were searched from the database of PubMed. From 2015 to 2020, the transcriptome study on Lepidoptera insects was very hot. Among the studies, the information of Noctuidae, Bombycidae, Pyralidae, Pieridae and Plutellidae was more comprehensive and detailed than that of other Lepidoptera insects in PubMed and CNKI databases. The research covered high-throughput sequencing, gene expression, in vitro microenvironment, synthetic pathway proteins, gene families, hormones, genetic regulation, transcriptional responses etc. Research hotspots included olfactory receptors, Bombyx mori, toxicity, oxidized lipids, arthropod antennae, sexual attractants, virology, immunology, nucleic acid molecular hybridization etc. This paper objectively summarizes the research status of Lepidoptera transcriptome at home and abroad, and analyzes the research hotspots and unpopular areas, in order to provide data reference for entomologists.

  The Trapping Effect of Five Artificial Reef Models on Juveniles of Culter alburnus GAO Yuhang, CHEN Xi, QIU Liping, SONG Chao, FAN Limin, LI Dandan, MENG Shunlong, XU Pao 2023, 39 (8):  149-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0227 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1701KB )   ( 27 ) In order to study the trapping effect on juveniles of Culter alburnus, five artificial reefs with different structures were adopted: square whole reef (T1 type), triangular whole reef (T2 type), square box reef (X1 type), triangular box reef (X2 type) and cube reef (F1 type). The effects of different artificial reef models on the behavior and distribution of juvenile Culter alburnus were observed through indoor simulation experiments. The test results showed that: in the control group without artificial reefs, the juveniles of Culter alburnus were clustered on both sides; the five artificial reef models placed all had a certain trapping effect on the juveniles of Culter alburnus. The T2 type artificial reef model with the most suitable available space, easy passage and the best covering effect had the best trapping effect on the juveniles of Culter alburnus. The trapping effect of F1 and T1 decreased with the weakening of the trapping space and the shielding effect of the reef model; and the trapping effects of the box design of X1 and X2 artificial reef models were not as good as that of the first three reef models. But according to the analysis of the test results, there was no significant difference in the trapping effect of the five artificial reef models on the juveniles of Culter alburnus (P>0.05). The differences of the trapping effects of the five artificial reef models on the juveniles of Culter alburnus may be caused by the combination of the structural differences of the reef models and the habits of the juvenile Culter alburnus. The T2 artificial reef model can be widely used.

  Analysis of Plankton Community Structure Characteristics of Lotus Root-Crayfish Culture Model in Different Areas of Northern Jiangsu LIAO Heting, ZHENG Yao, WANG Ning, AN Shuwei, Gu Lingling, CHEN Jiazhang 2023, 39 (8):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0345 Abstract + ( 142 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1422KB )   ( 24 ) Lotus root-crayfish culture is an ecological farming model that combines lotus root planting and crayfish culture. However, crayfish is an omnivorous aquatic animal. Due to the existence of pond crayfish and the uncertainty of the breeding environment, it is difficult to accurately determine the feeding amount. In order to improve the breeding strategy of lotus root-crayfish culture and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding parameters, this paper studied the community structure characteristics of plankton in different areas of northern Jiangsu. Through the analysis of physical and chemical indexes of water and the species and quantity of plankton of lotus root -crayfish culture model in 6 areas, including Xinghua in Taizhou, Baoying in Yangzhou, Jinhu in Huai'an, Yandu in Yancheng, Suining in Xuzhou and Zhongyang in Suqian, we used the diversity index method to carry out the biological evaluation of the aquaculture water environment. A total of 29 species of phytoplankton belonging to 26 genera were identified in Baoying of Yangzhou. The average density and biomass were 1.6×106 ind./L and 1.21 mg/L, respectively. The density of Chlorophyta was the highest. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index of phytoplankton in Baoying were higher than those of the other 5 areas; its community structure and biodiversity of plankton were complex, and the water environment was more stable. There were certain differences in the community structure of plankton in lotus root-crayfish culture ponds in the 6 areas of northern Jiangsu, and the water environment of the ponds in Baoying of Yangzhou was relatively good.