Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.10 Published:05 April 2024

  Dynamic Monitoring of Maize Root Growth Under Different Tillage Operations Based on Minirhizotron Technique PENG Wei, FU Meiling, RAN Enhua, ZHU Xiangming 2024, 40 (10):  1-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0376 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1609KB )   ( 34 ) To explore the dynamic characteristics of maize root growth in the northeast black soil region after the change from traditional tillage to conservation tillage, and evaluate the suitability of conservation tillage and the feasibility of minirhizotron technique, the minirhizotron technique was used to continuously monitor maize roots in situ under three tillage methods, including no tillage (NT), rotary tillage (RT) and strip tillage (ST), and compared with the traditional soil drilling method. The results showed that the influence of tillage treatments on root morphological indexes gradually extended from surface to subsurface soil with the growing period, and the influence indexes also increased with it. It was found that more than 65% of maize roots under different tillage treatments distributed in 0-30 cm soil layer. After seedling stage, the total root length and root length density of ST treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments, while the differences were significant only at maturity stage (P<0.05). The regulation of root configuration and distribution by tillage methods was mainly achieved by influencing soil water content and penetration resistance. The average water content of ST was the highest in the whole soil profile. The soil penetration resistance of NT in 0-15 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of ST and RT, with the highest value of 1558.20 KPa. The soil penetration resistances of all treatments in 15-45 cm soil layer were very close. The relative error of maize root length density obtained by minirhizotron method and that obtained by soil drilling method was basically less than 10%. In this experiment, the change of tillage method could significantly affect root morphological characteristics such as root surface area, volume, diameter and root length density, etc. Soil water content and penetration resistance also had great influence on crop roots. The root length density obtained by minirhizotron method had good correlation with that obtained by soil drilling method. The combination of the two methods would be useful in monitoring the dynamic growth of crop roots in future.

  Effects of Hormone Proportions on Tissue Culture of Sweet Potato and Tube Seedlings Growth After Transplantation LIU Kexing, YAN Shiwen, CUI Dong, ZHOU Longhao, XU Bingjie, SHI Chunyu, KONG Xiangyu, LI Cong, LIU Hongjuan 2024, 40 (10):  12-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0302 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 24 ) The paper aims to study the effects of different ratios of 6-BA and NAA on sweet potato callus differentiation, subculture multiplication and growth of test-tube seedlings after transplanting, and to establish an efficient system for virus-free in vitro tip meristem culture and rapid propagation technology. Four widely cultivated sweet potato cultivars, ‘Yanshu 25’, ‘Pushu 32’, ‘Longshu 9’ and ‘Shangshu 19’, were used for this experiment. Six 6-BA/NAA concentration ratios were added to MS medium to prepare the induction differentiation medium and the subculture multiplication medium. The callus differentiation rate of tip meristem, seedling formation rate, diameter of callus tissue and number of leaves were investigated, and the differences in survival rate of test-tube plantlets after transplanting, number of leaves, plant height and basal stem thickness were investigated as well to explore the optimal formulations for the callus differentiation, subculture multiplication, and the growth of test-tube seedlings after transplanting. The highest callus differentiation rate of ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Pushu 32’ was obtained at A4 treatment (1.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L NAA), and the highest callus differentiation rate of ‘Longshu 9’ and ‘Shangshu 19’ was obtained at A3 treatment (1.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L NAA). ‘Yanshu 25’ showed better growth in subculture multiplication culture, had a higher survival rate and grew faster in B4 treatment (0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.4 mg/L NAA) than others. The optimal medium for ‘Pushu 32’, ‘Longshu 9’ and ‘Shangshu 19’ was determined as B3 treatment (0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L NAA), with the best growth in subculture multiplication culture, the highest survival rate and the fastest growth after transplanting. In the process of sweet potato callus differentiation and rapid propagation, there were significant differences in the appropriate proportion of 6-BA and NAA for different sweet potato cultivars, and the cultivars characteristics should be fully considered in the actual production.

  Comparison of Leaf Anatomical Structure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of 7 Toona sinensis Clones Under Natural High Temperature and Drought YAN Caixia, MIAO Tingting, LIU Junlong, WU Zhongneng, MA Wenjun, CAO Zhihua, SUN Hui 2024, 40 (10):  17-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0229 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1869KB )   ( 13 ) The research was conducted to reveal the leaf anatomical structure characteristics and photosynthetic physiological response mechanism of different Toona sinensis clones under natural high temperature and drought stress, and provide reference for T. sinensis cultivation and germplasm resource utilization. Using 5 2-year-old T. sinensis clones seedling as the research objects, including ‘XC34-2’、‘XC12-10’、‘XC9-9’、‘XC18-4’、‘XC6-6’, and 2 native varieties as reference, including ‘Black oil toona’ and ‘Red oil toona’. Leaf anatomical structure, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters characteristics under high temperature and drought stress were measured, the single factor analysis of variance were used to compare the differences between all indexes among the clones. The results showed that the middle vein of the five clones were thinner than those of ‘Black oil toona’ and ‘Red oil toona’, and other anatomical structures were thicker than those of ‘Black oil toona’ and ‘Red oil toona’, except for the spongy tissue, among which ‘XC18-4’ had the thickest leaves and the most developed palisade tissue and spongy tissue. The thickest cuticle (2.01 μm) of ‘XC34-2’ was 1.63 times that of the thinnest cuticle of ‘Red oil toona’. Seven clones subjected to the extremely different degree of photoinhibition in the same dry and hot environment, with Fv/Fm varying from 0.67 to 0.79. High temperature and drought stress affected the distribution of excitation energy absorbed by PS Ⅱ in T. sinensis clones. ‘XC34-2’ had higher Y(Ⅱ) and lower Y(NO) and Y(NPQ), and ‘Red oil toona’ was roughly the opposite. In addition, different clones took different photoprotection strategies under high temperature and drought. The excess excitation energy in ‘XC9-9’ and ‘XC18-4’ was mainly contributed by the closed PSⅡ reaction center, and the excess excitation energy shifted to regulatory energy dissipation [Y(NPQ)], while the non-regulatory energy dissipation [Y(NO)] in ‘Red oil toona’ and ‘XC6-6’ played an equally important role in the unworked energy. Four typical indicators were screened by principal component analysis, including cuticle thickness, chlorophyll a/b ratio, maximum photochemical quantum yield and palisade tissue thickness. According to the results of the average subordination function scores, the high temperature and drought tolerance of 5 T. sinensis clones was stronger than that of the two native varieties. With strong capable of dry-hot burn resistance, water regulation and absorption, transformation and utilization of light energy, ‘XC18-4’ got the highest average score of subordination function (0.929), and was classified as high resistance clone according to the 5-level scoring method, followed by ‘XC34-2’ (0.747), belonging to a resistance clone under hot and drought stress. ‘Red oil toona’ (0.219) was more sensitive to high temperature and drought stress.

  Effects of Different Ratios of Ammonium Nitrogen and Nitrate Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of Sonchus arvensis CHEN Fangling, WANG Changxian 2024, 40 (10):  29-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0337 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1241KB )   ( 10 ) A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different ratios of NH4+-N and NO3--N on the yield and quality of Sonchus arvensis. Vermiculite was used as cultivation substrate, and total nitrogen concentration was 15 mmol/L. Five ratios of NH4+-N and NO3--N (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) were designed in the experiment. The 40-day seedlings were harvested, then indexes related to the yield and quality were determined. The results showed that the S. arvensis preferred nitrate, the yield increased along with the increase of NO3--N content, and the yield of plant supplied with only NH4+-N nutrition solution was the lowest. There was no significant difference in yield between 50/50 treatment and 25/75 treatment, but the leaf area, total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content in shoots of 50/50 treatment were 1.21, 1.15 and 1.47 times of 25/75 treatment, respectively. Moreover, the nitrate and Vc contents of 50/50 treatment was 2.23 times and 1.12 times of 25/75 treatment, respectively. However, proper combination NH4+-N with NO3--N could significantly reduce the nitrate content to the level of raw food, and increased the chlorophyll content. The research suggested that 50/50 treatment was better for yield and quality.

  Effects of Combined Application of Bio-organic Fertilizer with Reduced Chemical Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis ZHAI Caijiao, CHENG Yujing, QIU Liang, WANG Xiaoqiu, GE Lijiao 2024, 40 (10):  35-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0279 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1292KB )   ( 13 ) To investigate the effects of combined application of bio-organic fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis, two fertilizer types F1 (N-P2O5-K2O=15-15-15), F2 (N-P2O5-K2O=26-9-9) and 7 application amounts, N1 (pure compound fertilizer 525 kg/hm2), N2 (F reduced by 10%+ bio-organic fertilizer 400 kg/hm2), N3 (F reduced by 10%+ bio-organic fertilizer 600 kg/hm2), N4 (F reduced by 10%+ bio-organic fertilizer 750 kg/hm2), N5 (F reduced by 20%+ bio-organic fertilizer 400 kg/hm2), N6 (F reduced by 20%+ bio-organic fertilizer 600 kg/hm2), N7 (F reduced by 20%+ bio-organic fertilizer 750 kg/hm2) were set up in the experiment. And no fertilization (CK) was also set as the blank control. The agronomic characters, yield, mineral elements and quality characters of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis were investigated and analyzed according to the two factors of fertilizer type and fertilizer method. The results were as follows. (1) The interaction between the type of fertilizer and the application amounts had extremely significant effects on most agronomic traits and plant weight (P<0.01). Under different fertilizer treatments, the petiole length, petiole width, leaf weight, petiole weight and weight per plant were all showed as F2>F1. The weight per plant was significantly different between the two treatments (P<0.05). The combination of bio-organic fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer F2 were more conducive to the growth and yield increase of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis. Under F1 and F2 treatments, the weight per plant was significantly correlated with the degree of development, leaf weight and petiole weight, but there was no correlation between plant weight and petiole thickness. Compared with N1, chemical fertilizer reduced by 10% and 20% combined with rational bio-organic fertilizer didn’t affect the growth of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis, and could promote their growth to a certain extent. The maximum increase of weight per plant was 15.24%. (2) Compared with N1, chemical fertilizer reduced by 10% and 20% combined with rational bio-organic fertilizer didn’t affect the content of mineral elements in the edible part of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis, and had beneficial effect on the accumulation of mineral elements. However, when the fertilizer were reduced too much, the activation ability of bio-organic fertilizer on soil elements such as P, Mg, K, Ca and other elements would be reduced by different degrees. (3) The type of fertilizer had extremely significant effect on the nitrate nitrogen content of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis, and the interaction between the type of fertilizer and the application amounts had extremely significant effect on the coarse fiber of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis (P<0.01). The combination of rational bio-organic fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer could increase the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C, and reduce the nitrate nitrogen content. Under different fertilizer treatments, the contents of soluble sugar, vitamin C and soluble protein of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis were all showed as F1>F2, while the content of coarse fiber, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were all showed as F2>F1, and the contents of vitamin C and soluble protein were significantly different between the two treatments (P<0.01). The combination of bio-organic fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer F1 were more conducive to improve the quality of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis. The combination of rational bio-organic fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer could not only promote the growth, increase the yield, but also improve the quality of B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis. Based on yield and quality factors, F1N6 and F2N6 could be used as suitable fertilization methods under the experimental conditions.

  Effect of ‘3414’ Formula Fertilization on Yield, Quality and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency of Amorphophallus konjac QIN Jianfeng, MENG Yan, DUAN Longfei, CAI Yangguang, GUO Bangli, SHEN Chuan 2024, 40 (10):  44-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0357 Abstract + ( 41 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1299KB )   ( 12 ) This study investigates the effects of combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the growth of Amorphophallus konjac in southern Shaanxi region, aiming to provide a scientific fertilization reference for A. konjac. Using the variety ‘Anmo 128’ as the experimental material, the ‘3414’ fertilization scheme was employed to examine variations in emergence rate, incidence rate, yield, and nutrient utilization efficiency of A. konjac under different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium combined application. The experimental results indicated that with increasing application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the marginal productivities of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer gradually decreased. Additionally, both fertilizer agronomic efficiency and marginal productivity followed the order: phosphorus (P)> potassium (K)> nitrogen (N). Considering comprehensive indicators, the fertilization ratio of N1P1K2 (127.5 kg/hm2 N+ 54 kg/hm2 P2O5+ 135 kg/hm2 K2O) demonstrates the most desirable outcomes and is most suitable for local promotion.

  Quality Evaluation of Different Varieties of Small Fruit Watermelon LIU Lu, XU Wenzhao, WANG Linchuang, YIN Lian, ZHANG Xuelian, LUO Dexu, SUN Yudong, ZHAO Jianfeng 2024, 40 (10):  50-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0341 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 11 ) In order to select the excellent small-fruit watermelon varieties suitable for the facility cultivation in Jiangsu Province, the quality analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 10 different varieties of small-fruit watermelon were carried out in spring. According to the tasting criteria, watermelons were scored by the tasting personnel after tasting, and the appearance quality, internal nutrition and economic characteristics of watermelons were measured and recorded in turn. Principal component analysis was used to analyze 18 indicators including tasting scores, and the comprehensive scores and final rankings of 10 watermelon varieties were obtained. Judging from the tasting results, ‘Sumeng 107-446’ had the highest score and the best performance. In terms of fruit economic characteristics, ‘Sumeng 108-020’ showed the largest single fruit weight and transverse diameter, and ‘Early Spring Ruby’ had the topmost fruit longitudinal diameter, skin thickness and fruit shape index, which were significantly different from other watermelon varieties. In terms of internal quality of soluble solids, ‘Sumeng 107-446’ exhibited the supreme content of central and marginal soluble solids. In terms of other intrinsic quality indicators, ‘Early Spring Ruby’ had the top sucrose content, ‘Sumeng 111-034’ had the upmost citric acid content, and ‘Sumeng 107-409’ showed the highest shikimic acid content. Principal component analysis was utilized to analyze 18 indicators and extract 5 principal components. The cumulative contribution rate of the 5 principal components was 89.7%, which could explain 89.7% of the original data information. The overall quality scores of 10 small fruit watermelons in the test were ‘Sumeng 107-409’> ‘Sumeng 111-032’> ‘Sumeng 111-034’> ‘Sumeng 108-020’> ‘Early Spring Carbuncle’> ‘Sumeng 107-446’> ‘Sumeng No.7’> ‘Sumeng No.10’> ‘Sumeng 107-462’> ‘Sumeng 108-019’.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Quality of Different Varieties of Xinjiang Elaeagnus moorcroftii LIU Qiaoling, SHENG Wei, LUO Qinghong 2024, 40 (10):  58-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0264 Abstract + ( 70 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1230KB )   ( 15 ) This study utilized the fruit appearance indicators and effective nutritional composition indicators of Xinjiang Elaeagnus moorcroftii, combined with principal component analysis and cluster analysis to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Xinjiang E. moorcroftii. The results showed that there were significant differences in fruit appearance quality of different varieties of E. moorcroftii; the comprehensive evaluation results were ‘Hongling’ (3#)> ‘Hongyu’ (8#)> ‘Jinsha’ (2#)> ‘Jinhuanghou2’ (26#)> ‘Bachu 1’ (5#)> ‘Jinhuanghou’ (6#)> ‘Baishatian’ (7#)> ‘Yafeng’ (1#)> ‘Hongling2’ (33#) by the principal component analysis, and 3#, 8#, and 2# could be used for breeding, promotion, and development and utilization. The 9 varieties of E. moorcroftii were divided into three categories by the cluster analysis. The first category was 3#, which was mainly characterized by high solid acid ratio, tannin and total phenol, low protein and crude fiber, and could be used for making cakes, high-grade fruit juices and drinks. The second category was 2# and 8#, which were mainly characterized by high edible rate, high content of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, tannins and total phenols were also higher than the average value, and could be used for deep processing and extraction of effective functional nutrients for health care and medical treatment. Other varieties belonged to the third category, with average indicators, could be eaten and processed fresh, and could also be used as ecological forests.

  Model Construction, Technology Integration and Demonstration Effect of Mulberry-Morchella Intercropping in Hilly Region of Northeast Sichuan TAN Wei, YE Lei, LI Xiaolin, TANG Jie, ZHOU Jie, YAN Shijie, ZHANG Bo 2024, 40 (10):  63-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0320 Abstract + ( 32 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2292KB )   ( 10 ) The study aims at solving the problem of idle mulberry land in winter and constructing mulberry-Morchella intercropping mode in hilly region of Northeast Sichuan. Based on Tillage Science, technologies of Morchella field cultivation and mulberry standardized cultivation were combined to cultivate Morchella in the wide row land of mulberry cultivation. Moreover, the study integrated the practical cultivation technologies of “medium flat sheds cover the small arched ones, flat shed shading, arch shed warming and moisturizing, and wide-row winter fallow land planting Morchella”. The demonstration results of three consecutive years of intercropping Morchella in mulberry fields showed that the average fresh Morchella yield was 0.23 kg/m2 per year, and increased the new profit by 14.55 yuan/m2 per year. The mulberry-Morchella intercropping technology can effectively improve the comprehensive benefits of mulberry fields.

  Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Growth of Banana and Papaya Seedlings ZHOU Chenping, LIN Wei, YANG Min, KUANG Ruibin, WU Xiaming, GUO Jinju, HUANG Bingxiong, WEI Yuerong 2024, 40 (10):  68-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0232 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1818KB )   ( 9 ) This experiment analyzed the effects of the coupling of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content ratios and the substrate relative water content on the growth of banana and papaya seedlings, to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation-oriented and precision seedling cultivation. Heeling-in seedlings of ‘Brazil’ banana and ‘Zihui’ papaya were used as experimental materials. Twelve interactive combination treatments (T1-T12) was carried out from four levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content ratio and three levels of the substrate relative water content by two-factor randomized block design method, and the traditional irrigation and fertilization treatment was used as control (CK). Effects of different treatments on plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf SPAD value, leaf area, shoot dry weight, total root length, root surface area, average root diameter and root tip number were studied, and shoot growth indicators were analyzed by PCA comprehensive evaluation. In the experiment on banana seedlings, T6 treatment had the most obvious effect on plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, total root length, root surface area and root average diameter. T1 treatment had the largest stem diameter. The leaf number was the largest in T1, T5 and T6 treatments, which were 7.60 leaves. T5 treatment had the highest leaf SPAD value. T7 treatment had the largest root tip number. The order of PCA comprehensive evaluation scores of shoot growth indicators was T6> T5> T1> T2> T10> T3> T9> T7> T11> T12> T4> T8> CK. In the experiment on papaya seedlings, T10 treatment had the most significant effect on plant height, leaf area, leaf number and shoot dry weight. The leaf number and shoot dry weight in T9 treatment were consistent with T10 treatment, and the total root length, root surface area and root tip number were most significantly increased. The leaf SPAD value and the average root diameter were largest in T11 and T2 treatments, respectively. The order of PCA comprehensive evaluation scores of shoot growth indicators was T10> T9> T1> T11> T6> T3> T2> T5> T7> CK> T12> T8> T4. The optimum ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content for cultivating seedlings of banana and papaya was 20:10:20, and the optimum substrate relative water content was 80% and 70%, respectively.

  Introduction and Cultivation of Six Varieties of Lavandula × intermedia in Fuyang Area XIA Fei, LI Hui, BAI Hongtong, SHI Lei, LI Yinong 2024, 40 (10):  76-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0326 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1296KB )   ( 11 ) In order to explore the ecological adaptability and application potential of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) in Fuyang area, six introduced varieties of lavandin were investigated and analyzed in the third year of planting, including growth indicators such as plant height, crown width, number of flower branches, ornamental indicators such as leaf color, flower color, flowering period, and economic indicators such as essential oil content, composition, and unit yield. The results showed that all varieties could grow normally in Fuyang area, and the plant height of ‘Mentha’ was the highest among the six varieties, reaching 81.30 cm; ‘Sumian’ had the largest crown diameter, reaching 114.25 cm; and ‘Nizza’ showed the largest amount of flowers, with a dry weight of 252.63 g/plant. Besides, deep calyx and corolla colors were observed in ‘Arabian Nights’ with the earliest flowering and the longest ornamental period. According to economic indicators, ‘Arabian Nights’ had the highest extraction rate of essential oil, reaching 5.34%, and ‘Nizza’ had the highest yield of essential oil, reaching 9.22 g/plant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the content of linalool and linalyl acetate in the essential oil of variety ‘Nizza’ was the highest and the quality was significantly superior to other varieties. In summary, among the six lavandin varieties, ‘Arabian Nights’ is most suitable for ornamental cultivation, and ‘Nizza’ is the most suitable variety for essential oil extraction cultivation in Fuyang area.

  Effect of Soil Condition Change on Grain Yield Based on Classification and Monitoring of Cultivated Land Resource Quality: A Case Study of Lankao County in Henan FAN Peng, WANG Ziwei, SHAO Hongqi, YANG Qingwei, WANG Lei, YANG Xihui 2024, 40 (10):  83-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0401 Abstract + ( 31 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1444KB )   ( 10 ) This study utilized trend analysis and comparative analysis methods to analyze the changes of soil conditions over various years at soil monitoring sample points and their subsequent effects on grain yield, using data extracted from the cultivated land resource quality classification monitoring in Lankao County. The findings demonstrated that enhancements in grain yield could be attributed to the increase of soil organic matter content and a reasonable augmentation of soil pH. For the purpose of yield optimization, it was suggested that the utilization of organic fertilizers should be increased on the premise of soil testing and formula fertilization, consequently ameliorating the soil organic matter content. Concurrently, context-specific measures for improving soil pH should be devised, considering the unique characteristics of the local soil and the types of predominant crops.

  Study on Fermentation Parameters of Agricultural Waste Composting in Plateau Environment YANG Jie, WEI Suzhen 2024, 40 (10):  89-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0372 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1256KB )   ( 10 ) Obtaining organic fertilizer by composting can not only solve the problem of organic waste pollution and shortage of organic fertilizer in Tibet, but also can improve the ecological environment. The plateau is characterized by the large temperature variation between day and night, perennial low temperature and low air humidity. At present, there are few reports focused on composting in the plateau environment. In this paper, the initial parameters of composting fermentation with highland barley straw and cow dung as the main raw materials were studied under plateau environmental conditions. The results showed that the composition of feedstock was the most important factor affecting the thermophilic phase and the degradation rate, followed by the ventilation rate. When the ratio of cow dung to highland barley straw was set to 2:1, the moisture content was set to 60%, and the ventilation rate and time was set to 2 m3/min and 0.5 min/d, respectively, better composting performance could be obtained. The results of this study could provide reference for composting fermentation under plateau conditions.

  Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition on Nutrient Content and Ecological Stoichiometry Characteristics of Wheat Soils in Loess Plateau LI Zhiqiang, QI Peng, WANG Yazhi, WANG Xiaojiao, GAN Run, XUE Jianglong, LI Guoshan 2024, 40 (10):  95-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0365 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1598KB )   ( 13 ) To investigate the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus levels on total nutrient content, available nutrient content and ecological stoichiometry in agricultural soils, the authors analyzed the relationships between soil environmental factors, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, and the ecological stoichiometry of total and available nutrients to elucidate the impact of different fertilizer levels on the dynamic balance of soil nutrients in agricultural fields. We selected spring wheat farmland soils in Loess Plateau as our research subject and conducted N and P addition experiments in 2017. The experimental treatments included a control group (CK), low nitrogen (LN), medium nitrogen (MN), high nitrogen (HN), low phosphorus (LP), medium phosphorus (MP) and high phosphorus (HP), totaling seven treatments. The results showed that: (1) nitrogen addition significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in the soil, while phosphorus addition significantly decreased the NH4+-N and NO3--N content (P<0.05). The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients had no significant effect on total nitrogen (TN) content (P>0.05). (2) N addition significantly increased soil C/N, C/P, N/P, C/AP and AN/AP ratios, and significantly decreased soil C/AN ratio (P<0.05). P addition significantly decreased soil C/N, C/P, N/P, C/AP and AN/AP ratios, and increased soil C/AN ratio (P<0.05). (3) Soil C/N and C/AN showed a significant negative correlation (P<0.05), while C/P and C/AP, N/P and AN/AP showed a significant positive correlation. In conclusion, available nutrient content and available ecological stoichiometry in agricultural soils in loess plateau region are more sensitive to N and P nutrient additions.

  Effects of Alpinia zerumbet Stem and Leaf Residue Mulching on Weeds, Soil and Growth in Winter Lettuce Fields HU Lianqing, LIU Wenwen, CHEN Yuwei, FENG Ruizhang, ZHOU Wanhai, WEI Qin, CHEN Lu, ZHAO Xin, ZHAO Shanmei 2024, 40 (10):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0269 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1248KB )   ( 13 ) The paper aims to select the most suitable amount of the mulch of the stem and leaf residue from Alpinia zerumbet for weed control and lettuce growth. The stems and leaves of A. zerumbet rich in allelopathic substances were selected as materials. In this research, the growth of weeds, lettuce, and changes in soil physicochemical properties were evaluated by covering different amounts of mulch of the stem and leaf residue from A. zerumbet between rows in lettuce fields according to the theory of covering cultivation and the principle of allelopathic grass control. The results showed that with the increase of the stem and leaf residue mulching amount from A. zerumbet, the inhibition on weeds in lettuce fields was enhanced. Among them, compared with the control group, the species, quantity, and diversity of weeds in the lettuce field decreased, and the weed biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) decreased by 87.93% and 90.54%, respectively after mulching with 1200 g/m2 of the stem and leaf residue from A. zerumbet. Meanwhile, lettuce had the highest chlorophyll content and average fresh weight per plant, with the best quality. In addition, the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus increased. When the coverage was greater than 1600 g/m2, the soil physical and chemical properties showed different changing trends, and the growth of lettuce was inhibited, but the overall quality was improved. Overall, in the production of winter and spring lettuce in Yibin area of Sichuan Province, the use of 1200 g/m2 of the mulch of the stem and leaf residue from A. zerumbet can effectively inhibit the growth of weeds in the field, improve the soil environment, and promote the growth and development of lettuce.

  Response of Transplanting Date to Pepper’s Yield, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Meteorological Factors CHEN Fang, LIU Yupeng, ZENG Xiaoshan, YU Fei, HU Jiamin 2024, 40 (10):  109-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0066 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1354KB )   ( 15 ) The paper aims to explore the effects of different transplanting dates on pepper's yield, quality and photosynthetic characteristics in Guizhou. Seven transplanting dates were set with the main pepper cultivars ‘Layan No.1’, ‘Zunyi Chaotianjiao’ and ‘Xianjiao 269’ as test materials, the characteristics of the yield structure under different transplanting date were compared. And the relationship between meteorological factors including temperature and precipitation and the growing stage, photosynthetic characteristics, yield structure, quality were also analyzed. The results showed that the average temperature in the growth stage of pepper had the greatest influence on the yield, and the duration of each growth stage was related to meteorological factors. Earlier sowing could prolong the growth stage, increase the diurnal temperature range after pepper flowering stage, and speed up the net photosynthetic rate. The temperature and precipitation mainly affected the plant height, stem diameter, vitamin C, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and other indicators. With the delay of transplanting, the yield of pepper increased first and then decreased gradually, timely and early sowing is beneficial to the increase of pepper yield.

  Regularity of Aphid Occurrence and Screening of Aphid Resistant Germplasm in Brassica napus ZHANG Yusong, ZHAO Kaiqin, LUO Yanqing, YAN Linxiang, LI Xitong, ZHANG Yunyun, FU Minglian 2024, 40 (10):  120-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0234 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1194KB )   ( 19 ) In order to understand the aphid resistance of rapeseed and screen aphid resistant germplasm resources to provide parents for rapeseed breeding of aphid resistance, 18 rapeseed cultivars were identified by aphid index under the condition of natural aphid sensitivity in Luoping and Luxi of Yunnan, and the occurrence rule of aphid and its effect on yield were analyzed. The results showed that the peak period of aphids occurred between flowering and maturity, and the mild and dry climate was conducive to the growth and reproduction of aphids. The peak period in Luxi was earlier than Luoping. Correlation analysis showed that the aphid index was negatively correlated with rape yield and its components, and was significantly correlated with 1000-grain weight and yield per plant. The occurrence of aphid damage would cause 4.97%-79.69% yield loss of rapeseed. 5 aphid resistant cultivars and 13 aphid sensitive cultivars were selected from 18 cultivars. ‘Yunyouza 28’ and ‘Yunyouza 18’ showed high resistance, which could be used as basic materials for rapeseed aphid resistance breeding.

  Feeding Preference of Spodoptera frugiperda on Different Host Plants WEI Peiyao, FENG Xiaojun, XIE Feizhou, CHEN Zhijie, WANG Qingwen, YANG Jie, HONG Bo 2024, 40 (10):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0386 Abstract + ( 45 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1257KB )   ( 12 ) To clarify whether Spodoptera frugiperda poses a threat to fruit and vegetable production in China, a comparative analysis of the feeding selectivity of 3rd-5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda on maize, sweet potato, tomato, and dongzao jujube leaves was conducted by leaf disc method. The feeding preferences of primary larvae initially domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves until they developed to the 3rd-5th instar larvae stages were examined. We assessed their selectivity for the initial food used for domestication and three other foods, compared feeding selectivity between various plant parts. The feeding preferences of S. frugiperda across all instar stages were as follows: maize (43.23%-61.82%)> sweet potato (20.37%-25.62%)> tomato (10.91%-24.3%)> dongzao jujube (5.45%-9.26%). Notably, after being domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves to 5th instar larvae, S. frugiperda exhibited heightened selectivity for the food they were initially domesticated on compared to maize. In contrast, although 3rd and 4th instar larvae retained a strong preference for maize leaves, they also demonstrated a substantial increase in selection rates for the food initially used for domestication. This increase ranged from 16.42-24.11 percentage points for sweet potato and 18.07-20.89 percentage points for tomato, compared to uncultivated larvae. Furthermore, the feeding selectivity analysis for different plant parts revealed that younger larvae displayed a preference for new leaves and corn whiskers of maize, whereas older larvae exhibited a preference for old leaves and male panicles. Concerning plant parts, younger larvae favoured plant stalks, whereas older larvae showed a preference for plant leaves. Our findings indicate that although S. frugiperda larvae exhibit lower feeding selectivity for sweet potato, tomato and dongzao jujube compared to maize, they still pose a potential threat to the production of these crops after domestication or under environmental stress. Notably, distinct variations in feeding choices for different parts of the plant were observed among younger and older larvae.

  Nitrogen Fertilization Decision-Making Model During Sugar Growth Period of Sugar Beet Roots Based on Multispectral Technology WANG Jingyun, HU Xiaohang, DONG Xinjiu, MA Yahuai, LI Yanli 2024, 40 (10):  132-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0343 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2060KB )   ( 21 ) To obtain fast and accurate information of the growth of sugar beet and to achieve high quality and high yield by precise fertilization of sugar beet in the cold region of Northeast China, the multi-spectral images and field measurements of sugar beet ‘KWS7748’ were obtained at the experimental site of Hulan Campus of Heilongjiang University in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province in 2022. The optimum vegetation index reflecting the physiology and biochemistry of sugar beet during this period was selected, and a decision-making model for sugar beet N application was constructed. The results showed that the sugar beet yield increased and gradually decreased, while the sugar content significantly reduced with the increase of N-fertilizer application. Based on the optimum N application rate of the plot, it generated a fertilizer map of N fertilizer variables used for sugar beet in the experimental area, which was consistent with the actual situation. UAV remote sensing technology is of theoretical importance in diagnosing nitrogen nutrition in sugar beet and guiding the precise application of nitrogen fertilizer to achieve high quality and yield.

  Bibliometric Analysis of Study on Plant Nitrogen Metabolism from 2013 to 2022 WANG Hanrui, XIAO Wenli, WANG Mengliang, WANG Junhong 2024, 40 (10):  140-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0335 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1917KB )   ( 14 ) Bibliometrics and literature visualization software CiteSpace are used to summarize and analyze the research status, research hotspots and development trends of plant nitrogen metabolism at home and abroad, so as to facilitate relevant researchers to understand the current research status in this field. Using papers related to plant nitrogen metabolism research in the Web of Science database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database from 2013 to 2022 as literature sources, and the number of publications, main research strength, co-citations of the literature, and keywords were analyzed. Research showed that the overall number of published articles was increasing gradually. Countries such as China, the United States, Spain, Germany and Brazil had greater influence in the field of plant nitrogen metabolism. Domestic and foreign institutions that published more articles were agricultural and forestry universities and scientific research institutions. The study of nitrogen uptake and utilization, nitrogen use efficiency, saline stress, ammonium signal mediation and nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes constituted an important research basis for plant nitrogen metabolism. In the past 10 years, the hotspots in international research on plant nitrogen metabolism were plant tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency, ammonia assimilation and the biosynthesis of enzymes and proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, etc. Domestic research hotspots mainly focused on the effects of different nitrogen forms on plant quality and yield, plant nitrogen use efficiency, carbon and nitrogen metabolism and other related directions. In addition, drought tolerance and ethylene are the latest research frontiers. In the future, relevant research on plant nitrogen metabolism should further focus on the goal of nitrogen use efficiency, long-term dynamic observation of nitrogen fertilizer application and research on quantitative standards; focus on the synergistic mechanism of plant carbon-nitrogen metabolism; and research on genes related to plant nitrogen metabolism based on multi-omics technology; regulate network of integrating plant nitrogen metabolism.

  Visual Analysis of Research Progress of Manure Composting Based on Bibliometric Method WANG Rencheng, GAO Yunlong, YANG Di, LI Cheng, WU Huiguang, YU Peng 2024, 40 (10):  150-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0856 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 3501KB )   ( 12 ) In order to comprehensively understand the research progress and cutting-edge dynamics in the field of manure composting at home and abroad, CiteSpace software was used to visualize and analyze the literature in the field of manure composting. The results showed that the number of Chinese and English literature published in this research field presented an overall upward trend from 2009 to 2022, and China, the United States, India, Spain, and Canada were the countries with the largest number of English literature. The main issuing institutions in this field were the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, etc. Among them, Chinese Academy of Sciences occupied an important position, which demonstrated that our country had a stronger academic influence and a more significant contribution to this research field. Analyzing from the aspect of cooperation, domestic and foreign authors in this field cooperated closely within their own research teams, but lacked communication and cooperation between teams. From the analysis of the keyword clustering diagram and the emergent intensity diagram, it could be seen that the research content in this field could be divided into two stages and one path: the first stage was to study the main ways of nitrogen loss in the process of manure composting as well as the microbial activity law and its biomass change in the process of composting; the hotspot of the second stage of the research shifted to the greenhouse gas emission in the process of manure composting, the bacterial community's successions and the antibiotic genes and heavy metal residues in the process of composting. The research trend was as follows: mixed compost and its quality→ the effect of fertilizers on soil→ nitrogen loss in the process of composting→ biological biomass and its structural and functional changes→ bacterial community succession→ greenhouse gas emission→residue of hazardous substances. The environmental impact in composting process can be a hot spot and frontier of research in this field.

  Research Progress on Aquatic Plants & Epiphytic Microorganisms and Their Regulation on Fishery Environment FAN Dingyue, XU Huimin, QIU Liping, LI Dandan, HU Gengdong, FAN Limin, SONG Chao, CHEN Jiazhang, MENG Shunlong 2024, 40 (10):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0268 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1125KB )   ( 17 ) The environmental and ecological problems have been widely concerned in fishery waters. At present, it has been found that aquatic plants and their epiphytic microorganisms play a significant role in the removal of pollutants in fishery waters, which are sustainable and efficient water quality regulation measure, and are widely used in the regulation of fishery environment. In this paper, the relevant research progress in recent years is reviewed from the perspectives of aquatic plant restoration methods, the interaction between aquatic plants and epiphytic microorganisms, and the role of aquatic plants and their epiphytic microorganisms in typical pollutants in fishery waters. The aim is to clarify the important role of aquatic plants and their epiphytic microorganisms in water quality regulation. We also hope to identify the current limitation of aquatic plant-epiphytic microbial ecological regulation methods and demonstrate the direction of improving these control methods, providing a better scheme for the water quality regulation of fishery environment.