Current issue

• 2025 Vol.41 No.8 Published:15 March 2025

  Effect of Irrigation on Rice Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency During Critical Growth Period Under Drought Stress WANG Junjiang, YIN Yuanhong, LU Chusheng, LU Zhanhua, CAI Haoyang, YE Qunhuan, LIAO Jiahui, LU Yusheng, LIANG Kaiming, FU Youqiang 2025, 41 (8):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0540 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1474KB )   ( 26 ) In order to investigate the effect of irrigation of the critical growth period on rice grain yield and water use efficiency, rice cultivar 'Yuehesimiao' was conducted with five irrigation treatments, namely, irrigation during mid-tillering (IMT), irrigation during panicle initiation (IPI), irrigation during heading (IHD), and irrigation during panicle initiation and heading periods (IPI+IHD), and the whole growth period flooding irrigation (CK). The effects of irrigation at different growth periods on tiller number, plant height, photosynthesis, grain yield and water use efficiency of rice was studied. The results showed that compared with CK treatment, rice grain yield in IMT, IPI, IHD and IPI+IHD treatments decreased by 97.0%, 37.9%, 34.7% and 21.9%, respectively. Productive panicle number in IPI, IHD and IPI+IHD treatments decreased by 28.6%, 25.7% and 31.4%, respectively, but no significant difference in IMT treatment. Spikelet per panicle and panicle length in IMT and IHD treatments decreased by 49.0%, 20.0% and 13.9%, 6.4% respectively. No significant difference in plant height, spikelet per panicle and panicle length was observed in the IPI and IPI+IHD treatments relatively to control. The setting rate in the IHD and IPI+IHD treatments increased by 22.9% and 10.7%, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate in IPI, IHD and IPI+IHD treatments increased by 27.3%, 29.6% and 32.4%, stomatal conductance increased by 45.5%, 24.1% and 42.8%, and transpiration rate increased by 33.9%, 23.6% and 31.5%, respectively. Intercellular CO2 concentration in IPI and IPI+IHD treatments increased by 0.8% and 4.1% respectively. Compared with the control, water use efficiency in IPI, IHD and IPI+IHD treatments increased by 13.6%, 19.9% and 14.6%, respectively. Irrigation during the mid-tillering period was beneficial to the increase of tiller number, irrigation during panicle initiation could increase the number of spikelets per panicle, and irrigation during heading period could increase the setting rate of rice. The panicle initiation and heading periods are critical periods for rice irrigation, which is conducive to minimizing the yield loss and improving water use efficiency. The results of the study are of great significance for water-saving, yield-enhancing and efficiency-enhancing rice cultivation in arid areas.

  The Effects of Sowing Date and Density on Growth Process, Photosynthetic Characteristics, Agronomic Traits, Yield, and Quality of ‘Luodou 1304’ LI Lin, YAN Yun, KANG Jiangfei, MENG Qihan, FANG Shefa, CHEN Yingmin, GUO Jianqiu 2025, 41 (8):  11-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0531 Abstract + ( 70 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1336KB )   ( 13 ) In order to explore the optimal sowing date and density of the new soybean variety ‘Luodou 1304’ bred by Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, a split plot experimental design was adopted. The main plot was sowing period B (B1: June 21, B2: July 1, B3: July 11), and the sub plot was density M (M1: 135000 plants/hm2, M2: 180000 plants/hm2, M3: 225000 plants/hm2, M4: 270000 plants/hm2). The effects of sowing period and density on the growth process, photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, yield, and quality of ‘Luodou 1304’were analyzed. The results showed that delaying the sowing date would shorten the growth process of ‘Luodou 1304’. For every 10 days of sowing delay, the growth period would be shortened by 4 days and 5 days, respectively. Early sowing at the appropriate time could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate during the peak flowering and pod period, and reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration during the peak flowering period; significantly reduced the height of the bottom pod and increased the weight of one hundred seeds; significantly increased crude protein content and total egg fat content. Reducing density would significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate during the peak pod period and significantly reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration during the peak pod period; significantly increased effective branching per plant, effective pod number per plant, grain number per plant, and grain weight per plant. The sowing date had a significant impact on yield, with early sowing yielding more than late sowing. The average yield of B1 sowing date was the highest, reaching 5269.49 kg/hm2, significantly higher than that of B2 and B3 sowing dates. The effect of density on yield was relatively small. Under the B1 sowing period, there was no significant difference in yield between different densities, and the yields under M2, M3, and M4 densities were relatively high, reaching 5249.45 kg/hm2, 5219.68 kg/hm2, and 5683.21 kg/hm2, respectively. This study found that planting density had a smaller effect on yield than sowing date. The most suitable sowing date for ‘Luodou 1304’ is June 21st, with a suitable density of 180000 to 270000 plants/hm2. The study aims to provide theoretical and technical support for the demonstration and promotion of the new variety ‘Luodou 1304’.

  Effect of Bio-organic Fertilizer on Growth Trait of Millet WU Suxia, ZHAO Peng, FAN Hairong, SONG Shitao, CHEN Lina, JIN Changmin, CUI Yue 2025, 41 (8):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0763 Abstract + ( 69 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1159KB )   ( 14 ) To study the application effect of bio-organic fertilizer in millet planting, and obtain the best bio-organic fertilizer application rate for planting millet in Hebei area, the field experiment of ‘Jigu 35’ was carried out from June 2023 to September 2023, and six treatments were set as followed: no fertilization (DCK1), pure chemical fertilizer (DCK2), 2250 kg/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer (D1), 4500 kg/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer (D2), 6750 kg/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer (D3), 9000 kg/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer (D4). The effects of different application rates of bio-organic fertilizer on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, SPAD value, aboveground biomass and underground biomass of millet were analyzed. The results showed that the application of bio-organic fertilizer had a significant positive effect on the growth traits of millet, and the effects of different application amounts on the growth of millet were different. Among them, D3 and D4 treatments had better effects. However, from the perspective of saving resources, it was recommended to choose D3 treatment as the optimal application amount of bio-organic fertilizer for planting millet, which was 6750 kg/hm2 of bio-organic fertilizer, so as to achieve the purpose of replacing chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer, while reducing the negative impact on the environment, and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. It also laid a solid foundation for further optimizing millet planting technology and improving the yield and quality of millet.

  Effect of Combining Controlled-release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Urea on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Spring Maize in Eastern Sichuan ZHANG Yuyu, WANG Xiangning, ZENG Xuejiao, GUAN Jie, ZHANG Yi, LI Bing, CAI Yan 2025, 41 (8):  25-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0650 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 4 ) This study investigated the effects of combining controlled-release nitrogen (CRN) fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization in spring maize, and to provide scientific evidence and technical guidance for optimizing fertilization strategies to achieve high yield and efficient nitrogen utilization in spring maize cultivation in eastern Sichuan. A field experiment was conducted to assess the changes in yield, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen utilization under seven nitrogen management treatments. The treatments included no nitrogen application (CK), conventional nitrogen application (ON) and CRN fertilizer applied at 0% (NR0), 25% (NR25), 50% (NR50), 75% (NR75) and 100% (NR100) of the conventional nitrogen rate, with a 25% reduction in total nitrogen input in eastern Sichuan. The results showed that CRN fertilizer significantly enhanced both dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in maize. At the tasseling and silking stage, with the increase of the proportion of CRN fertilizer, the rates of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation initially promoted, then reduced. After the filling stage, a CRN proportion of ≥50% was most effective for both dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, with NR50 showing the highest values. CRN fertilizer also promoted the redistribution of nitrogen from vegetative organs to grains. However, as the proportion of CRN fertilizer increased, the contribution of nitrogen from vegetative organs to grains decreased. Furthermore, CRN fertilizer improved the yield factor composition and maize yield, with NR50 showing the most significant increase. Agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of CRN fertilizer were higher than those of conventional nitrogen application. NUE of NR50, NR75 and NR100 was greater than that of ON. In conclusion, a 25% reduction in total nitrogen application, combined with 50% CRN fertilizer and 50% urea, was the optimal fertilization strategy for improving nitrogen absorption, enhancing dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and increasing both yield and nitrogen use efficiency in spring maize in eastern Sichuan.

  Different Strains of Sweet Potato: Comparison of Accumulation Ability of Exogenous Organic Selenium ZHANG Xiaohong, YAN Zheng, WEI Guangbiao 2025, 41 (8):  31-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0514 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1187KB )   ( 3 ) In order to explore the difference of selenium enrichment ability of different sweet potato strains, 22 excellent sweet potato strains independently selected by Fuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences were used as test materials, and ‘Guangshu 87’ with strong selenium enrichment ability was used as the control variety. 22 independently bred sweet potato strains were selected as materials, and ‘Guangshu 87’ was used as the control variety. The comparative experiment of selenium enrichment ability was carried out by spraying exogenous organic selenium fertilizer on the leaves. The results showed that: (1) Cluster analysis of selenium content in sweet potato tubers of different strains treated with selenium fertilizer showed that the strains with high enrichment and medium high enrichment types included nine strains such as ‘Rongshu 2306’, ‘Rongshu 2321’, ‘Rongshu 2310’, ‘Rongshu 2305’, ‘Rongshu 2322’ and so on. ‘Rongshu 2306’, ‘Rongshu 2301’, ‘Guangshu 87’, ‘Rongshu 2315’ and ‘Rongshu 2321’ ranked the top five in the increase rate of selenium content in tubers compared with the control. (2) There were differences in selenium accumulation of sweet potato tubers among different strains treated with selenium fertilizer. The top five strains included ‘Rongshu 2306’, ‘Guangshu 87’, ‘Rongshu 2315’, ‘Rongshu 2301’ and ‘Rongshu 2310’. The selenium absorption and utilization rates of different strains of sweet potato tubers were quite different. The strain with absorption and utilization rates of more than 5% was ‘Rongshu 2306’, and the strains with absorption and utilization rates of more than 3% included ‘Rongshu 2301’, ‘Rongshu 2315’, ‘Guangshu 87’, ‘Rongshu 2321’, ‘Rongshu 2310’ and so on. (3) Cluster analysis of selenium sensitivity of different sweet potato strains showed that ‘Rongshu 2306’, ‘Rongshu 2315’ and ‘Rongshu 2301’ were more sensitive to selenium. The selenium sensitivity index was between 0.89 and 0.91, and the yield increase rate of selenium fertilizer treatment was between 9.82% and 12.48% compared with the control. In conclusion, ‘Rongshu 2306’, ‘Rongshu 2301’ and ‘Rongshu 2315’ had strong selenium enrichment ability and high fresh tuber yield, which were suitable for planting as selenium-enriched sweet potato varieties and parent materials for breeding new selenium-enriched sweet potato varieties.

  Effects of Liquid Fertilizers Compounded from Hydrothermal Cracking Products on Sweet Potato Growth and Nutrient Utilization TANG Chaochen, CHEN Diwen, ZHOU Wenling, YANG Yiling, AO Junhua, WANG Zhangying, HUANG Zhenrui 2025, 41 (8):  39-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0536 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2016KB )   ( 5 ) This study investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments on sweet potato growth, nutrient utilization, and soil quality using liquid fertilizers compounded from hydrothermal cracking products of agricultural and forestry residues, to provide a scientific basis for the application of hydrothermal cracking liquid fertilizers in sweet potato cultivation. A randomized block design was conducted with five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), conventional solid water-soluble fertilizer (CF), conventional solid water-soluble fertilizer plus micro-element liquid fertilizer (CFMI), macro-element liquid fertilizer (MA), and macro-element plus micro-element liquid fertilizer (MAMI). Quantitative analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of these fertilization treatments on sweet potato yield and quality, economic benefits, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that compared to the CK treatment, all fertilization treatments significantly enhanced sweet potato yield, quality and economic benefits. Compared to the CF treatment, the application of hydrothermal cracking liquid fertilizers significantly increased the number of marketable roots per plant, individual root weight, fresh root yield, marketable root yield and the proportion of marketable roots, as well as the content of soluble sugar, vitamin C and carotene. Particularly under the MAMI treatment, the fresh root yield and marketable root yield increased by 13.7% and 19.8%, respectively, and the output/input ratio improved by 16.3%, demonstrating significant enhancement of yield and economic benefits. Additionally, the use of hydrothermal cracking liquid fertilizers did not significantly reduce soil pH nor did it lead to excessive nutrient accumulation. However, it enhanced nutrient (N, P, K) utilization efficiency and agronomic efficiency, thereby reducing resource waste. In summary, liquid fertilizers compounded from hydrothermal cracking products of agricultural and forestry residues are highly efficient, which can promote the yield and quality of sweet potatoes and improve the soil environment. The results support the potential agricultural application of hydrothermal cracking liquid fertilizers in sustainable sweet potato cultivation.

  Effect of Compound Oligosaccharides on Yield of Typical Crops in Shandong Province XUE Yuansai, WANG Xijiu, ZOU Shiguo, ZHANG Shoufu, LIU Guangya, HAN Wei, SUN Xian 2025, 41 (8):  50-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0604 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 17 ) To examine the impact of compound oligosaccharides on crop yield in Shandong, we conducted an experiment with various treatments, including mixing wheat seeds with compound oligosaccharides and spraying compound oligosaccharides at different stages, as well as soaking corn seeds and spraying with compound oligosaccharides at different stages. In Daiyue District, Shandong Province, wheat spraying at the flowering + regreening period under seed-mixing conditions exhibited superior efficacy compared to spraying solely at the flowering or regreening period, but the difference was not significant. In Huantai County, under seed-mixing conditions, spraying at the regreening period, flowering period, and regreening + flowering period outperformed seed-mixing treatment, with the most favorable outcome observed with seed-mixing + spraying at the flowering period. Conversely, without seed mixing, spraying at the regreening period, flowering period, regreening + flowering period all surpassed the control, with the highest yield increase achieved through spraying at the flowering period. Spray treatment of compound oligosaccharides resulted in higher yields compared to non-soaking methods, with Daiyue District and Huantai County achieving the highest yield and economic benefit during the flowering + filling period and filling period, respectively. When seeds were soaked, the combination of spray treatment during the flowering and filling period yielded the best results in Daiyue District, while the seedling and filling period were most effective in Huantai County. Compound oligosaccharides can substantially enhance crop yield and economic returns. In this region, wheat benefits from seed mixing with compound oligosaccharides combined with spraying at the flowering stage, while maize shows improved outcomes with spraying during the seedling or flowering + filling period, following seed soaking treatment.

  Effects of Drought-rehydration on Physiological Indexes and Drought-related Gene Expression of ‘YY021’ Seedlings LI Lihua, XUE Bingjie, WANG Yale, LI Xuejun, SUN Huan, SUN Jiping 2025, 41 (8):  57-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0436 Abstract + ( 51 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 5 ) ‘YY021’ is a hybrid tobacco variety selected for dryland tobacco growing areas. In order to identify the drought tolerance of ‘YY021’, ‘Zhongyan 100’ was used as the control variety, and the drought-rehydration experiment of floating seedling was arranged to investigate wilting index and water content, observe the changes of active oxygen, and measure the content of malonaldehyde, proline and the expression of drought-related gene by qRT-PCR. The results showed that with the prolongation of drought time, the leaf water content of ‘Zhongyan 100’ and ‘YY021’ decreased and the wilting index increased. The content of malonaldehyde increased with the extension of drought time. The expression of osmotin gene decreased first and then increased from 0-7 d of drought. After 7 days of drought, compared with ‘Zhongyan 100’, the leaf moisture content of‘YY021’ increased by 4.31%, the wilting index of ‘YY021’ decreased by 3.97%, and the contents of malondialdehyde decreased by 9.21%, and the contents of proline increased by 84.71%. Compared with ‘Zhongyan 100’, ‘YY021’ had lower levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and the higher osmotin gene expression. The ERD gene responded more rapidly. The drought tolerance of ‘YY021’ was better than that of ‘Zhongyan 100’. Under drought stress, the damage of reactive oxygen species to membrane of ‘YY021’ was reduced by accumulating osmotic adjustment substance proline. ERD and osmotin genes may be candidate genes for drought tolerance of ‘YY021’.

  Effects of Fulvic Acid Potassium on Nutrient Absorption, Yield and Quality of Apples in Yan’an Mountain Area MA Zhuo, ZHOU Hanbing, ZHAO Manxing, ZHANG Xia, WANG Xin, MA Danni 2025, 41 (8):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0518 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 5 ) To investigate the application effect of fulvic acid potassium on mountain apples in Yan’an, an experiment was carried out from March to November 2023 at the mountain apple base of Golden Land Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd. in Yanchang County. The test apple was ‘Yuhua Zaofu’ with a tree age of 12 years. Different application rates of fulvic acid potassium were applied during the fruit expansion stage, with the conventional fertilization by farmers as the control, to analyze its influence on the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, as well as the yield and quality of apples. Compared with the control, there was no significant difference in the leaf N, P and K contents under the treatment of 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium (2.6 kg/plant) during the young fruit stage. However, during the fruit expansion stage, the leaf N, P and K contents increased by 44.61%, 257.89% and 44.55% respectively, and during the maturity stage, they increased by 24.85%, 95.31% and 29.98% respectively. Under the treatments of 20% decrement (1.4 kg/plant), conventional amount (2.0 kg/plant) and 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium, the fruit N, P and K nutrient uptake increased by an average of 13.64%, 7.59% and 34.38% compared to the control. The vitamin C content increased by 61.65%, 104.56% and 115.15% respectively, the soluble sugar content increased by 14.66%, 40.69% and 25.73% respectively, and the titratable acid content decreased by 3.70%, 22.22% and 29.63% respectively. The fulvic acid potassium treatments could significantly enhance the fruit firmness, soluble solids content, single fruit weight and the yield per plant. Compared with the control, the treatments of 20% decrement, conventional amount and 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium increased the yield per plant by an average of 3.86%, 6.05% and 10.20% respectively. On the basis of conventional fertilization, applying 2.6 kg/plant of fulvic acid potassium during the fruit expansion stage can effectively improve the yield and quality of Yan’an mountain apples.

  Effects of Castor Bean Microbial Enzyme Biological Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomato WANG Cheng, LI Guorui, DI Jianjun, LUO Rui, LI Mingjing, HUANG Fenglan 2025, 41 (8):  69-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0655 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 3977KB )   ( 3 ) To investigate the effects of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer on the growth, fruit yield, and quality of tomato plants, a pot experiment was conducted using cherry tomato varieties as experimental materials. A total of five treatments including no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (HF, 4 g/plant) and three different application gradients [20 g/plant(BF1), 40 g/plant(BF2), 80 g/plant(BF3)] of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer were set up. The results showed that compared with CK, the plant height of tomato plants treated with BF3 during the fruiting and harvesting periods increased by 16.82%-20.23%. During the fruiting period, the stem diameter of BF2 treatment increased by 34.04%, and during the harvesting period, the stem diameter of BF1 treatment increased by 41.30%. Fruit weight and number of fruits per plant of BF1 treatment were the best during the harvesting period, and the average yield per plant increased by 496.98%. The content of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and soluble solids in tomatoes treated with BF3 increased by 28.57%, 63.49%, 77.43% and 16.43%, respectively. The dry matter mass of roots, stems and leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of application rate of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer. 20 g/plant of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer has a significant promoting effect on the growth and yield of tomato plants, while 80 g/plant of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer has the best effect on the fruit quality of tomato plants.

  Research Progress on Straw Pretreatment in Anaerobic Dry Fermentation for Biogas Production WANG Aolin, ZHANG Hongqiong, MENG Li 2025, 41 (8):  76-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0553 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 7 ) Abundant crop straw production in our country makes anaerobic dry fermentation for biogas production an important way to utilize crop straw resources. However, the dense structure of lignocellulose in straw limits the hydrolysis and acidification of straw, making it difficult for anaerobic bacteria to degrade straw and produce biogas. Currently, pretreatment of straw is considered to be an effective way to enhance the rate of anaerobic digestion and improve biogas yield. The text elaborates on the mechanism of anaerobic dry fermentation, and reviews the common pretreatment methods that can increase the efficiency of biogas production in straw anaerobic dry fermentation, including physical, chemical, biological, and combined pretreatment methods, and provides a perspective on the technology of straw pretreatment.

  Application of COS and Microbial Metabolites in Agricultural Production YANG Ying, FAN Li, YANG Zhichao, CAO Xinbo, GE Jingping 2025, 41 (8):  83-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0398 Abstract + ( 41 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1434KB )   ( 1 ) This study comprehensively evaluated the preparation techniques of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and conducted an in-depth analysis of the effects of COS and microbial metabolites on plant growth, crop quality enhancement, and pest management, aiming to enhance agricultural production efficiency and promote environmental sustainability. The results revealed the importance of COS and microbial metabolites in improving agricultural yield and maintaining environmental stability. In response to the challenges posed to food security by climate and ecosystem changes caused by natural and human activities, we propose that future research should focus on the activities of organic nanoparticles such as COS and microbial metabolites, and emphasize the necessity of advancing emerging fertilizer research to provide scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of agricultural production.

  Analysis of Changes in Carbon Footprint of Farmland Before and After Tobacco Planting in Huang-Huai Tobacco Growing Region ZHANG Yang, DU Yuhai, DONG Xiaowei, LIU Yang, LIU Liwei, YAN Huifeng, KONG Decai 2025, 41 (8):  90-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0563 Abstract + ( 67 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1701KB )   ( 5 ) To investigate the carbon emission characteristics of tobacco-dominant agricultural fields in the Huang-Huai region, this study took the rural complex as the basic research unit, and analyzed the changes in the carbon footprint of farmland ecosystem before and after tobacco planting. The main carbon emission links were identified, which could provide theoretical basis for the realization of green and low-carbon management in tobacco-dominated farmland areas. This study selected an agricultural complex in Shandong, which had transformed to a tobacco-dominant model since 2019. Through a questionnaire survey of raw material input, agricultural management measures, yield and other factors in the planting process of different local planting systems, the carbon footprint and composition of farmland production in 2018 and 2020 were calculated using the life cycle method. In 2020, the economic benefit per unit area reached 41548 yuan/hm2, which was 3.2 times of that in 2018. Carbon emission per unit area in 2020 was 185.45 t/(hm2·a), with an increase of 108% compared with 2018, and carbon sink per unit area was 548.9 t/(hm2·a), with a decrease of 30% compared with 2018. Carbon footprint per unit area and carbon footprint per unit yield decreased by 48% and 40%, carbon production efficiency and carbon ecological efficiency decreased by 58% and 75%, and carbon economic efficiency increased by 103%. The carbon emission per unit area of flue-cured tobacco planting system was 119.40 t/(hm2·a), 64% of the regional average, and the carbon sink was 98.8 t/(hm2·a), 18% of the regional average. Flue-cured tobacco cultivation was a weak carbon active cropping system. After the farmland system was changed to flue-cured tobacco as the main planting system, the carbon sink of the whole region decreased, carbon emissions increased, and carbon footprint decreased significantly.

  Research on Ecological Management and Integrated Utilization of Saline-alkali Land WANG Zhigang, SHI Guangzhi, LIU Zhidu, GUO Liyue 2025, 41 (8):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0566 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1141KB )   ( 11 ) There are many types and widely distribution of saline-alkali soils with largely area in China, which also have a wide range of potential applications in future. Since 1973, numerous saline-alkali land treatment technological innovations and ecological projects had been carried out in Quzhou County, Hebei Province, thus the areas with severe saline-alkali obstacle had been decreasing, but in some areas secondary salinization were increasing due to water resources restriction in recent years. Although China had made great progress in basic research, management technology development and ecological utilization of water and salt transport laws in saline-alkali land since the 1980 s, there was still a lack of systematic and integrated management and utilization system. There were many shortcomings, such as low technology maturity, imperfect engineering measures, insufficient post-maintenance, basic supporting construction projects of farmland and national industries disconnection and so on, which led to technology demonstration and promotion difficulties, and relevant enterprises with lower participation enthusiasm. Considering above issues, we summarized the formation mechanism, ecological management strategies, technology system construction and the development trends in future of saline-alkali soils, which could be useful for theory and key technology breakthroughs of water-soil-biological resources with high efficient utilization in saline-alkali lands, and improving the construction technology supporting system, in order to establish a virtuous circle of saline-alkali land ecology with win-win ecological, economic and social benefits.

  Effect of Density on the Survival of Megalocaria dilatata in Different Stages LIANG Hui, DENG Quan, LIU Guo, CHEN Hezhu, MA Peng, LI Bin, LIU Dongyang, YU Jiamin, JIANG Lianqiang, PU Deqiang 2025, 41 (8):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0530 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1368KB )   ( 6 ) In order to clarify the effects of rearing with different volume-density combinations on the developmental duration, survival rate, and weight of pupae and adults of the ten-spotted ladybird beetles, under conditions of 25℃, relative humidity of 60% to 80%, and a light cycle of 10 L:14 D, three containers (A: 1000 mL; B: 1500 mL; C: 2000 mL) and 3 densities (15 heads; 20 heads; 25 heads), feeding, recording and analyzing the development period, survival rate, pupal and adult weight of each insect of M. dilatata. The results showed that the survival curve of M. dilatata showed an "S" downward trend with the growth of instar, and the development duration of each treatment was C3>C1>A1=C2>A3>A2=B2>B1>B3, and the average development time of group B was the shortest. The survival rate of the 1st and 2nd instar larval stage and pupal stage of each treatment was lower, and the pupation rate and adult rate of B2 treatment were 76.67% and 73.33%, which were higher than those of the other treatments. The weight of each treatment at pupal stage from high to low was A1>C2>C3>B1>A3>C1>B3>A2>B2, and the weight of adults from high to low was B1>B3>B2>C2>C3>C1>A2>A3>A1. In summary, the best feeding container for M. dilatata should be B2 treatment, that is, 1500 mL feeding density of 20 heads/box is the best. This study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient breeding of larvae of M. dilatata.

  Advances in Common Chinese Zokor, Myospalax fontanieri (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in China QIN Jiao, YAO Dandan, PEI Shuaishuai, GUO Shuhong, FENG Zhiyong, QIN Meng, TIAN Hongling 2025, 41 (8):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0547 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1182KB )   ( 6 ) The article provides references for the prevention and management of Myospalax fontanieri, this study summarizes and analyzes the research progress regarding the ecological characteristics, damage traits, outbreak causes, and control methods of Myospalax fontanieri. Based on the current state of research and existing issues, it is proposed to strengthen and improve the population monitoring and damage assessment of Myospalax fontanieri. Additionally, the study encourages exploring an integrated pest management system centered on ecologically prioritized and environmentally friendly control technologies and products, to effectively regulate the population of Myospalax fontanieri and to protect the stability of agricultural production and the ecological environment.

  Research on Relationship Between Musk Secretion and Fecundity of Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) SUO Lijuan, YANG Chao, BIAN Kun, LI Feiran, TANG Jie 2025, 41 (8):  116-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0504 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1493KB )   ( 4 ) This experiment was designed to explore the relationship between the musk-producing ability and fertility of male musk deer, which would provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resource breeding. The musk production of 224 forest musk deer was recorded, of which 57 had fecundity data. The influencing factors of musk yield and fecundity, and the correlation between them were statistically analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in musk production among different age groups and different musk-extracting time groups in captive forest musk deer (P>0.05), but the musk production tended to decrease with age. The average production of adult musk deer was significantly higher than that of juvenile musk deer, with a difference of 3.51g per deer (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the fecundity of male musk deer among different age groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the fecundity of male musk deer at different musk-extracting times (P>0.05). The correlation study showed that there was a significant correlation among the fecundity indicators of male musk deer (P<0.05).The musk production of male musk deer was positively correlated with the twin birth rate and the average number of offspring per litter. With the increase in the musk production of male musk deer, the twin birth rate and the average number of offspring per litter also increased, but the correlation was not significant (P>0.05). Correct musk extraction could not affect the fecundity of male musk deer. The higher the musk production of male musk deer, the better the trend of fecundity indicators. Combined with the physical condition, age, musk production, and previous reproductive experience of male musk deer, breeding male musk deer can be preliminarily screened. This study provides theoretical guidance for improving the reproductive efficiency of forest musk deer and optimizing the feeding and management.

  Localization and Immune Efficacy Analysis of 14-3-3 Protein in Trichinella spiralis QIAN Yanhong, WEN Xiaohui, SONG Shuai, NIU Ruihui, LV Dianhong, ZHENG Bobin, YUAN Ziguo, LUO Shengjun 2025, 41 (8):  123-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0395 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2494KB )   ( 3 ) To obtain the 14-3-3 protein of Trichinella spiralis (T1) and to identify and evaluate its biological characteristics, the biological information of 14-3-3(Ts14-3-3) protein of Trichinella spiralis was analyzed and predicted using relevant websites and software. Ts14-3-3 was recombined with pET-28a using gene cloning and prokaryotic expression techniques, and the recombinant Ts14-3-3(rTs14-3-3) protein was obtained. After the antigenicity was identified by Western blot, the rTs14-3-3 protein immune serum was prepared. qPCR and indirect immunofluorescence were used to identify its expression in different insect stages and its localization in muscle larvae. The effect of rTs14-3-3 protein on larvae in the muscle of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis was evaluated by animal experiments. Soluble rTs14-3-3 protein was successfully prepared, with a size of about 33 kDa, and it could specifically recognize the positive serum of porcine Trichinella spiralis. The titer of the prepared immune serum was as high as 1:52000. The protein was highly expressed in the muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis, and the gene was transcribed in the larvae, adults, and muscle larvae during the intestinal infection stage of Trichinella spiralis. The pest reduction rate of mouse muscle larvae was 55.2%. rTs14-3-3 protein has good reactivity and immunogenicity, can reduce the number of muscle larvae in mouse tissues infected by Trichinella spiralis, and has potential as a serological diagnosis and candidate vaccine molecular antigen.

  Extraction Process and Antioxidant Activities Screening of Total Flavonoids from Citrus depressa Hayat Leaves WANG Jie, YU Xiaoxia, HE Jianzhang, CHEN Jiantu, WU Meifang 2025, 41 (8):  133-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0534 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 5 ) This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Citrus depressa Hayat leaves (CDHL), and investigate their antioxidant activities. Total flavonoids yield was used as evaluation index, the effects of extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, and extraction frequency on the total flavonoids yield from CDHL were investigated by single-factor experiments. The extraction condition was optimized by orthogonal experiment. The antioxidant activity of total flavonoids was studied by measuring the removal capacity of DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals and the reducing capacity were investigated in vitro. The best extraction process conditions for total flavonoids from CDHL were distilled water reflux for 1 h and 2 times, with liquid ratio of 1:25 (g/mL). The mean extraction of total flavonoids under this condition was (32.60±2.16) mg/g. The IC50 of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals were 12.03, 105.79 and 1.10 μg/mL respectively, and its reducing ability was strong. This extraction process was stable and reliable for extracting total flavonoids from CDHL. The total flavonoids from CDHL can be used as a novel natural antioxidant in functional foods.

  Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends of Academic Dissertations on Plant Endophytic Fungi in China Based on Bibliometrics XU Jing, WANG Chao, WAN Xiaogang, ZHAO Yue, WU Yong 2025, 41 (8):  140-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0583 Abstract + ( 63 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2236KB )   ( 7 ) The purpose of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the overall trajectory and development trends in the research of endophytic fungi in China, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for establishing future research directions and predicting development trends in this field. A CiteSpace bibliometric analysis was carried out in this study, which took master's and doctoral dissertations as the entry point, and used "endophytic fungi" as the keyword for thematic searching, conducted bibliometric and visual analysis of the annual publication volume, research institutions, keywords, research hotspots, and timelines of relevant dissertations. The results showed that the overall number of dissertations published was on an upward trend, the top three research institutions for the number of publications were the Northwest A&F University, Lanzhou University, and Yunnan University, accounted for 14.34% of the total. The research dissertations in the field can be mainly divided into three stages: initial exploration, rising development, and rapid growth. The excavation of bioactive substances from metabolites and diversity analysis of endophytic fungi has been the hotspots. Our researchers can focus on further elucidating the interaction mechanism between endophytic fungi and host plants, and exploring their potential value in agricultural production, environmental restoration, and ecological protection in the future.

  A Bibliometric Study on Banana Fusarium Wilt Based on Web of Science Database LU Yunfeng, LI Ruiqun, ZENG Runhua, LI Shuzhong, WANG Zhongmei, LI Zhihai, JIA Dongdong 2025, 41 (8):  149-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0513 Abstract + ( 50 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2477KB )   ( 2 ) Understanding the latest research hotspots and development trends in the field of banana fusarium wilt was the goal of the present study. Based on the core collection database of Web of Science (WOS), this paper conducted an advanced search on the theme of "banana fusarium wilt ", selected 779 papers published in 30 years from 1993 to 2023, and used CiteSpace visual analysis software. The bibliometrics analysis was conducted from the indicators of the annual number of published papers, subject of published papers, published journals, published countries, institutions, and cooperation between authors, literature co-citations and keywords. The results showed that: (1) from 2009 to 2023, the number of literatures in the field of banana fusarium wilt research showed an overall increasing trend, and the disciplines involved were mainly botany, accounting for 35.7% of the total literatures. The top four academic journals in terms of volume were Frontiers in Microbiology, European Journal of Plant Pathology, Frontiers in Plant Science and Journal of Fungi. (2) China, the United States and India had published more papers in the field of banana fusarium wilt research, but there was less international cooperation. The Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China and Hainan University had published the most papers in China. Shen Qirong and Li Rong from Nanjing Agricultural University and Ruan Yunze from Hainan University were influential researchers in the field of banana fusarium wilt research. (3) The biological control of banana fusarium wilt was still an important focus and research frontier in the field of banana fusarium wilt research. To sum up, there is a lot of basis for the research of banana fusarium wilt in various countries. Through the application of biological control technology of banana fusarium wilt, the suppression of fusarium wilt of banana can promote the healthy growth of banana, and promote the sustainable development of banana industry is the focus of future research.

  Effects of High Concentration Nitrite Acute Poisoning on Hepatopancreas and Blood Biochemical Indicators of Eriocheir Sinensis ZHAO Yanhua, MA Xingkong, TIAN Jian, PAN Yifan, GE Jiachun 2025, 41 (8):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0587 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1862KB )   ( 1 ) Tissue section staining observation technology and physiological and biochemical detection methods were used to study the hepatopancreas histopathological and blood biochemical indicators of acute poisoning of Eriocheir sinensis under high concentration nitrite farming conditions, five experimental concentrations were set: 10.16, 21.13, 30.06, 41.11, and 51.04 mg/L. The results showed that acute intoxication caused shrinkage of the basement membrane of the hepatopancreatic tubules in crabs, with severe cases resulting in rupture. The hepatopancreatic cells were separated from the basement membrane to form a large gap. The cell boundary was not obvious, and the arrangement was disordered and fell off to the lumen. Some hepatic tubules were broken, the tissue dissolved, and the stromal cells infiltrated; the hemocyte density (DHC) in the blood increased. In haemolymph of acute poisoning crabs, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the glucose content (GLU) increased, the activities of triglyceride (TG) decreased. Immunological indexes showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased but the activity of galkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased. The research indicated that acute high concentration nitrite poisoning caused great damage to the hepatopancreas and reduced the immunity of the crab, ultimately affecting the normal feeding and activities of the crab. When the concentration of nitrite in the water of Eriocheir sinensis aquaculture is 41.11 mg/L, the mortality rate is 50% at 20 hours and 60% at 24 hours; when the concentration of nitrite is 51.04 mg/L, the mortality rate is 50% at 8 hours and 80% at 24 hours.