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  Analysis of Agro-meteorological Factors Causing Apple Florescence Freezing in Zepu ABASI Kerimu, MENG Fanxue, KUDERETI Rehanguli, WANG Jun, LI Huimin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (36): 97-101.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1030 Abstract + (4821)    HTML (2298)    PDF (1210KB) (13749)       Knowledge map    Low temperature and freeze injury is one of three major disasters that endanger the development of fruit trees in Xinjiang. The daily meteorological data during 1991 to 2022 from meteorological station of Zepu and investigation data about freezing injury of apple florescence in recently years were used to analyze the cause of freezing injury. The results showed that: from 1991 to 2022, the apple flower bud expansion period, flower bud opening period, the beginning of flowering were ahead of time by 2.0 to 5.1 d/10 a; apple florescence freezing damage was significant when the temperature dropped suddenly in flowering period, the lowest temperature reached -2.0℃, and the duration below 0℃ was 0.5 h; the dominant disaster-causing factors included the maximum diurnal range of temperature (no less than 22℃), the extreme minimum temperature (no more than -2℃), the spring cold weather, severe cooling, long duration, precipitation weather with dust weather (sandstorm, sand-blowing and floating dust) and severe wind. After freezing injury, the soluble solids content and other indicators of apple decreased to different extents. Freezing injury in apple flowering period affected the quality of apple. It will be of great scientific significance and application value to study on the freezing damage in flowering period of Fuji apple in Zepu apple producing area.

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  Analysis of Climate Quality Certification Indexes and Evaluation for Figs in Yuepuhu Kerimu ABASI, MENG Fanxue, Nuerpatiman MAIMAITIREYIMU, XIE Ye, Alimu AIERKEN Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (1): 78-82.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0002 Abstract + (4813)    HTML (2126)    PDF (1224KB) (13632)       Knowledge map    In this paper, the daily average temperature, extreme maximum temperature, extreme minimum temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours data of Yuepuhu General Weather Station during from 1991 to 2022 were analyzed by using climate tendency rate, cumulative anomaly climate statistical method to verify the climate quality for figs, and the effect of meteorological conditions on figs phenological phase and impact of meteorological factors, meteorological disaster on fig quality were primarily analyzed as well. The results showed that, according to this classification, the climate quality for figs in Yuepuhu garden spot were “excellent”. The research conclusion aims to provide scientific basis for improving fruit quality of fig cultivation and future rational management.

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  The Forms and Classification Methods of Phosphorus in Soil: Research Progress YE Gengkang, E Shengzhe, CHEN Zhengyu, YUAN Jinhua, LU Gangbin, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yana, ZHAO Tianxin, WANG Yuxuan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (1): 96-102.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0041 Abstract + (792)    HTML (28)    PDF (1174KB) (267)       Knowledge map    Phosphorus in soil directly determines plant growth and crop yields, but phosphorus existing forms in soil are very complex, and those phosphorus forms that can be absorbed and utilized by plants account for only a small part of total phosphorus. Therefore, it is important to study the existing forms and classification methods of phosphorus in soil to improve the phosphorus use efficiency of crops, explore ways to enhance phosphorus availability, and reduce phosphorus loss. In this paper, the existing forms of phosphorus in soil, influencing factors of soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus classification methods were reviewed. The results show that the forms of phosphorus in soil consist of two major categories: inorganic phosphorus and organophosphorus, phosphorus absorbed by plants is mainly water soluble inorganic phosphorus, and other forms of phosphorus are difficult to be absorbed by plants, causing low utilization efficiency of phosphorus in soil. There are many factors that lead to low phosphorus use efficiency, mainly ions like calcium, iron and aluminum, and organic matter, pH, temperature, moisture etc. To study and improve the mechanism of the influencing factors could effectively enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of phosphorus classification methods by domestic and foreign scholars, the effective forms of phosphorus have been studied more in-depth and accurately. Bowman-Cole organophosphorus classification method and Hedley’s phosphorus classification method are the two most widely used methods at present.

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  The Mechanism of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization: Research Progress XU Lingqing, LI Jiajia, CHANG Xiao, ZHANG Yunlong, LIU Dali Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (34): 97-101.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0587 Abstract + (862)    HTML (11)    PDF (1234KB) (154)       Knowledge map    Inorganic nitrogen is an important source of nitrogen for crops to absorb and utilize. The mineralization capacity of soil organic nitrogen determines the soil capacity of providing nitrogen to crops. The mineralization of soil organic nitrogen is mainly driven by soil microorganisms. It is the process of decomposing organic nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen under the action of microorganisms. The change of the mineralization rate of organic nitrogen is mainly attributed to the change of soil microorganisms after the change of environmental factors. The study of soil nitrogen mineralization is of great significance to soil nitrogen cycle and soil nitrogen supply capacity. This paper reviewed the mechanism of microbial action in the process of soil nitrogen mineralization, and discussed the effects of microbial changes on soil nitrogen mineralization rate under different environmental factors, as well as the interaction mechanism of plant-soil-microbes. The study can provide theoretical reference for exploring the soil nitrogen mineralization process and improving soil nitrogen supply capacity.

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  Evaluation Indexes of Guide Soft Pear: An Agricultural Product with Good Climate Indicators ZHONG Cun, WEI Peng, ZHANG Haijing Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (23): 88-94.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0791 Abstract + (218)    HTML (3)    PDF (2065KB) (143)       Knowledge map    To improve the economic benefits of pear cultivation in Guide of Qinghai Province, this study selected Guide soft pear with Geographical Indication Products Certificate from the local high-quality agricultural products, and carried out the ‘Agricultural Products with Good Climate Indicators’ identification on its agricultural product climate quality, to determine the evaluation indexes of Guide soft pear. Taking the comprehensive authentication method, we analyzed the proportion of the indicators including ecological adaptability affecting the growth of agricultural products, the climate condition of the study year, the level of orchard management and the fruit quality of the study year, and gave different weights to each indicator. Then, we determined the composite score by analyzing and grading the indicators. In addition, we selected the soft pears from Guide County Horticulture Farm in 2020 to evaluate the identification indicators. The results showed that Guide County Horticulture Farm in 2020 had rich light and heat resources, suitable moisture condition, good light, heat and water configuration, and obvious climate advantages, which were conducive to high-quality soft pear production. The climate quality grade of Guide soft pear produced in 2020 was ‘extra excellent’.

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  Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Seeding Rates on the Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat ZHAO Kai, HUANG Ling, FENG Weiying, SHAO Minmin, WANG Fuyu, CHEN Guiju, ZHANG Yudan, YANG Benzhou, SUN Leiming, YAN Lu, WANG Lin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (32): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0083 Abstract + (171)    HTML (9)    PDF (1258KB) (128)       Knowledge map    In order to solve the actual problem of wheat yield due to the delayed sowing date in the southwest region of Shandong province, a two-factor fracture zone-test design was adopted from 2018 to 2020. Three sowing dates were set as October 18 (S1), 23 (S2) and 28 (S3); seeding rates were set as 2.70×106 plants/hm2 (D1) and 3.75×106 plants/hm2 (D2) in 2018. And in 2019, five sowing dates were set as October 22 (S4), 27 (S5), November 1 (S6), 6 (S7) and 11 (S8); seeding rates were set as 2.25×106 plants/hm2 (D3), 3.375×106 plants/hm2 (D4) and 4.50×106 plants/hm2 (D5). The effects of different sowing dates, seeding rates on tiller number and leaf ages before winter, tiller number and leaf ages in spring, plant height, spike length, yield and its components were studied. The results showed that under the same seeding rate with delayed sowing date, tiller number and leaf ages before winter, leaf ages in spring and nodal roots were decreased, but tiller number in spring was increased. Under the same sowing date with increased seeding rates, tiller number and leaf ages before winter, tiller number and leaf ages in spring and nodal roots were decreased. Sowing date and seeding rate had significant effect on plant height, spike length, spike number, grain number and yield. Sowing date significantly affected the length of two internodes at the stem base, seeding rate extremely significantly affected 1000-grain weight. The interaction of sowing date and seeding rate had significant effect on spike number and yield. Under the conditions of this experiment, the best sowing date was from October 18 to 23 with sowing amount of 3.75×106 plants/hm2 in the southwest region of Shandong. When sowing date was after November 1st, the corresponding suitable sowing amount was 4.50×106 plants/hm2 to achieve high yield.

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  Cotton Phenology in Xinjiang: The Response to Climate Change and Sensitivity Analysis GUO Yanyun, WANG Xuejiao, WANG Sen, HUO Xunguo, HU Qirui, JI Chunrong Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (18): 113-121.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0812 Abstract + (392)    HTML (5)    PDF (3675KB) (121)       Knowledge map    In order to investigate the change rule of cotton phenology under the background of climate change, the parameters of the cotton growth model COSIM were adjusted and verified to achieve localization. Using mathematical statistics and crop model simulation methods, the response and sensitivity of cotton phenological periods to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2019, the date of emergence, budding and flowering of cotton in Xinjiang were earlier by 0.5-7.0 d/10a, 0.1-5.8 d/10a, and 0.3-3.9 d/10a, respectively, and the date of boll opening was delayed by 0.1-4.7 d/10a. COSIM was used to simulate phenological changes of cotton, and the results were consistent with the actual changes. The RMSE of the actual and simulated values of the date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening was 0.9 d, 0.7 d, 0.6 d and 0.7 d, respectively. Under warmer climate (simulated warming 0.5℃, 1℃, 1.5℃ and 2℃ compared with the base climate condition of 1981—2010), the rate of growth and development of cotton increased and each phenological period became earlier. The date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening were earlier by 0-2 d, 1-9 d, 2-12 d and 3-31 d, respectively; the vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage were shortened by 0-6 d and 2-22 d, respectively. Therefore, through variety selection and technology adjustment, climate warming can give more potential productivity to cotton by utilizing the advantage of heat and avoiding disaster risk in the key phenological periods, in order to achieve high yield and efficiency of cotton production.

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  Regulation Mechanism of Low Temperature Stress on Plants: Research Progress CHEN Siqi, SUN Jingshuang, MA Wenjun, WANG Junhui, ZHAO Xiyang, HU Ruiyang Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (17): 51-61.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.cabs-2021-0656 Abstract + (692)    HTML (21)    PDF (1344KB) (120)       Knowledge map    Low temperature is an abiotic stress that could affect plant growth and vegetation distribution. Once the environmental temperature is continuously lower than the optimal temperature for plant growth, the plant would suffer low temperature stress, including chilling injury and freezing injury. Chilling injury refers to the damage on plant caused by low temperature of zero degree or above. The cells do not freeze at this temperature, but the cold will have physiological obstacles for thermophilic plants, causing injury or death. Freezing damage refers to the phenomenon that plants are damaged or die because of the low temperature below the freezing point. Previous studies mainly focused on the regulation mechanism of low temperature stress on plants, including the process in plants from the perception of low temperature signal to the expression of functional genes, and to the resistance to low temperature stress. This article reviews the research on cold stress on plants in recent years, analyzes the research status from the aspects of signal perception, signal transduction, functional gene expression, cold-induced physiological and cellular regulatory mechanism, and discusses the prospect of the research on plant cold resistance. It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new cold-resistant plant germplasms.

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  Effects of Different Nitrogen Treatments on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Quality of Late-sowing Wheat ‘Huaimai 36’ Following Rice ZHOU Dongdong, ZHANG Jun, GE Mengjie, LIU Zhonghong, ZHU Xiaohuan, LI Chunyan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (1): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0001 Abstract + (386)    HTML (27)    PDF (1362KB) (117)       Knowledge map    To optimize the nitrogen fertilizer application technology for high-yield, high-quality and efficient cultivation of late-sowing wheat following rice in Huaibei region of Jiangsu Province, the effects of different nitrogen treatments on yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and quality of wheat were analyzed by using ‘Huaimai 36’ as the material. The two-factor split-zone test design was adopted with nitrogen application amount (210, 240 and 270 kg/hm2) as main zones, and nitrogen application ratios at different stages (basal: tillering: jointing: booting fertilizer as 0:3:3:4, 0:4:6:0, 3:1:4:2, 3:2:3:2 and 3:3:3:1) as subzones. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen application amount, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency (NARE) and yield increased first and then declined. Compared with those at the N210 and N270 levels, the NAE, NARE and yield at the N240 level were increased by 10.66% and 14.22%, 8.94% and 13.11%, and 13.94% and 0.89%, respectively. Under the condition of same nitrogen application amount, the nitrogen accumulation amount, NAE, NARE, NPE (nitrogen physiological efficiency), NHI (nitrogen harvest index) and grain yield with different basal and topdressing ratios ranked as 3:1:4:2>3:2:3:2>3:3:3:1>0:3:3:4>0:4:6:0. The maximum increase of yield was 15.22%. The results showed that the heavy application of jointing and booting fertilizer was beneficial to improving the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of late-sowing wheat following rice. The 1000-grain weight and grain quality of late-sowing wheat following rice could be improved by postponing nitrogen application appropriately and applying jointing and booting fertilizers separately. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application pattern for synergistically improving yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and quality is nitrogen rate of 240 kg/hm2 and the dressing ratio of basal: tillering: jointing: booting fertilizer of 3:1:4:2.

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  Laboratory Toxicity of Four Chemical Insecticides Against Agriophara rhombata GONG Xuena, WANG Xuesong, LUO Ziwen, CHEN Hongyun, WANG Yungang, LONG Yaqin, CHEN Linbo Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (1): 117-122.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0050 Abstract + (216)    HTML (3)    PDF (1193KB) (117)       Knowledge map    To effectively control Agriophara rhombata, an important leaf-eating pest of tea trees in Yunnan Province, suitable drugs and dosages were screened out to guide the reasonable application of insecticides. In this study, the toxicity of four insecticides at different dilution rates to the 3rd A. rhombata from 24 to 96 h was determined by leaf dipping method in laboratory. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of the four chemical insecticides to the 3rd A. rhombata was as follows: from 24 to 72 h, spinetoram 6% SC> indoxacarb 15% EC> tolfenpyrad 15% SC> chlorfenapyr 24% SC. At 96 h, spinetoram 6% SC> chlorfenapyr 24% SC> indoxacarb 15% EC> tolfenpyrad 15% SC. Therefore, spinetoram 6% SC and indoxacarb 15% EC have strong toxicity and quick efficacy, which can be recommended for emergency control of A. rhombata. Chlorfenapyr 24% SC has slow effect and obvious time-dose-mortality effect. The study results will provide a reference basis for the control of A. rhombata in Yunnan tea planting area.

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  Storage Temperature of Mature Passion Fruit: Effect on Storage Quality CUN Daize, DU Yuxia, LI Danping, LI Jing, DONG Jianmei, LI Jinxue, DUAN Minxian, ZHU Chunhua, GAO Junyan, ZHOU Xianyan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (24): 38-44.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0652 Abstract + (198)    HTML (6)    PDF (3331KB) (111)       Knowledge map    The aim of the study is to explore the effect of storage temperature on the storage quality of passion fruit, and provide reference for improving the postharvest-storage quality of passion fruit. The passion fruit ‘Tainong No.1’ was used as experimental material. The mature fruits were stored at 4℃, 8℃ and room temperature, respectively. The quality indexes were measured every 2 days. The results showed that low temperature storage (4℃ and 8℃) could significantly delay the color change and the shrink of fruit, and maintain high sensory quality and prolong shelf life. There was no significant difference in total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acid (TA), TSS/TA and sensory quality of fruits (P>0.05). At the room-temperature storage, the TSS was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage from day 4 to day 6 (P<0.05), and significantly lower than that of low temperature storage at day 14 (P<0.05). The TA was significantly lower than that of low temperature storage after 10 days (P<0.05). The TSS/TA was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage after 6 days (P<0.05). The sensory quality was significantly higher than that of low temperature storage from day 2 to day 6 (P<0.05), and significantly lower than that of low temperature storage after 10 days (P<0.05). The weight loss rate of fruits increased with the extension of storage time and the increase of storage temperature. In conclusion, the fruit quality at room temperature storage is better than that of low temperature storage for the first 6 days, but low temperature storage could maintain high sensory quality and prolong shelf life.

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  Effects of Nitrogen Top-dressing by Stages on Yield and Post-flowering Photosynthetic Characteristics and Nitrogen Utilization of Maize Under Shallow-buried Drip Irrigation GE Xuanliang, YANG Hengshan, ZHAO Peijun, LIU Jing, ZHANG Yushan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (19): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0078 Abstract + (350)    HTML (24)    PDF (1450KB) (111)       Knowledge map    To study the differences of post-flowering photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen utilization and yield formation of maize with different nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing methods under shallow-burial drip irrigation, the maize with one-time top-dressing (CK) and top-dressing by stages (NFQ) of nitrogen were taken as the research object, and the post-flowering leaf source characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen utilization, as well as the yield and yield components were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the post-flowering leaf source characteristics of NFQ were significantly better than those of CK from 2018 to 2020, and the leaf area index, chlorophyll SPAD value and leaf nitrogen content of NFQ increased by 6.35%, 11.02% and 5.34%, respectively. The post-flowering photosynthetic characteristics of NFQ were also significantly better than those of CK, and net photosynthetic rate, instantaneous light energy use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation rate of NFQ increased by 6.98%, 4.28%, 20.49% and 12.73%, respectively. The nitrogen accumulation and transport amount of NFQ were significantly higher than those of CK, increased by 23.73% and 19.29% respectively; the yield of NFQ was significantly higher than that of CK, with an average increase of 9.40% in the experimental years, and the significant increase of kernel number per ear and 1000-kernel weight was the main reason for the yield increase. This study recommended that the suitable nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing method for maize production in the well-irrigated area of the West Liaohe Plain should be top-dressing at a ratio of 3:6:1 at the jointing stage, the big flare stage and the silking stage.

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  Nitrogen Metabolism Involved in Low Nitrogen Stress in Plants: A Review LI Jiajia, XU Lingqing, ZHAO Yang, RUI Xiuli, SHI Junting, LIU Dali Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (27): 119-124.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0269 Abstract + (438)    HTML (9)    PDF (1185KB) (109)       Knowledge map    The increasing deterioration of the environment has forced people to abandon the concept of high-fertilizer production and shift to the concept of low-fertilizer green production. This study reviewed different metabolic levels, and morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants from five aspects: enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen assimilation pathways, primary metabolism, secondary metabolism and nitrogen metabolism-related genes under low nitrogen stress, discussed the low nitrogen tolerance strategies of plants at different growth stages, and expounded the enzymes related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and their regulatory mechanism in the process of resisting nitrogen stress. It is proposed that in the future, according to the differences of low nitrogen tolerance of different plants or different growth periods of the same plant, and the relationship of key gene expression products, the molecular response mechanisms of plants under low nitrogen stress could be systematically and comprehensively studied from multiple disciplines and perspectives, so as to provide theoretical reference for the research on plant nitrogen metabolism involved in low nitrogen stress.

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  Effects of Amino Acid Foliar Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Etiolated Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) in Summer and Autumn LIU Shengchuan, WEI Jie, CHEN Zhixiong, XU Lin, HE Guoju, YAN Donghai Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (19): 54-58.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0813 Abstract + (257)    HTML (6)    PDF (1245KB) (107)       Knowledge map    To provide technical support for increasing yield and improving quality of etiolated tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in summer and autumn, the etiolated cultivar ‘Zhonghuang 3’ was selected to study the effects of amino acid foliar fertilizer on tea yield and quality. Five treatments were set up, including no foliar fertilizer (CK), spraying amino acid water-soluble foliar fertilizer (amino acid≥100 g/L, Zn≥10 g/L, B≥100 g/L, T1), spraying active amino acid foliar fertilizer (amino acid≥100 g/L, organic matter≥130 g/L, Zn+B≥100 g/L, T2), spraying special foliar fertilizer for tea plant (amino acid≥100 g/L, Zn+B≥100 g/L, T3), and spraying 1.8% urea (total N≥46.4%, T4). The results showed that the budding density and the 100-bud fresh weight of one bud and two leaves under foliar fertilizer treatments were higher or significantly higher than those of CK, respectively. The yield of CK was the lowest. The yield of T1, T2 and T3 was higher than that of T4, while the yield of T1 and T3 was slightly higher than that of T2, respectively. There was no significant difference in water extracts and caffeine content among all treatments. The ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acids (TP/AA) of CK was the highest, while that of T2 was the lowest. TP/AA of T1 and T2 was significantly lower than that of CK and T4, while no significant difference was observed among that of CK, T3 and T4. The study suggested that T1 and T2 could contribute more to increasing the yield and improving the quality of green tea in summer and autumn, while T2 had better overall quality.

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  Effects of Nitrogen Application on Root Morphology and Leaf Quality of ‘Hongda’ Flue-cured Tobacco WANG Zheng, LIU Jiuyu, KAN Hongwei, HUANG Shaoli, LI Zhi, DONG Shuchao, LIU Yangxu, LI Xiaoting, YANG Xiaobin, LI Xiancai Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (25): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0882 Abstract + (260)    HTML (6)    PDF (1250KB) (103)       Knowledge map    To select a reasonable nitrogen application rate for ‘Hongda’ flue-cured tobacco in Baoshan tobacco-growing area, field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth and development of roots, agronomic traits, economic traits and leaf quality of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the maximum leaf width and maximum leaf length of 75 kg/hm2 and 90 kg/hm2 N treatments were significantly higher than those of other treatments, which increased by 21.92% and 18.83%, respectively, compared with those of 45 kg/hm2 N treatment. The total root length, mean root diameter, total root volume, root apical count and root bifurcation count under N treatment of 75 kg/hm2 and 90 kg/hm2 were significantly higher than those under N treatment of 45 kg/hm2 and 60 kg/hm2 at budding stage and after topping. The growth rate of root length was the highest from the growing stage to the budding stage, while the growth rate of root diameter, surface area and total volume were the highest from the resettling growth stage to the vigorous growth stage. The content of total nitrogen and nicotine in the upper tobacco leaves were higher after curing, and the sensory quality of tobacco leaves decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amount. Overall, the comprehensive evaluation of appearance quality and chemical composition coordination of tobacco under nitrogen application rate of 75 kg/hm2 were relatively good, and the comprehensive evaluation of physical properties and sensory quality of tobacco under nitrogen application rate of 45 kg/hm2 were relatively excellent. Considering the growth of flue-cured tobacco and the quality of tobacco leaves, 75 kg/hm2 nitrogen application rate is recommended for ‘Hongda’ in Baoshan tobacco area.

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  Breeding Capsium with Main Disease Resistance: Research Progress HAN Meimei, DUAN Qingqing, Tan Yanxiao, ZHANG Shaoli, LI Tengfei, LI Hua, ZHANG Chao, CHANG Peipei, Wang Jingjing, ZHANG Zikun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (14): 27-32.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0438 Abstract + (128)    HTML (2)    PDF (1103KB) (103)       Knowledge map    Capsium diseases are the obstacles in Capsium production. In this study, four major Capsium diseases, including viral disease, Phytophthora, anthracnose and Leveillula taurica, were reviewed from the aspects of resistance identification, resistance genetic rule, resistance gene location and resistant variety breeding, aiming to provide reference for Capsium resistance breeding in the future.

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  Climate-smart Grassland Management Technology Helps the Revitalization of Pastoral Areas ZHOU Chengyang, LIU Hao, HUANG Ding, WANG Jie, LI Tingyu, WANG Mingli, ZHANG Yingjun, LI Chengyu, ZHAI Xiyue, YANG Wuteng Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (20): 156-164.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0006 Abstract + (173)    HTML (3)    PDF (2277KB) (100)       Knowledge map    Climate warming and human activities have brought unprecedented challenges to the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to enhance the Qinghai-Tibet pastoral area’s ability to cope with climate change, rationally utilize alpine grassland resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural animal husbandry, and increase herdsmen’s income and livelihood resilience, this research team implemented the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)-World Bank (WB)-Global Environment Facility (GEF) climate-smart grassland management technology research. In Mole Town of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, we worked with herdsmen to implement the natural grassland management technology of non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, monitored grassland vegetation diversity and productivity, calculated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation in the study area through satellite images, and investigated the social impacts and herdsmen’s satisfaction and economic conditions resulting from climate-smart grassland management. The pilot application and investigation of climate-smart grassland management technology has achieved rich results in Mole Town. Grassland productivity has been increased by 34.1% and 50.0% respectively under non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, and both of these two restoration measures have increased the grassland vegetation diversity to a certain extent. NDVI showed that the vegetation growth under the restoration measures is better than that of the control land. In addition, 88.6% of the herdsmen are satisfied with the climate-smart grassland management technology. The implementation of the management technology directly or indirectly increased the income of the project households and herdsmen. And the scientific literacy of about 80.0% of local herdsmen has been improved. Climate-smart grassland management technology can improve the grassland vegetation diversity, productivity and green coverage, increase herdsmen’s income, improve herdsmen’s living environment, promote herdsmen’s scientific literacy, and enhance herdsmen’s ability to cope with climate change, thereby helping the revitalization of pastoral areas.

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  Different Planting Densities of Silage Maize: A Comparative Experiment GAO Wenhui, YANG Liu, ZHAO Lini, ZHANG Honghong, REN Bo, DING Yuguo, LI Xinchun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (26): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0761 Abstract + (194)    HTML (15)    PDF (1252KB) (99)       Knowledge map    In order to screen out the suitable planting density for two grain and forage silage maize varieties, ‘Jingang silage 50’and ‘Tieyan 53’, in Yuyang District, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, 4 planting densities of 52500, 60000, 67500 and 75000 plants per hm2 were set in this experiment for the two varieties respectively. The agronomic characters, yield, nutrient content, ratio of leaf weight and ratio of panicle weight of each variety under different densities were compared. The results showed that, with the increase of the planting density, the total grass yield and total nutrient content of the two varieties showed an increasing trend, and reached the highest value at 75000 plants per hm2. Therefore, the suitable planting density is 75000 plants per hm2.

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  Rice Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes and Resistance-related Factors: A Review on Research and Utilization LI Zhou, YANG Yayun, DAI Luyuan, ZHANG Feifei, A Xinxiang, DONG Chao, WANG Bin, TANG Cuifeng Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (30): 91-99.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0941 Abstract + (407)    HTML (15)    PDF (1172KB) (98)       Knowledge map    Bacterial blight severely restricts the production of rice. The discovery and utilization of disease-resistant genes is currently the most environment-friendly and effective way to control the disease. In order to efficiently discover, study and utilize bacterial blight resistance genes, this paper summarized the interaction mechanism between bacterial blight and rice, concluded the location and cloning status of bacterial blight resistance genes, and classified their functional types. Research progress on disease resistance-related factors was reviewed. In view of the current situation that the research progress of bacterial blight resistance genes is slow and the overview research reports are relatively lagging behind, we put forward the research prospect, and believe that more in-depth research should be done on the location cloning and utilization of rice bacterial blight resistance genes, and the synergistic relationship between genes and disease resistance-related factors should be explored.

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  Field Effect Evaluation of Healthy Seed Canes of Chewing Cane CHEN Peihua, BAO Han, CHEN Peishou, SHEN Wankuan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (16): 1-5.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0608 Abstract + (281)    HTML (17)    PDF (1304KB) (98)       Knowledge map    Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) and sugarcane mosaic disease (SMD) are considered to be the main cause of the degeneration of chewing cane cultivars. It is an available method to control RSD and SMD through planting healthy seed canes. To evaluate the effect of healthy seed canes in field, a comparative trial of healthy seed canes and common seed canes of chewing cane was conducted on newly planted chewing canes in 2018, and molecular detection techniques were used to detect RSD pathogens and pathogenic virus of SMD, including sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) and sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). The trial results indicated that the cane yield and sucrose content of healthy seed canes were 23.85% and 0.36 percentage points (absolute value, the same below) higher than those of common seed canes, respectively. The results also showed that the stalk length, internode length and single stem weight of healthy seed canes significantly increased by 20.6 cm, 2.47 cm and 0.65 kg, respectively, and the germination rate and the tillering rate were 24.6% and 18.4% higher than those of common seed canes, respectively, but the number of millable stalks per square meter was similar between the two. In addition, no RSD pathogen, SCMV, SrMV and SCSMV were detected in healthy seed canes. The study shows that the healthy seed canes of chewing cane have significant effect on increasing cane yield and improving cane quality.