重金属污染土壤几种生物修复方式比较

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500109

中国农学通报 ›› 2020, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (20): 83-91.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190500109

所属专题：土壤重金属污染

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇下一篇

重金属污染土壤几种生物修复方式比较

赵首萍, 叶雪珠, 张棋, 肖文丹

农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室（筹）/农业农村部农产品信息溯源重点实验室/浙江省农业科学院农产品质量标准研究所,杭州 310021

收稿日期:2019-05-08 修回日期:2019-10-22 出版日期:2020-07-15 发布日期:2020-07-20
作者简介:赵首萍,女,1976年出生,黑龙江人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事土壤重金属污染修复技术方面的研究。通信地址：310021 浙江省杭州市江干区德胜中路298号浙江省农科院质标所,Tel：0571-86419052,E-mail：zhaosppaper@163.com,630751041@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金“秸秆生物质炭与水分管理对稻田铬形态及水稻铬积累的协同影响及其生物化学机制”(41701370);浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGN20D010004、LGN18D010006);绍兴市公益性技术应用研究计划(2018C20002)

Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods

Zhao Shouping, Ye Xuezhu, Zhang Qi, Xiao Wendan

State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021

Received:2019-05-08 Revised:2019-10-22 Online:2020-07-15 Published:2020-07-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤重金属污染是全球普遍存在的问题,生物修复因其环境友好且成本效益高而得到广泛关注。但不同生物修复技术有其优势和局限性,充分了解每种修复技术的特点,才能更经济、有效地对污染土壤进行修复。本研究阐述对比了目前的土壤重金属生物修复方法,包括植物修复（植物挥发、植物固定和植物提取）、转基因植物提取、螯合辅助植物修复、微生物辅助植物修复等技术的机制、优势、局限性和适用性等方面的差异。综述提出有效的生物修复技术需要土壤化学、植物生物学、遗传学、微生物学和环境工程等多学科的有机结合。根据污染土壤的特点,结合具有相应改良特性的转基因植物,是实现污染土壤大面积修复的有效方法。同时,农艺措施对天然超级积累植物的生物量和重金属提取能力的刺激作用还需要进一步挖掘。植物修复可以与其他几种传统修复技术有效结合,利用转基因技术建立土壤+植物+微生物的组合是未来修复技术发展的最佳途径。

关键词: 重金属, 生物修复, 植物修复, 微生物, 螯合剂

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in soil is a global problem. Bioremediation has received widespread attention for its environment friendliness and cost-effectiveness. However, different bioremediation technologies have their advantages and limitations, so fully understanding the characteristics of remediation technologies can make it more economical and effective to remediate contaminated soil. In this paper, we described and compared the mechanism, advantages, limitations and applicability of popular bioremediation methods, including phytoremediation (phytovolatilization, phytostablizatioin and phytoextraction), genetically modified phytoextraction, chelate assisted phytoextraction, and microbial assisted phytoextraction, and suggested the combination of soil chemistry, plant biology, genetics, microbiology and environmental engineering to form efficient and practical bioremediation technology. According to the characteristics of contaminated soil, combining transgenic plants with corresponding improved properties could be an effective method to achieve large-scale remediation of contaminated soil; meanwhile, the stimulating effect of agronomic measures on the biomass of natural super accumulation plant and heavy metal extraction capacity should be further explored. In conclusion, phytoremediation could be combined with other traditional remediation techniques, and the integration of soil, plant and microorganism by transgenic technology could be the best way to develop future remediation technology.

Key words: heavy metal, bioremediation, phytoremediation, microorganism, chelate

中图分类号:

S511
S143.1

赵首萍, 叶雪珠, 张棋, 肖文丹. 重金属污染土壤几种生物修复方式比较[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(20): 83-91.

Zhao Shouping, Ye Xuezhu, Zhang Qi, Xiao Wendan. Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(20): 83-91.

图/表 2

参考文献 61

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植物名称	富集重金属	地上部富集浓度/(mg/kg)	超积累植物阈值/(mg/kg)	富集值/阈值	参考文献
豆科植物光叶桑 Prosopis laevigata	Cd	8176	100	81.8	Buendía-González et al, 2010^[18]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		5000		30.0	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		1201		12.1	Wan et al, 2016^[25]
叶下珠属 Phyllanthus serpentines	Ni	38100	1000	38.1	Chaney et al, 2010^[26]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		16200		16.2	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
水生蕨类 Salvinia minima		16600		16.6	Fuentes et al, 2014^[27]
芥菜型油菜 Brassica juncea	Pb	10300	1000	10.3	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
黑芥菜 Brassica nigra		9400		9.4	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
向日葵 Helianthus annuus		5600		5.6	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
尖叶柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		2350		2.4	Wan et al., 2016^[25]
蕨类植物 Pteris vittate	As	6017	1000	6.0	Han, et al, 2016^[28]
菊科的雀苣属 Corrigiola telephiifolia	As	2110	1000	2.1	Garcia-Salgado et al, 2012^[29]

植物名称	富集重金属	地上部富集浓度/(mg/kg)	超积累植物阈值/(mg/kg)	富集值/阈值	参考文献
豆科植物光叶桑 Prosopis laevigata	Cd	8176	100	81.8	Buendía-González et al, 2010^[18]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		5000		30.0	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		1201		12.1	Wan et al, 2016^[25]
叶下珠属 Phyllanthus serpentines	Ni	38100	1000	38.1	Chaney et al, 2010^[26]
天蓝遏蓝菜 Thlaspi caerulescens		16200		16.2	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
水生蕨类 Salvinia minima		16600		16.6	Fuentes et al, 2014^[27]
芥菜型油菜 Brassica juncea	Pb	10300	1000	10.3	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
黑芥菜 Brassica nigra		9400		9.4	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
向日葵 Helianthus annuus		5600		5.6	Koptsik, 2014^[24]
尖叶柔毛堇菜 Viola principis		2350		2.4	Wan et al., 2016^[25]
蕨类植物 Pteris vittate	As	6017	1000	6.0	Han, et al, 2016^[28]
菊科的雀苣属 Corrigiola telephiifolia	As	2110	1000	2.1	Garcia-Salgado et al, 2012^[29]

修复技术	修复过程	优势	局限性	适用性	公众接受度	复合污染点位	修复所需时间
植物挥发	植物从土壤吸收重金属并以水蒸气的形式释放到大气中	经济成本低, 破坏性小	仅限挥发性的重金属,且会产生环境问题,重金属挥发后无法控制	中小规模地块,长期修复	低、中	不适合	长期
植物固定	植物根系吸收隔离,降低土壤金属生物有效性和移动性	经济成本低, 破坏性小	效果是暂时的,且有效性随土壤、植物和重金属类型变化	中小规模地块,短期修复	中	不太适合	长期
植物提取	超级累植物从土壤中吸收、转移和浓缩重金属到地上可收获部分	经济成本高、环境友好,破坏性小	有效性取决于植物生长条件及其对重金属耐性,且重金属超级累植物一般比较少	大规模地块, 长期修复	高	不太适合,除了某些特殊植物	长期
螯合辅助植物提取	使用有机、无机螯合剂增强植物提取的能力	修复周期短,增加重金属的吸收和转运	费用高,可能带来破坏性,仅对低中度污染土壤有效,可能有地下水污染风险	中小规模地块,短期修复,低中度污染水平	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短
微生物辅助植物提取	利用微生物增强植物提取的能力	经济成本低,修复时间短,促进植物生长和重金属的吸收和转运	效果依赖微生物、土壤、植物和重金属类型	大规模地块, 长期修复	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短

修复技术	修复过程	优势	局限性	适用性	公众接受度	复合污染点位	修复所需时间
植物挥发	植物从土壤吸收重金属并以水蒸气的形式释放到大气中	经济成本低, 破坏性小	仅限挥发性的重金属,且会产生环境问题,重金属挥发后无法控制	中小规模地块,长期修复	低、中	不适合	长期
植物固定	植物根系吸收隔离,降低土壤金属生物有效性和移动性	经济成本低, 破坏性小	效果是暂时的,且有效性随土壤、植物和重金属类型变化	中小规模地块,短期修复	中	不太适合	长期
植物提取	超级累植物从土壤中吸收、转移和浓缩重金属到地上可收获部分	经济成本高、环境友好,破坏性小	有效性取决于植物生长条件及其对重金属耐性,且重金属超级累植物一般比较少	大规模地块, 长期修复	高	不太适合,除了某些特殊植物	长期
螯合辅助植物提取	使用有机、无机螯合剂增强植物提取的能力	修复周期短,增加重金属的吸收和转运	费用高,可能带来破坏性,仅对低中度污染土壤有效,可能有地下水污染风险	中小规模地块,短期修复,低中度污染水平	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短
微生物辅助植物提取	利用微生物增强植物提取的能力	经济成本低,修复时间短,促进植物生长和重金属的吸收和转运	效果依赖微生物、土壤、植物和重金属类型	大规模地块, 长期修复	非常高	不太适合,但比单独植物提取更有效	长期,但比单独植物提取需时间短

重金属污染土壤几种生物修复方式比较

Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals: Comparison of Bioremediation Methods

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