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中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (14): 120-127.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0210

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

2025年春季陇东苹果花期气象灾害特征及防御措施

陈帆1(), 豆琴琴2(), 杨玉辉3(), 李美瑜4, 邱宁刚5, 王娟5, 张天峰5   

  1. 1 甘肃省镇原县气象局, 甘肃镇原 744500
    2 甘肃省庆城县气象局, 甘肃庆城 745100
    3 内蒙古扎赉特旗气象局, 内蒙古兴安盟 137600
    4 甘肃省正宁县气象局, 甘肃正宁 745300
    5 庆阳市气象局, 甘肃庆阳 745000
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-22 修回日期:2026-05-25 出版日期:2026-07-25 发布日期:2026-07-24
  • 通讯作者:
    杨玉辉,男,1983年出生,辽宁康平人,高级工程师,硕士研究生,研究方向:气象服务与应用气象、综合观测。通信地址:137600 内蒙古扎赉特旗 扎赉特旗气象局,E-mail:
    豆琴琴,女,1987年出生,甘肃宁县人,高级工程师,本科,研究方向:农业气象。通信地址:745000 甘肃省庆阳市西峰区兰州路14号 甘肃省庆城县气象局,E-mail:
  • 作者简介:

    陈帆,女,1973年出生,甘肃镇原人,高级工程师,本科,研究方向:农业气象。通信地址:744500 甘肃省镇原县气象局,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省庆阳市气象局科研项目“‘扰动+加热’型霜冻综合防治技术研究”(QY2025-11)

Meteorological Disaster Characteristics During Apple Flowering Period in Spring of 2025 in Longdong and Its Preventive Measures

CHEN Fan1(), DOU Qinqin2(), YANG Yuhui3(), LI Meiyu4, QIU Ninggang5, WANG Juan5, ZHANG Tianfeng5   

  1. 1 Zhenyuan County Meteorological Bureau, Zhenyuan, Gansu 744500
    2 Qingcheng County Meteorological Bureau, Qingcheng, Gansu 745100
    3 Zhalaiteqi Banner Meteorological Bureau, Xing’an League, Inner Mongolia 137600
    4 Zhengning County Meteorological Bureau, Zhengning, Gansu 745300
    5 Qingyang City Meteorological Bureau, Qingyang, Gansu 745000
  • Received:2026-03-22 Revised:2026-05-25 Published:2026-07-25 Online:2026-07-24

摘要:

为应对春季陇东地区频发的寒潮天气所引发的大风、沙尘、霜冻等多种气象灾害的复合风险,本研究选取庆阳市8个国家气象站,收集1991—2024年的气温、降水、大风、沙尘、霜冻等观测记录及1994年以来西峰农业气象试验站的苹果发育期资料。采用气候趋势系数法分析气温变化趋势(升温/降温速率),运用Pearson相关分析法,重点解析花期平均气温与坐果率、风速与授粉昆虫活动频次之间的相关性,精确评估了各类灾害的影响程度。结果表明:2025年春季,该地区遭遇了近34 a来最为频繁的大风寒潮天气,镇原县武沟区域站更是监测到高达13级(39.5 m/s)的极端大风;风沙阻碍蜜蜂等授粉昆虫的活动,导致花瓣脱落、柱头干枯,使得自然授粉果园的坐果率较常年降低20~35%。受益于2024年伏期及2025年1月充沛的降水,果园50~100 cm土层相对湿度维持在55~70%,深层土壤水分的充足为表层干旱提供了有效的缓冲,使得花期干旱造成的减产幅度(8%~12%)远低于2016年和2023年的水平,干旱影响相对较轻。尽管人工授粉虽未完全抵消多重灾害的影响,但将整体坐果率稳定在45~55%(常年为60%~70%),有效缓解了坐果率的下降趋势。针对“干冷”型霜冻的特点,本研究创新提出“熏烟+加热+风力扰动”三位一体的综合防御技术。实践验证表明,该综合技术显著提升了防效,为同类气候区的农业防灾减灾提供了可推广的技术模式。

关键词: 陇东, 苹果花期, 灾害种类, 灾害特征, 趋势分析, 防御措施

Abstract:

To address the risks posed by compound meteorological disasters, including strong winds, dust storms, and frost, associated with spring cold waves in the Longdong region, this study analyzed data from eight national meteorological stations in Qingyang City. Observations of temperature, precipitation, strong winds, dust, and frost from 1991 to 2024, along with apple phenological data from the Xifeng Agrometeorological Experimental Station since 1994, were utilized. The Climate Trend Coefficient method was applied to quantify warming/cooling rates (calculated via the correlation coefficient between temperature series and time variables, ranging [-1, 1]), and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between average temperature during the flowering period and fruit set rates, as well as wind speed and pollinator activity frequency. Results indicated that strong wind and cold wave events in spring of 2025 were the most frequent in 34 years, with an extreme gust of 39.5 m/s (Level 13) recorded by the Wugou Regional Station in Zhenyuan County. Wind and dust obstructed bee activities, stripped petals, and desiccated stigmas, reducing fruit set rates in naturally pollinated orchards by 20%-35% compared to normal levels. Benefiting from above-normal precipitation in the summer of 2024 and January 2025, soil moisture storage in the 50-100 cm deep layer remained favorable (55%-70%), buffering the impact of surface drought. Consequently, the yield reduction rate during the flowering period (8%-12%) was significantly lower than that in 2016 and 2023, indicating a comparatively mild impact. Although artificial pollination did not fully offset the disaster effects, it stabilized overall fruit set rates at 45%-55% (normal level: 60%-70%), effectively mitigating the downward trend. In response to "dry-cold" frost, an integrated defense technology of “smoke generation + heating + air disturbance” was innovatively proposed. Validation showed that its effectiveness was significantly higher than that of single measures, providing a replicable technical model for disaster prevention and mitigation in climatically analogous regions.

Key words: Longdong, apple flowering period, types of disaster, disaster characteristics, trend analysis, prevention and control measures

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