荞麦脱壳性状的研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0077

中国农学通报 ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (24): 19-27.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0077

所属专题：生物技术；小麦

荞麦脱壳性状的研究进展

马贵芳¹^,²(), 辛海波¹, 修莉³, 孙朝霞², 张华¹()

¹北京市园林绿化科学研究院,绿化植物育种北京市重点实验室,北京 100102
²山西农业大学,山西晋中 030801
³沈阳市浑南区城乡建设综合执法中心,沈阳 110000

收稿日期:2022-02-05 修回日期:2022-04-27 出版日期:2022-08-25 发布日期:2022-08-22
通讯作者: 张华
作者简介:马贵芳,女,1996年出生,山西大同人,硕士研究生,研究方向：种质创新与遗传育种。通信地址：100102 北京市朝阳区花家地甲7号北京市园林绿化科学研究院,E-mail： 1783526621@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目“苦荞脱壳关键基因的鉴定与分子调控机制研究”(31871691)

Buckwheat Seed Shelling Characters: A Review

MA Guifang¹^,²(), XIN Haibo¹, XIU Li³, SUN Chaoxia², ZHANG Hua¹()

¹Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing 100102
²Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801
³Comprehensive Law Enforcement Center for Urban and Rural Construction in Hunnan District, Shenyang 110000

Received:2022-02-05 Revised:2022-04-27 Online:2022-08-25 Published:2022-08-22
Contact: ZHANG Hua

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

荞麦适应性广、种质资源丰富,是一种药食同源作物,其籽实具有很高的营养价值。荞麦籽粒由胚、胚乳和外壳构成,外壳富含木质素、纤维素和糖,导致脱壳困难,这一性状严重制约着荞麦加工产业的发展,因此培育易脱壳种质资源是荞麦育种的主要目标之一。荞麦种壳的形成和开裂受遗传和环境共同调控,为了充分了解影响荞麦脱壳的因素,本研究归纳了不同荞麦种壳的组成及细胞排列方式;总结了酶在种子壳裂发生过程中的作用及蜡质角质层在种子外壳脱落过程中的功能;分析了转录因子对壳发育的调控。本研究同时指出了薄壳和厚壳荞麦种壳发育和裂壳性状的主要差异及其关键候选调控基因,为脱壳关键调控基因克隆和高效分子设计育种提供重要的理论依据。

关键词: 荞麦, 脱壳, 细胞壁降解酶, 角质层, 转录因子

Abstract:

Buckwheat has a wide range of adaptation and rich germplasm, and it is a medicinal and food crop. Its seeds have a high nutritional value. Buckwheat seeds are composed of embryos, endosperm and hulls. The hull is rich in lignin, cellulose and sugar, which makes it difficult to shell. This trait seriously restricts the development of the buckwheat processing industry. Therefore, cultivating germplasm resources which are easy to shell is one of the main objectives of buckwheat breeding. The formation and dehiscence of buckwheat hulls are regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. In order to fully understand the factors affecting buckwheat hull dehiscence, this study summarized the composition and cellular arrangement of different buckwheat hulls, generalized the function of enzymes in the process of seed hull dehiscence and the function of the waxy cuticle in the process of seed hull shedding, and analyzed the regulation of transcription factors on hull development. It also pointed out the main differences and relative key candidate genes in hull development and hull dehiscence traits between thin and thick hulled buckwheat seeds, which could provide an important theoretical basis for the cloning of key regulatory genes for dehiscence and efficient molecular design breeding.

Key words: buckwheat, seed shelling, cell wall degrading enzymes, cuticle, transcription factor

中图分类号:

S567.9

马贵芳, 辛海波, 修莉, 孙朝霞, 张华. 荞麦脱壳性状的研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(24): 19-27.

MA Guifang, XIN Haibo, XIU Li, SUN Chaoxia, ZHANG Hua. Buckwheat Seed Shelling Characters: A Review[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(24): 19-27.

图/表 8

图1. 非稻谷型(NT)品种(Hokkai T8和Manten-Kirari)和稻谷型(RT)品种(Mekei T28)的卵巢和果实的组织学特征 a：成熟果实的图像;b、c：花开3天时靠近子房边缘(b)和中脉(c)的细胞;d、e：花开28天时果实边缘(d)和中脉(e)附近的细胞

图2. 荞麦非稻谷(NT)品种和稻谷(RT)品种花芽细胞长轴长度及子房中脉表皮下周壁细胞组织学特征 a：花芽中细胞长轴长度小于0.8 mm;b：花芽中细胞长轴长度为0.8~1.2 mm;c：花芽中的细胞,轴长1.4~1.8 mm

成分	含量/%
水分	11.3
蛋白质	4.3
其他	2.0
木质素	8.7
脂肪	2.6
黄酮类化合物	1.6~1.7
纤维素类	40
单糖	5.5

表1. 荞麦壳主要成分

图3. 脱落区形成和器官分离的模型图

图4. 大豆荚成熟期两个阶段背侧和腹侧荚果开口区横切面的光学电子显微图 (A)成熟绿色荚果,背侧缝合。(B)成熟的绿色豆荚,腹侧缝合。(C)成熟的绿色豆荚中背侧缝合处细胞的电镜图。(D)成熟黄色荚果,背侧缝合。(E)成熟黄色荚果,腹侧缝合。(F)背侧缝合处细胞的电镜图;BC：维管束帽;EN：内果皮;EP：表皮;EX：外果皮;DZ：裂开区;FC：纤维帽细胞;MC：中果皮;P：胞间连丝

图5. 大麦颖果横切面的光学电子显微图 A：开花后1~3周有稃大麦和裸大麦;B：有稃大麦种子甲苯胺蓝染色;C：裸大麦种子甲苯胺蓝染色;D：有稃大麦种子苏丹黑染色;E：裸大麦种子苏丹黑染色;p：内麸;v：颖果的腹面;d：颖果的背面;l：外稃;红色箭头指的是只在有稃大麦种子里发现的脂质层

图6. 颖果横切面的光学电子显微图 A：有稃大麦花后21天的颖果苏丹黑染色;B：野生型水稻花后14天的颖果苏丹黑染色;C：转基因水稻花后21天的颖果苏丹黑染色;D：有稃大麦花后21天的颖果增白剂染色;E：野生型水稻花后14天的颖果增白剂染色;F：转基因水稻花后21天的颖果增白剂染色;h：麸;p：果皮;t：种皮;al：糊粉层;在A和D中的箭头指的是有稃大麦中看到的稃壳和颖果粘连的区域

图7. 拟南芥次生细胞壁结构及其生物合成转录调控网络 (A)次生细胞壁结构示意图;(B)次生细胞壁合成转录调控网络图

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荞麦脱壳性状的研究进展

Buckwheat Seed Shelling Characters: A Review

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