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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (17): 141-145.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0304

• 资源环境生态土壤气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

阿尔山地区油菜密植效应及气候适应性分析

佟宝力高1(), 杨玉辉2(), 朝鲁孟1, 张璟瑜1, 刘鑫1, 徐佳阳3   

  1. 1 阿尔山市气象局， 内蒙古兴安盟 137800
    2 内蒙古扎赉特旗气象局， 内蒙古兴安盟 137600
    3 兴安盟气象局， 内蒙古兴安盟 137400
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-15 修回日期:2026-07-02 出版日期:2026-09-15 发布日期:2026-09-09
  • 通讯作者:
    杨玉辉，男，1983年出生，辽宁康平人，高级工程师，硕士研究生，研究方向：气象服务与应用气象、综合观测。通信地址：137600 内蒙古扎赉特旗 扎赉特旗气象局，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    佟宝力高，男，1975年出生，内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗人，工程师，本科，研究方向：农业气象。通信地址：137800 内蒙古自治区兴安盟阿尔山市气象局，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    兴安盟气象局业务科研项目“阿尔山地区油菜花气象条件分析”(xaqx2025-16)

Analysis of Dense Planting Effect and Climatic Adaptability of Rapeseed in Arxan Area

TONG Baoligao1(), YANG Yuhui2(), CHAO Lumeng1, ZHANG Jingyu1, LIU Xin1, XU Jiayang3   

  1. 1 Arxan Meteorological Bureau, Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia 137800
    2 Zhalaiteqi Meteorological Bureau, Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia 137600
    3 Hinggan League Meteorological Bureau, Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia 137400
  • Received:2026-04-15 Revised:2026-07-02 Published:2026-09-15 Online:2026-09-09

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摘要：

为揭示高寒短生育期地区油菜“密植增效”的特殊机制，明确阿尔山地区适宜的种植密度及气候适应性，本研究基于1996—2025年连续30 a的田间定位观测数据，系统分析种植密度对油菜农艺性状、产量及生育期的影响，并探讨密度与气象因子的协同效应。结果表明：随着种植密度的增加，单株油菜的一次分枝数、荚果数和株籽粒重显著提升，增幅达60%~110%，群体产量持续上升的趋势，且未出现经典密度效应中产量下降的拐点；阿尔山地区油菜的适宜种植密度为60.0万~85.0万株/hm2，理论产量最高可达6511.4 kg/hm2；密植显著缩短了油菜的生育期，平均可减少15~16 d，这对于高寒地区而言，有利于油菜早熟、规避晚霜冻害，提高产量稳定性。相关性分析显示，种植密度与产量与≥10℃活动积温、日照时数呈负相关，与降水量、10 cm地温呈正相关，其中降水量与产量的相关性最为显著(r=0.68)，是影响产量的关键因素。尽管在2016—2025年期间，活动积温略降且日照时数减少，但通过提高种植密度和品种改良，油菜产量依然实现了大幅提升，证明了品种耐低温性增强及“以密补光”栽培策略的有效性。本研究不仅为高寒短生育期地区油菜耐密品种的选育提供了重要的理论支撑，也为建立适合当地的密植高产栽培技术体系奠定了坚实的科学基础。

关键词: 油菜, 种植密度, 农艺性状, 气候适应性, 群体优化, 分析

Abstract:

To elucidate the unique mechanism of dense planting efficiency in alpine regions with short growing seasons, and to determine the optimal planting density and climatic adaptability of rapeseed in Arxan, this study systematically analyzed the effects of planting density on agronomic traits, yield, and growth duration based on 30 consecutive years (1996-2025) of field observation data. The synergistic effects between planting density and meteorological factors were also investigated. The results demonstrated that with increasing density, individual plant traits, including primary branch number, pod number, and grain weight per plant, significantly improved by 60%-110%, while population yield continuously increased without exhibiting the typical yield decline inflection point observed in classical density studies. The optimal planting density for rapeseed in Arxan ranged from 600,000 to 850,000 plants/hm2, achieving a maximum theoretical yield of 6511.4 kg/hm2. Dense planting significantly shortened the growth period by 15-16 days, facilitating early maturity and disaster avoidance. Correlation analysis revealed negative associations between density/yield and accumulated temperature ≥10℃ and sunshine hours, whereas positive correlations were observed with precipitation and 10 cm soil temperature, with precipitation showing the strongest correlation with yield (r = 0.68). During 2016-2025, despite unfavorable climatic conditions characterized by slightly reduced accumulated temperature and decreased sunshine hours, substantial yield improvements were achieved through increased planting density and variety enhancement, confirming the enhanced cold tolerance of varieties and the effectiveness of the “compensating for light with density” cultivation strategy. This study provides a scientific foundation for breeding cold-tolerant, high-density rapeseed varieties and establishing intensive high-yield cultivation systems in alpine regions with short growing seasons.

Key words: rapeseed, planting density, agronomic traits, climate adaptability, population optimization, analysis

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