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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7): 30-37.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0861

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

北方地区2种黄芪不同生长期药材品质变化分析

刘星雨1,2(), 徐海军1,3(), 王晓飞2, 吴青松2, 郑歆然2, 刘淑霞2, 肖宇2, 关向军2   

  1. 1 大庆师范学院生物工程学院， 黑龙江大庆 163712
    2 黑龙江省科学院大庆分院， 黑龙江大庆 163319
    3 黑龙江省北方本草种业有限公司， 黑龙江齐齐哈尔 162100
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16 修回日期:2026-03-15 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-04-15
  • 通讯作者:
    徐海军，男，1979年出生，宁夏银川人，研究员，博士，研究方向：植物资源培育及植物生理生态学。通信地址：163712 大庆市让胡路区大庆师范学院，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    刘星雨，女，1998年出生，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，研究实习员，硕士，研究方向：植物资源培育。通信地址：163319 大庆市高新区博学大街43号 黑龙江省科学院大庆分院，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    国家十四五重点研发计划项目“道地药材产地加工技术升级与健康产品开发”(2021YFD1600903); 黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费基础类资助项目“黑龙江省黄芪根系药用主成分空间分异规律及其驱动机制研究”(CZKYF2022-1-B025); 黑龙江省院所基本应用技术研究专项资助项目“黄芪生殖分配调控对根系物质积累的影响研究”(ZNJJ2020DQ01); 黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目“寒地药材种质资源收集、鉴定与评价”(CZBZ202509002)

Analysis of Quality Changes in Two Astragalus Species at Different Growth Stages in North China

LIU Xingyu1,2(), XU Haijun1,3(), WANG Xiaofei2, WU Qingsong2, ZHENG Xinran2, LIU Shuxia2, XIAO Yu2, GUAN Xiangjun2   

  1. 1 School of Biological Engineering, Daqing Normal University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163712
    2 Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319
    3 Heilongjiang Northern Herbal Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 162100
  • Received:2025-10-16 Revised:2026-03-15 Published:2026-04-15 Online:2026-04-15

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摘要：

北方地区黄芪栽培中存在品种选择模糊、采收期不明确导致药材品质不均的问题。为筛选适宜品种与最优采收期，以蒙古黄芪(AM)与膜荚黄芪(AG)为试验材料，系统测定不同生长年限（1~3年）下2种黄芪生长指标（根长、根粗、根鲜重、根干重）与药用成分（毛蕊异黄酮苷、刺芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、粗多糖）含量，追踪不同生长月份2种黄芪药用成分动态变化，结合主成分分析(PCA)综合评价不同生长年限黄芪药材品质。结果表明：（1）2种黄芪的生长指标与药用成分含量均随生长年限增加显著上升；3年生AM生长优势显著，其根干重较2年生增幅达250.37%，毛蕊异黄酮含量较1~2年生显著提升1197.56%~1533.58%，3年生AG的根干重较2年生显著增加193.78%，毛蕊异黄酮含量较1~2年生增幅达516.33%~522.50%。（2）3年生AM的根长、根鲜重、根干重及毛蕊异黄酮苷、刺芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮含量均显著优于AG。（3）月龄动态显示，AM药用成分（毛蕊异黄酮苷、刺芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮）呈“N”型变化，峰值出现于29月龄；AG的毛蕊异黄酮苷与粗多糖呈“M”型变化，峰值在28~29月龄。（4）PCA结果显示，3年生黄芪与1年生黄芪显著分离（累计贡献率80.340%），3年生AM药材产量及品质最高。综上，蒙古黄芪在北方地区的生长与品质表现均优于膜荚黄芪，第3年10月（29月龄）为最优采收期。本研究为北方地区黄芪优质高产栽培提供了科学依据，未来可结合多点试验与分子机制解析进一步优化技术方案。

关键词: 生长年限, 蒙古黄芪, 膜荚黄芪, 采收期, 生长量, 药用成分, 主成分分析

Abstract:

To address the inconsistency in the quality of Astragalus caused by ambiguous cultivar selection and indeterminate harvesting periods in Northern China, this study aimes to identify suitable cultivars and determine the optimal harvest time. Using A. membranaceus var. mongholicus (AM) and A. membranaceus (AG) as experimental materials, we systematically evaluated their growth parameters, including root length, root diameter, fresh root weight, and dry root weight, as well as the contents of key medicinal compounds (calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, and crude polysaccharides) across different cultivation years (1 to 3 years). The monthly dynamics of these bioactive components in both Astragalus species were monitored. Principal component analysis (PCA) was subsequently employed to comprehensively assess the quality of Astragalus at different growth stages. The results indicated: (1) Both growth parameters and medicinal compound contents in the two Astragalus species increased significantly with cultivation years. The 3-year-old AM exhibited marked growth advantages, with its dry root weight increasing by 250.37% compared to 2-year-old plants, and its calycosin content showing a significant increase of 1197.56% to 1533.58% relative to 1- and 2-year-old plants. The dry root weight of 3-year-old AG increased significantly by 193.78% compared to 2-year-old plants, with its calycosin content rising by 516.33% to 522.50% compared to 1- and 2-year-old plants. (2) The root length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, and contents of calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, and calycosin in 3-year-old AM were all significantly higher than those in AG. (3) Monthly dynamics revealed that the bioactive compounds (calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin) in AM followed an “N”-shaped change pattern, peaking at 29 months. In AG, calycosin-7-glucoside and crude polysaccharides exhibited an “M”-shaped change pattern, with peaks occurring at 28-29 months. (4) PCA results demonstrated clear separation between 3-year-old and 1-year-old Astragalus (cumulative contribution rate: 80.340%), with 3-year-old AM showing the highest yield and quality. In conclusion, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus (AM) demonstrated superior growth and quality performance compared to A. membranaceus (AG) in northern regions, with the optimal harvest time identified as October of the third year (29 months of age). This study provides a scientific basis for high-quality and high-yield cultivation of Astragalus in Northern China. Future research could further optimize cultivation practices by incorporating multi-location trials and molecular mechanism analysis.

Key words: growth duration, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Astragalus membranaceus, harvesting period, growth increment, medicinal components, principal component analysis