Abstract: Mutation breeding changes the crop genome through artificial mutation method. To discuss the methods, advantages and disadvantages of different mutation technologies and their application in crop genetics and breeding, this paper summarized the principle and method of physical, chemical and biological technology and space mutation, compared advantages and disadvantages of traditional breeding and mutation breeding, analyzed mechanism of different mutation technology, concluded different mutation technique on different crops. At last, it pointed out defects of present mutation breeding, looked forward to the prospect of mutation breeding, and provided a theoretical and technical support for the role of mutation breeding in modern breeding.