Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.33 Published:25 November 2016

  Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Agronomic Characters and Yield of‘Nongxiangyou 676’ 2016, 32 (33):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020110 Abstract + ( 1246 )   PDF ( 462KB )   ( 515 ) In order to explore the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application level for achieving high yield cultivation of‘Nongxiangyou676’, we conducted a randomized block experiment with N: P2O5: K2O=1:0.5:0.8, basal fertilizer ratio of 60%, 100% and 40%, and three different pure nitrogen application levels of 120, 150 and 180 kg/hm2, respectively. The effects of different fertilization levels on main agronomic characters and yield of‘Nongxiangyou 676’were studied. The results showed that, under the application of 150 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen, both SPAD and leaf area of the upper three leaves were the largest at full tillering stage and milky stage, the total grain number per panicle and the seed setting rate increased significantly. Therefore, ‘Nongxiangyou676’achieved the highest yield. It was concluded that‘Nongxiangyou676’had the best comprehensive characters and the highest yield per unit area with the application of 150 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen. Thus, the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application level of‘ Nongxiangyou676’was 150 kg/hm2.

  Breeding Application of Two-line Sterile Rice 2016, 32 (33):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030067 Abstract + ( 1657 )   PDF ( 617KB )   ( 643 ) Rice is the most important food crops in chongqing, Two-line hybrid rice has advantages of high breeding efficiency, low cost of seed production, good rice quality and so on, in recent years two-line hybrid rice has become one of the hot issues of rice research. For clear of two-line combination genetic traits, we chose 11 representative restorer lines of Yuyou series, combination of two sterile lines C815s and Shen 08s. two-line combination of agronomic characters, yield characters and yield are analyzed. The results show that C815s combination in plant height, yield and rice blast resistance superior to the shen08s’s, while shen08s combination in such aspects as growth duration, effective ears, rice quality is better than that of C815s combination. It provides reference for the two lines of parents created and the breeding of new combination.

  Biological Characteristics and Yield Structure of Rice-blast-resistance Hybrid Rice‘Guangyouming 118’ 2016, 32 (33):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080020 Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 458 ) This paper is aimed at exploring the biological characteristic performances, such as yield, resistance identification, rice quality, agronomic traits and so on, and yield structure characteristics of blast resistance hybrid rice ‘Guangyouming 118’. Based on the experimental results and other demonstration trails of ‘Guangyouming 118’ in Fujian and Anhui provinces, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of its biological characteristics and conducts correlation and path analyses between yield and its components. The experimental results and demonstration trails show that ‘Guangyouming 118’ is featured by high yield, medium resistance to rice blast and false smut, susceptible to sheath blight, high susceptible to bacteria blight and wide adaptability. The analysis of yield structure indicates that the contribution of spike number per hectare to yield amounts to 43.05%, while grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight and seed-setting rate total 30.59%, 12.50% and 10.57% respectively; The contributions of spike number per hectare and grain number per spike to total grain number per hectare are 34.10% and 64.09% respectively.; The contribution of total grain number per hectare to sink capacity is 86.47% while 1000-grain weight is 13.31%; the contribution of sink capacity to rice yield is 86.94% while seed-setting rate is 10.23%. The keys to high yield of ‘Guangyouming 118’ are to cultivate full and large spikes, increase total grain numbers per unit area, enlarge sink capacity and focus on improving seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight.

  Nutrient Release Characteristics of Vinyl Chloride-vinyl Acetate Copolymers Coated Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Effect on Wheat-rice Yield 2016, 32 (33):  17-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060002 Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 1213KB )   ( 456 ) In order to study nutrient release characteristics of self-made material (Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer) coated nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on wheat-rice yield, the slow-released patterns of the two kinds of coated nitrogen fertilizers (Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer and hydroxyl-modified, VC/VAC) were analyzed through immersion. At the same time, the effects of coated fertilizers on the yield of wheat-rice were studied through pot culture experiments. It was found that the release period of VC/VAC coated ureas was 60 d, and the release period of hydroxyl-modified VC/VAC was 50 d. For VC/VAC and hydroxyl-modified VC/ VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers treatments, the ammonium nitrogen content in soil reached the highest peak at 30 d, while the nitrate nitrogen content in soil reached the highest peak at 60 d. There was no difference between VC/VAC and hydroxyl- modified VC/VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers treatments in wheat yield. However, VC/VAC nitrogen fertilizers treatment had significantly higher rice yield than hydroxyl-modified VC/ VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers treatment at later period (P＜0.05). The reason was that VC/VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers had better surface smoothness and uniformity, longer nutrient release period than that of hydroxyl- modified VC/VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers. So VC/VAC coated nitrogen fertilizers got higher nitrogen utilization efficiency and yield. This study illustrated the release rule of VC/VACs coated slow release nitrogen fertilizer, VC/VAC nitrogen fertilizers had higher rice yield than hydroxyl-modified VC/VAC under paddy upland rotation, and it had a certain guiding significance for the development and application of VC/ VAC coated slow release nitrogen fertilizer.

  Effect of Cultivar Renovation on Growth Period and Yield of Spring Wheat in Hexi Area Under Climate Warming 2016, 32 (33):  24-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070098 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 701KB )   ( 518 ) The observed data of spring wheat from 1986 to 2014 in the agricultural meteorological observation station of Zhangye, Gansu Province and the meteorological data in the same period were used in this study, the effect of cultivar renovation on the growth period and yield of wheat in Hexi area under climate warming was analyzed by the method of correlation analysis, trend analysis and variance analysis. The results showed that the temperature of this area increased significantly in the 29 years and the annual increase rate was 0.81℃/10 a; while the precipitation decreased with the annual decrease rate of 2.09 mm/10 a, the climate tended to be warm. The increase of temperature and cultivar renovation decreased the days of growth period. The analysis of the relationship between yield and climatic factors, yield components and cultivars showed that grain number per spike and cultivar renovation all leaded to the significant improvement of spring wheat yield.

  Rice Straw Returning and Seeding Patterns: Effects on Wheat Seedling Emergence and Grain Yield in Field Experiment 2016, 32 (33):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070004 Abstract + ( 726 )   PDF ( 561KB )   ( 543 ) To study the effect of rice straw returning and seeding patterns on wheat seedling emergence and grain yield, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of all rice straw mechanized returning and different seeding patterns on wheat emergence rate, emergence uniformity and yield traits. The results were as follows: in rice straw removal treatments, the emergence rate of mechanical seeding in drill was significantly lower than that of mechanical uniform planting and manual broadcast sowing, the emergence rate of mechanical seeding in drill, mechanical uniform planting and manual broadcast sowing was 51.84%, 90.89% and 88.87%, separately; the emergence uniformity of manual broadcast sowing was inferior to that of mechanical seeding in drill and mechanical uniform planting, the emergency variable coefficient of the three seeding patterns was 0.49, 0.26 and 0.23, separately. With rice straw returning to the field, the emergence rate and emergence uniformity decreased in the three seeding patterns, of which mechanical seeding in drill dropped markedly with emergence rate down 36.54%. The emergence rate and emergence uniformity affected grain yield by affecting panicle, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. The grain yield was 6091.34 and 6476.20 kg/hm2 when all rice straw was removed or not, higher than the other two seeding patterns. Therefore, in wheat production with rice straw returning to field, mechanical uniform planting is recommended for higher emergence rate, better emergence uniformity to increase grain yield.

  A Review of Ridge Tillage with Alternative Furrow Irrigation of Winter Wheat 2016, 32 (33):  34-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040054 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 465KB )   ( 420 ) Abstract: Ridge tillage which can earth up the base of crop, promote root growth and improve lodging resistance Ridge tillage on the advantages of improving the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer, increasing the amount of light interception, suppressing disease hazards, the cultivation technique of bad planting with alternative furrow irrigation is wildly used in the process of crop production like rice, corn, soybean, cotton and others. On the base of lots of theoretical derivation, select winter wheat suitable project of high yield and water saving on raised bed, explore by tuning of alternate furrow irrigation water-saving effect and its mechanism of winter wheat, study the anniversary water consumption characteristics of farmland with continuous cropping corn and mechanism of water saving in the future. Furthermore, the experimental direction was presented. The purpose of ridge tillage is to acquire suitable soil conditions，crop growth，save water and time and promote crop production. Wheat ridge tillage technology is a sustainable agricultural production technique which combines no-tillage with straw mulch, and traditional tillage．Therefore, this will provide a suitable ridge tillage technology model for the wheat-com ridge system on basis of the long time frame work in the areas such as the three crop two year area in the north of Henan Province．

  Effects of Seed Soaking with Humic Acid Fertilizers and Irrigation on Seeds Germination and Seedling Growth of Oat 2016, 32 (33):  39-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090018 Abstract + ( 706 )   PDF ( 491KB )   ( 596 ) This study aims to investigate the effects of seed soaking with humic acid fertilizers and irrigation on seeds germination and seedlings growth of oat. The oat seeds were taken as study materials, and the standard germination test method and habitat soil culture method were used in laboratory to measure a series of indicators related to seed germination and seedling growth after the seeds were pre-soaked with humic acid fertilizers and the seedlings were irrigated. The results showed that there was no significant effect of humic acid fertilizers on the vitality of seed. However, potassium humate improved the speed of seedling emerge significantly (P＜0.05), it also improved the seed germination. Fulvic acid, sodium-rich humic acid fertilizer and sodium humate reduced the speed of seedling emerge and the vigor index of seed. The data on the seedling growth suggested that potassium humate had positive promotion effect on the amount of seedling growth, the length of stems and roots and the rate of rooting; fulvic acid, sodium-rich humic acid fertilizers and sodium humate all accelerated the growth of stem and root too, but they all inhibited the rate of seminal rooting, which was adverse to the survival and stress-resistance of seedling. The results also showed that all kinds of the humic acid fertilizers tested in this study improved fresh weight of seedling, the amount of root, root-stem ratio, root-cap ratio and tillering ability of the seedling after irrigated at seedling stage. Potassium humate was the best humic acid fertilizer for seed-soaking before sowing and all kinds of humic acid fertilizers tested could be used as irrigation fertilizer for oat seedling.

  Effects of Agronomic Measures and Water-retaining Agent on Yield and Rhizospheric Biological Activity of Summer Maize 2016, 32 (33):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020026 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 530KB )   ( 348 ) The objective is to study water saving cultivation of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in Huanghuaihai area. A field experiment and indoor analysis was carried out in 2011 and 2012. The microbial numbers, rhizosphere enzyme activities and yield were determined. The effects of agronomic measures (compacting after sowing and returning straw) and water- retaining agent on the yield and rhizosphere enzyme activities of summer maize, were studied. The results showed as follows: treatment A (the compacting after sowing), treatment B (returning straw) and treatment C (water-retaining agent) were more beneficial to increase the yield of summer maize, raise the quantities of soil rhizosphere bacteria, actinomycete and fungi, and enhance the activities of soil urease enzymes and protease. The effects were more distinct at the early growth stage. Treatment D (compacting after sowing returning straw water- retaining agent) integrated the effects of compacting after sowing, returning straw and water-retaining agent. And the effects increasing the yield and rhizosphere biological activity were the best. These agronomic measures such as compacting after sowing combining with returning straw in Huanghuaihai area, are recommended, and they will further raise the application effect with water-retaining agent.

  Effects of Shading on Agronomic Characters and Yield of Major Maize Cultivars in Huang-Huai-Hai Region 2016, 32 (33):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040032 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 513 ) The purpose of this study was to analysis the effects of shading on agronomic characters, yield traits and yield of major maize cultivars in huang-huai-hai region, using the top ten maize cultivars of huang-huai-hai region which were planted in four provinces (cities), as materials, arranging two treatments that shading 7 days before tasseling stage and no shading in whole growth period. The results showed the agronomic characters, yield traits and yield of major maize cultivars in huang-huai-hai region were affected significantly by shading treatment; the yield of ten cultivars was decreased significantly, the anthesis silking interval(ASI) of six cultivars was extended and the silking percentage of nine cultivars was reduced; the yield decrease of major maize cultivars was significantly relevant to the reduction of kernels per row, ear length, ear diameter and 100 grain weigh and the increase of bare tip length; ‘Weike702’ had exhibited the best performance of shade-tolerance among ten maize cultivars (the average yield of four places ranked first, the silking percentage and yield reduced at least) and followed by ‘Zhengdan958’, ‘Liyu16’, ‘Longping206’. Therefore, ‘Weike702’ and other shade-tolerant cultivars should be adopted in maize production, meanwhile, the kernels per row, ear length, ear diameter, 100 grain weigh, bare tip length, silking percentage and anthesis silking interval, which were significantly relevant with shading treatment, could be used as the identification parameters in maize breeding of shade-tolerance.

  Fertilization Tolerance of Maize on Purple Soil in Dry-hot Valley: Integrating Agronomic, Water Environmental and Economic Benefits 2016, 32 (33):  55-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050083 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 1089KB )   ( 346 ) This study used maize (Zea mays L.) as the experimental material, which was the typical crop in purple soil area, investigated the effects of varied fertilizer application levels, including no fertilizer, traditional fertilizer amount (CK, 750 kg/hm2), and 0.5, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 times of the traditional fertilizer amount, on crop yields, growth characteristics and NP loss in leaching solution and runoff by plot experiments in slop field cropland and indoor analysis. Based on experiments on NP in relation to fertilization application rate, a unified economic indicator and evaluation model for the coordination effect of agronomic, water environmental and economic benefits were studied. The results showed that when the fertilizer application amount was 0-1870 kg/hm2, the leaf area index increased fast in the earlier stage and declined slowly in the later stage, plant height and yield increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels from CK to 2.0 times of traditional fertilizer level, but declined under the 2.5 times of traditional fertilizer level. The total N and total P concentration in runoff and leaching solution increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels. By the evaluation model, the effects of the marginal yield and the nutrient rich of maize fertilizer were calculated, the range of fertilization tolerance was 1154-1176 kg/hm2.

  Planting and Breeding Technology of Maize Inbred Lines of Three Generations in One Year 2016, 32 (33):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050115 Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 461KB )   ( 443 ) To establish a new model of maize inbred lines planting three generations in one year, research methods such as the greenhouse and field trials were utilized, generation adding planting and breeding were studied. The results showed that: the three generations in one year planting and breeding model of maize inbred lines that planting in greenhouse of Shandong in spring, seeding in Shandong in summer and dreeding in Hainan in winter was reliable and the maneuverability was strong, which expanded the scope of breeding through breeding of maize inbred line under different environmental conditions. Using this adding generation model, maize inbred lines were planted on around February 25 in the greenhouse of Shandong in spring, pollinated around May 1, and harvested around June 12, the filling stage was more than 42 days and the kernels were almost full; planted on around June 15 in summer and harvested around October 5, timely dried and tested; planted on around November 8 in Hainan in winter, harvested around February 20, dried for 3 days and then the kernels were transported back to Shandong for planting in greenhouse, thus, three generations in one year was finished. The characters of maize inbred lines bred by this model were reliable and could be used in production.

  Limiting Factors and High-yield Technologies of Direct-seeding Summer Maize on Wheat Stubbles 2016, 32 (33):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070031 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 503KB )   ( 397 ) To explore the limiting factors and high-yield technologies of direct-seeding summer maize on wheat stubbles, this paper summarizes the production situation and main problems existing in the production of Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize, and analyzes the high-yield limiting factors, including thin plough layer and poor soil physical and chemical properties, poor sowing quality and serious sprout deficiency, unreasonable inputs of water and fertilizer and low fertilizer use efficiency, frequent disasters and poor stable yield, earlier harvest in summer maize production. Combining with the existing works, this paper puts forward technical strategies as follows: (1) deep tillage and direct straw returning; (2) reasonable compact planting and improving quality of sowing; (3) balanced fertilization based on soil nutrient and demand of maize; (4) the adversity resistance by intercropping different genotype maize and comprehensive prevention of insects pests and grass disaster; (5) delay the time of harvest.

  Practice and Discussion on New Sorghum Breeding Technology 2016, 32 (33):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060083 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 488KB )   ( 354 ) New sorghum breeding technology infers any other breeding techniques except traditional natural selection breeding and artificial cross breeding. It mainly includes tissue culture breeding, space breeding, physical mutagenesis breeding, chemical mutagenesis breeding and transgenic breeding technology and some other potential breeding techniques. A long term sorghum breeding program with these new techniques has been carried out for many years , the systematic breeding procedures has been established ,valuable breeding materials has been developed ,several officially registered hybrids has been released .Based on our research experiences and combined with the relevant research reports, the progresses in the research and application of these breeding techniques were overviewed, and the characteristics , the problems ,and the potentiality of the new breeding techniques were discussed.. It stresses that the main characteristics of the new breeding technology as followings: it is suitable for the change of individual simple genetic traits; it takes less time and less expenses for sorghum improvement ,the breeding cycle is short, the offspring reaches stability fast and the scale of the field experiment is small; the variation is relatively small, but the new specific characters might be obtained.

  Expression of Sorghum Production Traits and Re-watering Compensation Effect Under Water Stress 2016, 32 (33):  81-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010096 Abstract + ( 785 )   PDF ( 671KB )   ( 404 ) In order to achieve sorghum deficit irrigation and reach the purpose of water-saving and non-drop production, it is necessary to understand and grasp the changes of yield traits under water stress at different growth stages of sorghum. In this study, a two-factor and four-level randomized block design was conducted. The results showed that the re-watering compensation effect was obvious under long period mild and moderate water stress and short period severe water stress in seedling stage, the water-saving efficiency reached 50.7%. Compared with that of CK, the yield of MMD15, MMD20 and MSD10 increased by 4.96%, 5.98% and 7.18%, respectively, and the difference reached the significance of 5%, the yield of MSD20 decreased by 1.88%. The re-watering compensation effect was not obvious under long period of mild and moderate and short period severe water stress in the jointing stage, the negative effect of water stress was greater than the positive effect of re-watering compensation, the water-saving efficiency reached 37.9%. Compared with that of CK, the yield of BMD5 to BSD5 decreased by 5.38%, 7.44%, 8.78% and 5.4%, respectively, and the difference reached the significance of 5%. The yield of BSD10 and BSD15 decreased by 20.9% and 22.45%, respectively, and the difference reached the significance of 1% . The water- saving efficiency reached 50.0% under mild and moderate water stress in the filling stage, but the difference of thousand grain weight was not significant. Thousand grain weigh of GSD5, GSD10 and GSD15 under severe water stress decreased by 20.0%, 20.8% and 24.4%, respectively, and the difference reached a significant level of 1%, which caused yield decrease of 15.2%, 15.7% and 16.2%, respectively. Compared with that of mild and moderate water stress, the thousand grain weigh under severe water stress also had the significance of 1%.

  Influence of Uniconazole on Raising Sorghum’s Resistance to Adversity 2016, 32 (33):  89-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080040 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 456KB )   ( 398 ) To confirm the influence of uniconazole, a new plant growth regulator, on raising sorghum’s resistance to adversity, two professing methods of seed soaking and spraying were adopted in this research. For the spraying, in different growth periods of the sorghum, different concentrations of uniconazole were sprayed, so as to test the changes of enzyme activity of SOD, POD, CAT and MDA in sorghum and explore the biological activity of uniconazole. The research results showed that no matter it was seed soaking or spraying, the content of SOD, POD and CAT all rose along with the increase of uniconazole concentration. For seed soaking, the effect would be the best when the concentration was 40 mg/L. For spraying, the optimal effect would be achieved when the concentration was 125 mg/L. The content of MDA first reduced then rose along with the increase of the concentration. In terms of seed soaking treatment, the minimum value appeared when the concentration was 40 mg/L; in terms of spraying treatment, the minimum value appeared when the concentration was 125 mg/L, which meant that uniconazole could prevent or slow down the cell membrane lipidic peroxidation and enhance the sorghum’s resistance to adversity.

  Effect of Different Irrigation Treatments on Growth Characteristics, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Hybrid Millet 2016, 32 (33):  94-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070075 Abstract + ( 644 )   PDF ( 725KB )   ( 341 ) The aim is to supply scientific evidence for water- saving high efficiency of‘zhangzagu’. The experiment was conducted in Xuanhua Station of Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Science (115°3ˊN， 40°63''E) in 2014.‘Zhangzagu 3’was used as material. Four irrigation treatments were set up: (1) no irrigation in the whole season of hybrid millet (T0), (2) irrigation at jointing stage (T1), (3) irrigation at jointing and heading stage (T2), (4) irrigation at jointing, heading and grain filling stage (T3). The changing laws of growth, yield and WUE of hybrid millet under different irrigation conditions were discussed. The results revealed that: (1) plant leaf water potential in grain filling stage was improved by 0.04-0.31 Mpa under the condition of irrigation, the individual plant height and biomass were increased by 21.1-34.05 cm and 2675.07-4103.88 kg/hm2 under irrigation, respectively; (2) compared with that of T0, the yield of T1, T2 and T3 was improved by1256.36 kg/hm2, 2155.62 kg/hm2, 2105.93 kg/hm2 under irrigation, espectively; (3) WUEy of T1, T2 and T3 was increased by 9.33%, 19.2%, 14.88% compared with that of T0, respectively, WUEy was positively correlated to yield. The conclusions are drawn as: (1) it will be an optimal way for improving yield and WUEy through 2 times irrigation at joining and heading stage of‘Zhangzagu 3’in dry year; (2) the increase of yield and WUEy under irrigation mainly comes from the improvement of biomass and WUEbm.

  Cotton Chemical Regulators‘Miantaijin’and‘Quanjingkong’: A Comparative Study on Their Effect 2016, 32 (33):  102-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020096 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 622KB )   ( 465 ) The study aims to identify the effect of new cotton chemical regulators‘Miantaijin’and ‘Quanjingkong’, and confirm their suitable application method in Liaohe basin. A comparison text was conducted to study the development process, boll distribution, boll biomass distribution, yield and its components, and fiber quality of‘Liaomian 30’under the treatment of‘Miantaijin’,‘Quanjingkong’, mepiquat chloride (DPC) and chlormequat chloride. The results showed that the new cotton chemical regulators ‘Miantaijn’and‘Quanjingkong’could help to shape the reasonable plant structure, coordinate boll distribution, optimize boll biomass distribution, prevent premature senility, increase yield, while had no adverse effect on fiber quality, therefore, the two regulators could be popularized and applied in Liaohe basin. However, the usage and dosage should be adjusted according to the production practice. Generally, too early regulation was not recommended, the regulation should be controlled lightly in the early stage (bud stage to flowering stage, mid-June to early July), adequately in the medium stage (flowering stage to boll florescence, mid-July to late July), and strongly in the late stage (boll florescence, late July to early August).

  Ramie By-products Utilization and Intercropping Patterns for Mature-ramie Field 佘玮,白玉超,刘楠楠,杨瑞芳 and 崔国贤 2016, 32 (33):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030046 Abstract + ( 1064 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 352 ) Ramie is one fiber crop with Chinese characteristics,it left many byproducts after harvest , mainly containg leaves, bark and bone. The by-product can be used as cultivation matrix for the production of edible fungus. This article is written to not only sum up the research progress of edible fungus varieties and cultivation techniques,but also Introduce the research of intercropping patterns of ramie and food crops, and the prospects for ramie"s versatility. These studies can broaden the ramie industry development space and provide theoretical reference for ramie multi-function development.

  Quality and Yield Increasing Efficiency of Local Amorphophallus konjac Resources in Nujiang Region 王莉花 2016, 32 (33):  114-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010113 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 521KB )   ( 774 ) To develop and utilize local A. konjac resources of Nujiang Prefecture in Yunnan, take full advantage of abundant under-forest lands to improve the quality and efficiency of agriculture in poor mountain areas, the local A. konjac resources, which were standardizedly cultivated earlier in Chuxiong City and Yongsheng County, were used as a control, the intrinsic qualities and yield increasing efficiency of the resources of the Nujiang local A. konjac were analyzed and tested . The results showed that the contents of the mineral elements, crude fat and protein in Nujiang local A. konjac were lower than that of the control materials (Chuxiong A. konjac), however, the content of the konjac glucomannan (11.30%) was 0.42 percentage points higher than that of the control. Influenced by drought, the growth periods of Nujiang local A.konjac are 160.68 days, and the yield increasing efficiency is 33.70%. Compared with the control material (Yongsheng A. konjac), the growth periods were 0.84 days longer, the yield increasing efficiency was 5.16 percent higher. When planted under walnut forest, the yield of Nujiang local A. konjac was 20556.6kg kg/hm2, which was 3616.8 kg/hm2 more than that of Yongsheng A. konjac. These results suggested that the Nujiang local A. konjac is an excellent resource, which can be used to develop under-forest konjac industry of large areas in Nnujiang Prefecture.

  Effect of Water Stress on ABA of Roots and Root Characteristics of Alfalfa 2016, 32 (33):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070019 Abstract + ( 1038 )   PDF ( 481KB )   ( 507 ) The effects of drought stress on Abscisic acid (ABA) in roots and root characteristics of three alfalfa varieties‘Suntory’,‘Ohan’ and‘Zhongmu No.1’ were studied by greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was conducted with three alfalfa varieties, and four gradients of water stress were set up with four filed water capacities, 100% (control, W1), 85% (mild drought, W2), 70% (moderate drought, W3) and 55% (severe drought, W4). And then ABA of the root and the characteristics of root were measured. The results showed that ABA was significantly affected by deficit irrigation treatments during different times of plant ages. With the extension of treatment time, the content of ABA in alfalfa root under different water stress treatments showed a trend of first increasing then decreasing, and increased at last. 75 days after transplanting, the root ABA content reached the peak, and then began to decline. The root ABA content was approaching the minimum on the 105th day, and then began to pick up until the end of the treatment. 105 days after transplanting, the content of ABA of four water stress treatments (W1, W2, W3 and W4) was 44, 56.6, 64.6 and 94.4 ng/g FW, respectively. Moreover the results showed that the content of ABA in different alfalfa roots had differences. 105 days after transplanting, the content of ABA n‘Ohan’,‘ Suntory’and‘Zhongmu No.1’ reached the minimum as 83.2, 61.7 and 49.9 ng/g FW, respectively. And then, the content of ABA began to increase. Compared with the control, the highest water stress (W4) reduced root length by 20.92%, lateral roots by 20.71%, root fresh biomass by 43.79% and root dry biomass by 37.96%. The root to shoot ratio was 1.9 times higher in water stressed plants, showing that water stress in alfalfa plant affected more on shoots than on roots. Water stress reduced the alfalfa root length, lateral root number, root fresh biomass and root dry biomass, increased the alfalfa root to shoot ratio, and prompted the content of ABA. The ABA content of root of different alfalfa varieties had distinguished differences.

  Research Progress of Mutation in Crop Genetics Breeding 2016, 32 (33):  125-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070078 Abstract + ( 996 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 536 ) Mutation breeding changes the crop genome through artificial mutation method. To discuss the methods, advantages and disadvantages of different mutation technologies and their application in crop genetics and breeding, this paper summarized the principle and method of physical, chemical and biological technology and space mutation, compared advantages and disadvantages of traditional breeding and mutation breeding, analyzed mechanism of different mutation technology, concluded different mutation technique on different crops. At last, it pointed out defects of present mutation breeding, looked forward to the prospect of mutation breeding, and provided a theoretical and technical support for the role of mutation breeding in modern breeding.

  Research Progress of Transgenic Sugarcane 张跃彬, and 2016, 32 (33):  130-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040085 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 591KB )   ( 828 ) Sugarcane is one of the most important sugar crops and a high security level economic crop of genetic transformation, the study on sugarcane genetic transformation has drawn widespread attention. Presently, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and microparticle bombardment are the two most widely used methods for sugarcane genetic transformation. In recent years, sugarcane transgenic researches mainly focused on the new type genes with resistance to disease, insect, cold and drought, which could achieve high sugar content and act as a bioreactor to produce high value- added products, meanwhile the detection technologies of genetically modified organisms were improved. But GM sugarcanes were still conditioned by some factors, such as low transformed efficiency and low gene expression efficiency, lack of genetically engineered safety study, and potential legal and social issues, etc. Further studies in this field should focus on the use of commercial sugarcane varieties, improvement of transformation efficiency, development of safety transformation system, integration of foreign genes at specific site, introduction of multiple target genes, and control of the spatial and temporal expression of genes.

  Genetic Analysis and Gene Fine Mapping of A High-tillering and Dwarf Mutant htd7(t) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2016, 32 (33):  138-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050072 Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 632 ) Tillering is one of the most important agronomical characters of rice that determines the final yield. A rice mutant with a high-tillering capacity and dwarf, designated as htd7(t), was isolated from the offspring of the japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) variety‘Nipponbare’treated with 350 Gy 60Co-γ radiation. To clone the HTD7(t) locus, positive and negative cross combinations were developed between htd7(t) and‘9311’, genetic analysis found that htd7(t) was controlled by one recessive nuclear gene. HTD7(t) was roughly mapped between two microsatellite markers RM21 and RM254 on the chromosome 11, with genetic distances of 5.6 cM and 3.2 cM, respectively. According to the published rice genome data, 13 new InDel (Insertion-Deletion) markers were developed around HTD7(t), and then fine mapping of HTD7(t) was conducted. The BAC contig of HTD7(t) was constructed based on the mapping results, and HTD7(t) was further mapped between two InDel markers, InDel11-3 and InDel11-5, with physical distance of 64.8 kb.

  Effects of Different Detection Methods on ISSR Primer Polymorphism of Sugar Beet 2016, 32 (33):  143-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080032 Abstract + ( 932 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 777 ) To investigate the effects of different detection methods on sugar beet ISSR primer polymorphism and their advantages and disadvantages, two kinds of detection methods, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to detect the amplification effect of sugar beet ISSR primers. 12 different varieties of sugar beet and 10 ISSR primers were used to amplify the production which were detected respectively by 6% non- denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the production of ISSR- PCR. The results showed that the number of polymorphic fragments or total bands detected by 6% non- denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was more than that of agarose gel electrophoresis, and they were cleaner and more legible. However, the total bands on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis were more than or equal to that on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Thus, when we conduct QTL mapping, construct fingerprinting and analyze genetic diversity with ISSR primers, 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is recommended. While, for seed purity identification and the sequencing of ISSR amplification production, 2% agarose gel electrophoresis is more appropriate.

  Effect of Macroporous Resin on Decolorization and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide from Morus nigra Linn 2016, 32 (33):  147-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050175 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 632KB )   ( 526 ) The aim was to study the effect of macroporous resins on the decoloring process of crude polysaccharide extracted from Morus nigra Linn and the antioxidant activity of polysaccharide before and after decoloring. The static adsorption method was used to select the best decolorization resin; the dynamic adsorption method was employed to systematically investigate the absorption process conditions; and the comparative study of antioxidant activity of crude and decolorant polysaccharide was conducted by DPPH. The results showed that resin NKA- 9 provided the best decolorizing property, and the decolorization rate was 61.8%. The optimum decoloring condition of NKA-9 was as follows: the flow rate 4.8 BV/h, the polysaccharide concentration 3.261 mg/mL, and the eluent concentration 60%. Under this condition, the decolorization rate could be maximized, and the cellular antioxidant activity of decolorant polysaccharide was enhanced after decoloring by NKA-9.

  Optimization of Laccase Production and Its Enzymatic Properties of Pleuratus ferulae 2016, 32 (33):  151-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040018 Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 661KB )   ( 360 ) The study aims to optimize fermentation conditions such as carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH value, inducer and metal iron for laccase production by Pleuratus ferulae, and investigate its enzymatic properties, in order to earn enzyme solution of high activity for pesticides degradation. The results showed that the optimal time of incubation was 9 days, the optimal carbon source and nitrogen source was soluble starch and peptone, the initial optimal pH of culture medium was 6.0, 0.1 mmol/L guaiacol and 1 mmol/L Mn2 had a great effect on the production of laccase. The study for the enzymatic property of Pleuratus ferulae showed that the optimum temperature was 45℃ and relatively stable at 40 and 45℃ with a high activity after 48 hours. The optimum pH value for the laccase was 6.0，the high laccase activity also could be obtained at the pH value range of 4.0-7.0 and kept stable at the pH value from 5.0 to 7.0, the laccase activity remained 70% after 48 hours. Pleuratus ferulae had high capacity of laccase production after the optimization of fermentation conditions, its optimum temperature was a little high relatively and the optimum pH value was natural and weak-acid.

  Classification of Cultivated Land and Optimization of Basic Farmland Layout Based on GIS 2016, 32 (33):  157-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060066 Abstract + ( 1057 )   PDF ( 778KB )   ( 469 ) In order to ensure food security and promote the sustainable use of cultivated land in western border region, quality evaluation system of cultivated land was established and basic farmland layout was optimized in typical border county Yingjiang. The farmland was classified by the method of analytic hierarchy process, expert scoring and GIS, combined with the actual situation and the evaluation index system of Yingjiang County, basic farmland partition was conducted by the evaluation results. The results showed that the farmland could be divided into 4 grades, the first- grade farmland occupied 22.92% , the second- grade farmland occupied 37.46%, the third-grade farmland occupied for 27.55% and the fourth-grade farmland occupied 12.07%, and the measures for farmland quality improvement and the basic layout of farmland were proposed. Basic farmland partition based on farmland classification met the requirements of quality and quantity of farmland in Yingjiang, it could also provide theoretical basis for the further improvement of basic farmland productivity.

  Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Cultivated Land Pressure in Henan Province Based on Food Security 2016, 32 (33):  162-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060160 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 751KB )   ( 439 ) To elaborate the cultivated land pressure and food supply situation, based on statistical data, the authors analyzed dynamic changes of cropland, population and grain yield from 1978 to 2012 in Henan Province, cultivated land pressure index and land source carrying capacity index were calculated, the cultivated land pressure index of 2013 to 2022 was predicted by grey Markov model. The results showed that since 1978, although total cultivated land area and per capita cultivated land area decreased, total grain yield and per capita yield steadily increased due to the increase of cultivated land productivity, thus cultivated land pressure index and land source carrying capacity index showed wave declining trends. The predicting results showed that cultivated land pressure index would continue to decline slowly from 2013 to 2022. In conclusion, the increase of agricultural technology level and the multiple cropping index could alleviate cultivated land pressure and ensure regional food security.

  US Soybean Planting Area Sampling Survey by GF-1 16 m Remote Sensing Image 2016, 32 (33):  169-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080034 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 940KB )   ( 406 ) To test the effectiveness of GF-1 16 m remote sensing image in sampling survey of US soybean planting area, and solve the problem of agricultural remote sensing survey in China which mainly relies on foreign satellite image. At the 95% confidence level and error of less than 5% , the authors designed a simulated sampling test of 2013 with 6 sampling fractions, soybean planting area in sampling frame was used as zone index and divided sampling cells into 6 layers, total relative error and variable coefficient were used as evaluation indexes, the minimum sampling fraction was 1.8%. The test of 2014 adopted the same method of 2013 sampling test, but the sample was GF-1 16 m remote sensing image with the sampling fraction of 4.8%, sampling results had 5.1% error compared with the statistical data of USDA. The results showed that in the growth season of soybean in US, GF-1 16 m remote sensing image could ensure the covering power of soybean planting area sampling survey. The results could provide reference for the design of crop planting area sampling survey project.

  The Influence of Boric Acid on Physiology and Uranium Accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Uranium Stress 2016, 32 (33):  175-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060149 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 791KB )   ( 327 ) The aim is to study the effect of exogenous boric acid on physiological and biochemical indicators of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and uranium enriched capability under uranium stress. We used Phaseolus vulgaris L. as material, carried out the pot controlled experiments by applying 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/kg boric acid in the uranium contaminated soil. Phaseolus vulgaris L. was planted in the greenhouse, and was sampled before flowering, and the physiological indicators and uranium enrichment content were measured. The results showed that: as the boric acid concentration increased, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), performance index (PIABS), the energy absorption per active reaction center (ABS/RC), the capture capability per active reaction center (TRo/RC), the capture energy used for electron transfer peractive reaction center (ETo/RC) and the non-photochemical energy dissipation per active reaction center (DIo/RC) showed a downward trend after a rise first. Chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activity, soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline also rose firstly, then declined; Malondialdehyde (MDA) firstly decreased then increased. With exogenous boric acid concentration increased, the uranium in above- ground and under- ground part of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were increased, indicating that appropriate concentration of exogenous boric acid could increase resistance to heavy metals and uranium, as well as the enrichment capacity and the ability to transfer in Phaseolus vulgaris L..

  Impact of Climate Change on Growth Period of Hulless Barley in Shigatse ’s Protect Irrigation Field 2016, 32 (33):  182-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070057 Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 684KB )   ( 363 ) The paper aims to investigate the impacts of climate factors on growth period change of hulless barley in Shigatse’s protect irrigation field. The authors analyzed the trend, abrupt change and correlation of the growth period length of hulless barley and the meteorological elements in growth period based on observational data of the growth period and meteorological data. The results showed that: during 1992-2012, the average growth period of hulless barley in Shigatse presented an obvious decreasing trend with a rate of 0.68 d/a; the temperature and sunshine duration played a pivotal role in the growth period change, there was a negative correlation between mean temperature and growth period days at three leaf and maturity stage, and a positive correlation at booting and milky stage; the sunshine duration had a positive impact on the growth period at tillering and booting stage, but a negative impact on jointing and flowering stage; several growth periods of hulless barley showed an abrupt change, the tillering and milky stage abruptly changed in 2001 due to the change of barley variety from‘Zangqing 320’to the others. After variety replacement, the sunshine duration showed less impact on the tillering stage, and the days of milky stage increased by 16 days at the same time.

  Precipitation Change and Forecast in River Basins of Liaoning in Flood Season 2016, 32 (33):  187-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080014 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 1010KB )   ( 373 ) The paper aims to predict the trend of flood disaster in Liaoning in flood season accurately, and better serve agriculture and meet the increasing service requirement. The authors set up the objective forecast method of flood disaster trend of each river basin in Liaoning, to provide valuable reference to the practical climate prediction for serving agriculture. The study was based on the precipitation data from June to August of 53 observational stations in Liaoning during 1961-2011. The results showed that: river basins in Liaoning were all small area watershed, so the authors used arithmetic average method to calculate the precipitation of each river basin; except Hunhe watershed’s precipitation increased slightly, the other river basins’precipitation decreased; all the basins’mutation point occurred in the middle of 1960s; the 500 hPa geopotential height field in January, the Pacific SST field in Nino3-4 in January, the Siberian high pressure system of SLP field in February and the southeast Pacific SST field in February had close relationship with the precipitation of each river basin in Liaoning; all the multiple regression prediction equations for each river basin’s precipitation passed the significance test of 0.01 reliability, indicating these regression equations had significant meanings.

  Comparison of Activity Measuring Methods of Cassava Starch Branching Enzyme 2016, 32 (33):  193-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040184 Abstract + ( 1020 )   PDF ( 598KB )   ( 508 ) An effective method for measuring activity of starch branching enzyme was developed in this study. Tuberous roots of mature cassava were collected as materials to study various reaction parameters of the starch branching enzyme (SBE), including extracting solution of enzyme, enzyme concentration, reaction system, reaction duration and termination methods. Finally, we introduced an improved method for detecting activity of cassava starch branching enzyme. Firstly, 0.5 g root of mature cassava was ground into pulp with extracting solution. Then, the crude enzyme solution was obtained from the supernatant after centrifugation. The crude enzyme solution was diluted and added with 0.5% soluble starch at 37℃ water bath for 10 min. Then, the reaction was terminated by boiling water. Iodine solution and KI were added to conduct chromogenic reaction for 10 min. The activity of enzyme was measured at 660 nm. One unit of cassava SBE activity was defined as the amount of substrate causing 1% decrease in absorbance of iodine blue at 660 nm. The improved method is simple and rapid for measuring activity of starch branching enzyme from different cassava germplasms with excellent repeatability.

  Weeding Effect of Several Herbicides on Winter Rapeseed at Sprouting Stage 2016, 32 (33):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080140 Abstract + ( 697 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 455 ) To select safe, high efficient and low cost herbicide for rapeseed in sprouting stage, the control effect of different herbicides and their application amount on weed in rapeseed field were studied. The results showed that all the applied herbicides were safe to rapeseed plants in this experiment, and the control efficiency was above 94% to gramineous weeds and broadleaf weeds in the field, the income increase was above 4340 yuan/hm2. Among all the herbicides application, soil surface spraying after planting with 50% different pine·acetochlor 1200 mL/hm2 mixed with water 1125 kg/hm2 had the best weeding and yield-increasing effect.