Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.32 Published:15 November 2016

  PGE2 Can Rescue Normal Development of in vitro Bovine Early Embryos Lacking Endogenous PGs Qin Guosong,Ni Hemin,Liu Yunhai,Li Hejuan,Sheng Xihui,Qi Xiaolong and Guo Yong 2016, 32 (32):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040082 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 656KB )   ( 485 ) The study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on early embryo in vitro development of bovine IVF which lacked endogenous prostaglandins (PGs). Specific inhibitors of prostaglandins were also added into the culture medium of bovine embryos to inhibit the initiation of these embryonic endogenous prostaglandins, and then, an investigation was conducted to detect the function, the appropriate concentration and work stage of PGE2 on early bovine embryos’ development. In addition, PGE2 specific receptors’ mRNA level was also respectively detected. It was found that bovine IVF embryonic developmental potentialities could decrease the cleavage rate, 8-16 cell rate, blastocyst rate and hatching blastocyst rate significantly compared with those of the control after those embryos’ endogenous PGs being thoroughly inhibited. Then, it was also found that adding exogenous PGE2 could rescue the damage of IVF embryos lacking endogenous PGE2 affected by the adverse effect of PGE2 specific inhibitors. The suitable PGE2 additive concentration was 1×10-8 mol/L, and its compensation effect occurred before 8-cell stage of those embryos cultured in vitro. However, the mRNA of PGE2’s specific receptors: EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 were all not detectable by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. PGE2 could rescue the normal development of those in vitro produced bovine early embryos lacking endogenous PGs.

  Expression of TGF-β RⅠ and Smad2 Affecting the Development of Sheep Preantral Follicles Chang Di,Dong Xiaochen,Guo Yong,Liu Yunhai,Qi Xiaolong,Sheng Xihui, and Ni Hemin 2016, 32 (32):  7-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040076 Abstract + ( 1149 )   PDF ( 6544KB )   ( 431 ) The aims of this study are to investigate the optimal way for cultivation of preantral follicles and observe the signal expression of granular cells and oocytes so as to explore the complex mechanism and inner law of folliculogenesis. The expressions of protein and mRNA of TGF-β RⅠ and Smad2 in sheep follicles were observed by using immunohistochemical staining, fluorescence immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR. The results showed that TGF-β RⅠ signal expressed in granular cells and oocytes of sheep preantral follicles and small antral follicles but disappeared in mature follicles. Smad2 protein expressed in granular cells during all the development periods of sheep follicle, but did not express in oocytes of preantral follicles; with the development of follicle, the signal appeared and had a strong expression in oocytes of mature follicles. mRNA of TGF-β RⅠ only expressed in mature follicles and preantral follicles without culturing. mRNA of Smad2 expressed in all the follicles, but had a lower expression level in preantral follicles that were cultured for 6 days. The expression of protein and mRNA of TGF-β RⅠ and Smad2 have a close relation with the development of sheep follicles.

  Study on the differential expression of TEKT4 and TEKT5 in Hyline Brown semen before and after freezing 2016, 32 (32):  15-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040169 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 715KB )   ( 661 ) Abstract: In this research, the biological function of TEKT4 and TEKT5 genes in the process of chicken semen freezing was studied, laying a theoretical foundation for improving the effect of chicken semen cryopreservation in poultry industry in the future. The semen samples were collected from 30 Hyline Brown Roosters randomly selected and detected for quality. Then, the RT-PCR was applied to detect the transcriptional differences of TEKT4 and TEKT5 before and after semen freezing. The results showed that the transcriptional level of TEKT4 and TEKT5 in cock sperm was significantly decreased after freezing and the fold change was 0.3481 and 0.5741 respectively. Thus, we conclude that TEKT4 and TEKT5 are related to the anti-freezing characteristics of cock semen, and could be studied as a candidate gene in the future.

  Immune Effects of Compound Probiotics and Astragalus Polysaccharides on Immune Organ Index and Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza in Chickens Guo Xinyi,Zhang Man,Han Fei and Tian Wanqiang 2016, 32 (32):  20-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040043 Abstract + ( 1349 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 438 ) Abstracts: The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the immune effects of different dosages of compound probiotics, astragalus polysaccharides, compound probiotics and astragalus polysaccharides on the immune organ index and Newcastle disease and avian influenza in chickens. 360 Ai Weiyin broilers were allocated into six groups. The six treatments was: Ⅰ basic diet; Ⅱ basic diet 0.2% compound probiotics, Ⅲ basic diet 0.4% compound probiotics, Ⅳ basic diet 0.6% compound probiotics; Ⅴ basic diet 0.3% astragalus polysaccharide in the three days before per week; Ⅵ basic diet 0.4% compound microbial ecological agents 0.3% astragalus polysaccharide in the earlier three days of each week. The experiment lasted 42 days. The results showed that group II, III, IV could improve the immune organ index and antibody level of Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Specifically, group III and IV had significant effect, and effect of group II was significant at the 42 age in days (P<0.05). Group III was the best among them. Effect of group V was also significant at the 42 age in days (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, group VI could significantly improve the immune function of broilers during the test process (P<0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, the immune function of group VI was significantly greater than that of group II and IV (P<0.05), but greater than that of group III, the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Compared with group Ⅴ, group VI had remarkable effect (P<0.05). Both micro ecological preparation (Yi Duo Bao) and astragalus polysaccharide could improve the immune function of broilers, and there is synergetic action between them, combined use has better effect than separate use.

  BmNPV Affecting the Activity and Gene Expression of Phenoloxidase in Bombyx mori Tang Fenfen,Yang Weike,Zhu Feng,Shao Yulan,Zhang Yonghong and Bai Xingrong 2016, 32 (32):  25-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050089 Abstract + ( 935 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 413 ) In order to clarify the effect of BmNPV infection on the activity and gene expression of phenoloxidase in hemolymph of Bombyx mori, the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was applied to analyze the expression of prophenoloxidase gene PPO1 and PPO2 in hemolymph of the 5th instar larvae of silkworm, meanwhile the activity of phenoloxidase was determined after feeding Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. The results revealed that the expression of PPO1 and PPO2 presented an increasing trend after oral infected by BmNPV after 6 h and 9 h, but the relative expression quantity of PPO1 had significant difference with that of PPO2 at 6 h and 9 h. In addition, the phenoloxidase activities of the treatment group were significantly higher than that of the control group at 6 h and 9 h, while phenoloxidase activity of the treatment group was significantly lower at 24 h. As a kind of humoral immunity factor, phenoloxidase may be involved in the immune defense response of silkworm by BmNPV infection.

  Factors Affecting Pearl Production Performance of Pinctada maxima Lin Weicai,Xie Shaohe,Du Xiaodong,Wang Qingui and Fu Shao 2016, 32 (32):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050110 Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 561KB )   ( 334 ) The aims of the study are to investigate the effects of host oyster age, nucleus implantation season and medicinal treatment of mantle tissue on pearl production by Pinctada maxima, and increase pearl production efficiency. The periods of recovery and pearl farming after nucleus implantation were 30 days and 18 months, respectively. Results showed that the effects of host oyster age, nucleus implantation season and medicinal treatment of mantle tissue on pearl production performance were significant (P<0.05). Pearl production performance was the highest for 2.0 year-old oyster and the lowest for 3.0 year-old oyster. The oysters having surgical treatment in April had the highest pearl production performance value while had the lowest value in July. And the highest pearl production performance was in medicinal treatment 1 (3% polyvinyl pyrrolidone and 0.02% aureomycin solution).

  Effects of Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Total Suspended Solid on Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Water and Muscle of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Wang Zhenhua,Guan Chongwu,Song Hongqiao and Ye Xueping 2016, 32 (32):  34-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080023 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 880KB )   ( 494 ) To investigate the effects of water parameters on the concentrations of heavy metals in water and fish muscle in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), using tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) weighed (57.9±0.87) g as experimental creature, we conducted a 60-day experiment in 8 small RASs simulating the actual work condition with changing several water parameters including alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solid (TSS). The results showed that at the end of the experiment, alkalinity had obvious effect on the content of Cu, Zn in water and content of Zn in muscles; dissolved oxygen had obvious effect on the content of Cu in water and contents of Cu, Zn in muscles; TSS had no significant effect on contents of heavy metals in both water and muscles. However, in such experimental conditions, the contents of heavy metals in the muscle (the edible part of fish) of tilapia were under the limits of the national and industrial standards.

  Current and Future Situation of Tilapia Product Export in China 2016, 32 (32):  42-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040108 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 607KB )   ( 471 ) In order to forecast the trend of tilapia trade, and guide the healthy sustainable development of tilapia industry, the basic situation of China"s tilapia exports, exports of regional, and export target countries were analyzed, tilapia trade development trend was forecasted. The results showed that China"s tilapia products were mostly supplied to the international market. In recent years, export trade showed a good state basically, but the growth speed had slowdown gradually. To meet the international market demand, frozen tilapia fillets had become the most important products in China. Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian were the main tilapia export provinces. Chinese tilapia"s largest export target country is the United States. The increase of export target countries also represented China"s tilapia market was tend to be diversified. At the same time, tilapia industry"s future was faced with many problems, such as the increase of the trade competitiveness of competitors and decrease of the market, and the severe international trade environment. Sustained and stable development of tilapia industry must rely on the developing of domestic and foreign market, improving the quality of the products and building up the marketing channels, etc.

  Review of High-Throughput Sequencing Technology in Microbial Diversity of Dairy Product Zhang Min,Zhang Yan,,Lan Guowei,,Guan Bo,Liu Yidong,Zhou Hong and Ni Yongqing 2016, 32 (32):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040016 Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 492KB )   ( 521 ) High-throughput sequencing technology is able to detect a parallel of DNA molecule sequence from ten hundreds to millions as a symbol. Currently, it has been widely applied in various fields. In order to illuminate the application prospects of high-throughput sequencing technology in dairy product microbial diversity research, this article gave a summarization and introduction of principles and advantages of common high-throughput sequencing technology, including Solexa, 454, SOLID, and Ion Torrent. We reviewed the advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques’ application in the latest research of dairy product microbial species diversity, and pointed out the difficulties in processing huge data by high-throughput sequencing technology. In the end, we analyzed and forecasted the development tendency of high-throughput sequencing technology in dairy product microbial diversity.

  Red Beet Variety: Construction of Fingerprint 2016, 32 (32):  53-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040138 Abstract + ( 595 )   PDF ( 592KB )   ( 497 ) Red beet is a kind of cultivated sugar beet. Because of the function of nutrition and health care and the extensive use in the treatment of cancer, hypertension, high blood lipid and fatigue as well as in food coloring, red beet has received more and more attention. At present, the domestic cultivated red sugar beet is gradually increasing in number. In order to better protect the interests of the breeders as well as red beet growers and for the purpose of rapid identification of red beet variety, the SSR primer was used to construct the fingerprints of 12 varieties of red beet. The results showed that the combination of the three pairs of SSR primers including BVV21, SSD77 and SSD6 can simply realize the identification of 12 varieties of red beet, of which BVV21 can separately identify 3 varieties of red beet including beetroot, Tianyan red No. 1 andS880274.S

  Determination of Components in Venom of Buthus martensi Karsch Liu Xia,Xue Baoping,,Zhang Xuri, and Bai Zhantao 2016, 32 (32):  57-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040179 Abstract + ( 896 )   PDF ( 523KB )   ( 769 ) In order to investigate components of scorpion venom and explore pharmaceutical resources of Buthus martensi Karsch in northern Shaanxi, contents of soluble protein, total sugar, total fat in the venom were determined by using Lowry method, phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry and Soxhlet extraction method, respectively. And contents of water and insoluble substance were determined using freeze-drying method. The results showed that the contents of soluble protein, total sugar, total fat and insoluble substance were 46.3%, 3.43%, 7.23% and 31.8% in dry scorpion venom, respectively. And water occupied 90% of scorpion venom liquid. The study may provide a reference for the commercialization and functional component exploration of scorpion venom in northern Shaanxi.

  Application of Metabolomics Technology in Food Certification and Characteristic Identification Wang Xiaoyu,Du Renpeng,Wang Yao and Zhao Dan 2016, 32 (32):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040053 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 549 ) In order to guarantee the interests of consumers and food quality, both origin identification and quality identification of food are very important. Metabolomics technology is used to study the small metabolites within both cells and research systems based on MS (mass spectrometry) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) as detection platform, which can better reflect the environmental influence on food composition. This paper summarized the application of metabolism technology in the authentication of non-natural food materials and the fraud identification. The general process of metamolomics research were presented, especially its current application in food identification including tea, coffee, milk, dairy products, meat, fish, seafood, vegetables and fruits. The results would promote the development of metabolomics technology in food certification and characteristic identification.

  Weed Control Efficacy and Crop Safety of Fluorochloridone and Its Mixtures in Cotton Fields Wang Hengzhi,Guo Wenlei,Wang Zhaozhen,Tan Jinni and Wang Jinxin 2016, 32 (32):  66-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040140 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 436 ) To determine and compare their weed control effect and safety to cotton in field condition, fluorochloridone, pendimethalin, acetochlor and their corresponding mixtures were sprayed after sowing before seedling emergence using soil treatment method. The field research showed that the mixtures of fluorochloridone with pendimethalin or acetochlor could effectively control Amaranthus retroflexus, Eleusine indica, Acalypha australis, Eclipta prostrate and Portulaca oleracea. According to the results of greenhouse and field experiments, we recommend the following two combinations for weed control in cotton field: fluorochloridone 450.0 g a.i./hm2 pendimethalin 495.0 g a.i./hm2, fluorochloridone 450.0 g a.i./hm2 acetochlor 750.0 g a.i./hm2.

  Coconut Pests and Diseases: Current Status and Outlook Tang Qinghua,Yu Fengyu,Niu Xiaoqing and Qin Weiquan 2016, 32 (32):  71-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040141 Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 699KB )   ( 671 ) Coconut is an important woody oil crop and pabular energy crop in tropics. To date, though fruitful progress has been achieved in studies on major coconut pests and diseases in China, integrated pest management is still a critical task in the healthy development of coconut industry and ecological security. In this review, research status of coconut pests and diseases was introduced firstly, and then achievements on integrated pest management (IPM) were reviewed, then issues regarding the existing problems were analyzed, and finally the importance of IPM of coconut was interpreted and the outlook was discussed.

  Response of Forest Ecosystem Soil Carbon Pool to Nitrogen Deposition:A Review Guo Liang,Wang Qinggui and Xing Yajuan 2016, 32 (32):  81-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040005 Abstract + ( 1179 )   PDF ( 528KB )   ( 646 ) The increasing trend of atmospheric nitrogen deposition changes soil physical and chemical properties, which affects the growth and development of plants directly, and affects the terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool indirectly, then it changes the global climate change process. Forest is the main component of terrestrial ecosystem, therefore, it has great significance to predict the global climate change by the study of how the nitrogen deposition affects carbon pool of forest ecosystem. The purpose of this article was to analyze the effect of nitrogen deposition on the input and output of forest ecosystem soil carbon pool, and elaborated the effect of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition, fine root turnover and soil respiration in forest ecosystem. There were many researches on the effect of nitrogen deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, and many tests were conducted by scholars both at home and abroad on how the forest ecosystem soil carbon pool responded to nitrogen deposition. However, most people focused on the aggregate analysis of carbon input and output instead of the components of carbon input and output separately. The authors summarized the related researches on the response of different components of input and output to nitrogen deposition, which provided reference for further study on response mechanisms and response ways.

  A Review of Ecological Security Research on Land Resource Lu Wei,Zhao Yuan,Feng Xinlin,Zhu Yanting,Chang Yi and 2016, 32 (32):  88-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040014 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 554KB )   ( 572 ) The problem of land resource ecology security has become one of the hot topics in the field of sustainable utilization of land resource now. Based on the summary of concept and features of ecological security, the authors expounded the connotation, driven factors, framework and methods of land resource ecological security. The land resource ecological security mainly included two aspects, which were (1) land ecological system structure and function in healthy and balanced status; (2) providing stable, balanced and adequate supply for human society sustainable development. The achievement of land resource ecological security required the coordinated promotion and development of nature, economy and society, the impact of economy and society factors on land resource is far more than that of nature. On the assessment framework, the authors summarized the source and application of four kinds of assessment frameworks, which were the PSR framework system, the DPSIR framework system, the DPSER framework system and the framework system of “nature-economy-society”. About the evaluation method, the authors compared the advantages and disadvantages of four kinds of methods respectively. They were the method of mathematical model, ecological model, landscape ecological model and digital terrain model. At the same time, some new evaluation methods about the ecological security of land resource in recent years were put forward. At last, a prospect for the developing trend of ecological security of land resource was proposed: (1) based on ecological function zoning, the assessment indicator system of land resource ecological security which reflected pertinence and otherness should be established, the best threshold value of ecological security should be confirmed; (2) more researches on land resource ecology security and dynamic early warning of the typical areas, such as arid area, sand area, karst region, water and soil loss region, alpine plateau area and so on should be developed; (3) the evaluation method should be better combined with geographic information technology; (4) in order to control the ecological security of land resource better and realize the sustainable use of land resource, new evaluation method should be explored. Only in this way, it can ensure sustainable utilization of land resource.

  Remediation Technology Against Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soil with Different Pollution Levels Chen Liangmei,Ma Youhua,Wang Chensisi,Li Jiangxia,Ye Wenling,Wu Linchun and Cui Junyi 2016, 32 (32):  94-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040167 Abstract + ( 1248 )   PDF ( 610KB )   ( 680 ) With heavy metal pollution of farmland is more and more serious, crops’ quality and yield decline continuously and cause harm to the health of human beings. But pollution status of different regions has great differences. Taking different restoration measures in terms of different pollution levels of soil can not only improve repair efficiency, but also cut the cost. This paper expounds the effective prevention and remediation methods for farmland soil with different pollution levels. For the moderately and slightly polluted farmland, we mainly take prevention measures as planting resistance control-plant enrichment, passivation-plant resistance controlling and agronomic strengthening; for the heavily polluted farmland, we mainly take prevention measures as planting resistance control-efficient passivation, planting enrichment-other high efficiency technology, physical remediation etc. Now the study on remediation techniques for different levels of heavy metal pollution is still insufficient. We need to develop concrete and feasible remediation technology for different levels of heavy metal pollution systematically.

  Potential utilization of Manila clam for bio-remediation of multiple-contaminations of heavy metals, nutrients and petroleum hydrocarbon 2016, 32 (32):  100-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040149 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 627KB )   ( 430 ) To judge the potential utilization of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum for bio- restoration, Manila clam was exposed to multiple-contamination of heavy metals, nutrients and petroleum, during which its inhabits were simulated by sand, and metabolism characteristics and activity of superoxide dismutase of Manila clam were measured. The results showed that there were synergistic effects of ammonia and mercury on oxygen consumption of Manila clam; ammonia excretion rate of the clam was promoted by ammonia; there was no significant effect of heavy metals, nutrients and petroleum hydrocarbon on superoxide dismutase activities. Because of tolerances and bio- accumulations of Manila clam to heavy metals, nutrients and petroleum hydrocarbon, Manila clam might be used for bio- remediation of multiple- contamination of heavy metals, nutrients and petroleum hydrocarbon.

  Combined Application of NPK Fertilizer Affecting Grass Yield, Soil Fertility and Species Diversity in Leymu schinensis Steppe 仝宗永,权国玲,,,,, and 2016, 32 (32):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040130 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 617KB )   ( 317 ) In order to explore the effect of combined application of NPK fertilizer on grass yield, soil fertilizer and species diversity and provide a theoretical basis for restoration of degraded grassland,“3414”fertilizer application scheme of NPK fertilizer was conducted inLeymus chinensis steppe in the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the above-ground biomass ofLeymus chinensis had the maximum value of 133.63 g/m2 in N2P1K1, which increased by 235.66% compared with that of N0P0K0 (no fertilizer application) significantly (P <0.05). The total above-ground biomass increased significantly in N2P2K2, N2P1K1, N2P0K2 and N2P3K2 compared with that in N0P0K0 (P <0.05). The total above-ground biomass of N2P2K2 and N2P1K1 was up to 210.68 and 206.73 g/m2, and increased by 116.86% and 112.80% compared with that of N0P0K0 respectively. Soil electric conductivity in N2P3K2 was 422.13 μs/cm, which was significantly larger than that of N0P0K0, N1P1K2 and N1P2K1 (P <0.05). Content of total N in N3P2K2 had the highest value of 0.31 g/kg, which was significantly larger than that of N0P0K0 which was 0.23 g/kg (P <0.05). Contents of total K in N2P2K3 and N1P1K2 were 1.58 and 1.57 g/kg respectively, and were significantly larger than that of N0P0K0 which was 1.45 g/kg (P <0.05). Content of available P reached the peak (11.79 mg/kg) in N3P2K2, while content of available K reached the peak (358.83 mg/kg) in N2P3K2. Margalef richness index increased significantly in N0P2K2 compared with that in N2P2K0, N2P2K3 and N3P2K2, while decreased significantly in N3P2K2 compared with that in N0P2K2 and N2P1K1. Generally, it is suggested that the combined application of N2P1K1 (N 56 kg/hm2, P2O5 89 kg/hm2, K2O 34 kg/hm2) is the optimal choice in Leymus chinensis steppe.

  The Given Amount and Loading Capacity of Phosphorus from Livestock and Poultry Manure in China 2016, 32 (32):  111-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040096 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 607KB )   ( 476 ) To provide scientific basis for combination of farming and animal husbandry and control of livestock and poultry manure pollution, the total amount of phosphorus from livestock and poultry manure, the given amount and loading capacity of phosphorus per unit field in China were calculated. The results showed that the total amount of phosphorus from livestock and poultry manure was 638.9 thousand ton in China, and the proportion of phosphorus from swine, cow, beef, laying hens and broiler manure was 34.8%, 13.4%, 6.5%, 2.5% and 42.7%, respectively. Shandong Province occupied 17.3% of the total amount of phosphorus in China, which was the largest, followed by Henan Province (13.2% ) and Hebei Province (9.1% ). The amount of phosphorus per unit area in cultivated area and sown area was 29.4 and 24.1 kg/hm2 in Beijing, both were the highest and were less than the safety critical point of 35 kg/hm2. The loading capacity of phosphorus in most provinces was less than 0.5 based on the EU standard which took 35 kg P/hm2 as the safety capacity, and Beijing had the highest loading capacity which was 0.84 in cultivated area. Thus the potential of the loading capacity of livestock and poultry manure is still large in China, and application of livestock and poultry manure in farmland could effectively control manure pollution.

  Morphological Characteristics of Nitraria nebkhas in Yanqi Basin Under Different Habitats Asiye·Ablimit and Yusup·Mamat 2016, 32 (32):  117-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030228 Abstract + ( 602 )   PDF ( 846KB )   ( 360 ) The Nitraria forest, Nitraria Tamarix ramosissima mixed forest and Nitraria Populus diversifolia mixed forest nebkhas in Yanqi Basin were used as research area, the correlations between morphological characteristics (such as length, width, height, area, volume, plant height) and morphological parameters of Nitraria nebkhas under different habitats were studied. The results showed that: (1) the morphological parameters of Nitraria nebkhas under different habitats were length 1.2-10.7 m, width 1.2-6.3 m, height 0.5-2.4 m, area 1.2-50.1 m2, volume 0.7-80.3 m3, plant height 0.6-1.6 m; (2) the correlations among morphological parameters were strong, length and width, area and height, volume and area were significantly correlated under three habitats. Based on the results of the correlation analysis of morphological parameters, regression equations of nebkhas length and width, height and area, area and volume were fitted, the results showed that: R2 of height and area was between 0.7538 and 0.9895, except that of Nitraria Populus diversifolia mixed forest which was 0.3853, indicating that different morphological parameters were related closely. This study had certain significances on biological measures in wind prevention and sand fixation.

  Climatic Diagnosis and Its Relationship with Farmland Coverage Change: 1960-2015 in Inner Mongolia Zhang Chao 2016, 32 (32):  124-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050058 Abstract + ( 1028 )   PDF ( 1090KB )   ( 481 ) The paper aims to clarify the agricultural climate resources change of Inner Mongolia and its impact on farmland coverage since 1960. Using every 10 days meteorological data from 105 weather stations in Inner Mongolia from 1960 to 2015, climatic diagnosis was done from 3 aspects, including the central trend test, annual stability test, change trend test. The author used GIMMS-NDVI data from 1982 to 2006 to analyze the characteristics and changes of farmland vegetation, combined with the daily meteorological data from 116 weather stations, GIS spatial interpolation was used to achieve the transform of site data from point to the surface, meteorological elements raster data projection method and pixel were consistent with GIMMS NDVI data. Farmland’s NDVI and the relationship between temperature and precipitation conditions in synchronization were analyzed by GIS spatial analysis, statistical analysis, trend analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) since 2000, the seasonal mean temperature and annual average temperature of Inner Mongolia all showed a linear trend with significant increase; annual precipitation was relatively stable in most regions; the amount of precipitation increased in spring, while decreased in summer, and had no obvious change in autumn, and increased in east-central part and decreased in west part in winter while the changes were not significant; (2) the annual distribution of farmland NDVI presented an open downward unimodal curve; the annual average, average in summer, peak value of farmland NDVI rose significantly, but passed the stability test, there was no significant change in 2000; (3) the moisture in spring affected the pros and cons between temperature and vegetation cover.

  Reflection on Development of Solar Energy Resources in Wulian, Shandong Province Chen Zhichao 2016, 32 (32):  131-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050116 Abstract + ( 834 )   PDF ( 583KB )   ( 594 ) In order to settle the shortage of conventional energy, restrain the continuous development of global warming, the natural conditions and national policies for developing solar energy in Wulian County were expounded. The author pointed out that solar energy resource development was the inevitable choice for coping with climate change, and introduced current situation of Wulian solar energy utilization. There were a lack of detailed support policies and economic subsidies, poor understanding on strategic significance of solar energy resources, and incomplete transformation from resource advantage to economic advantage. Then the author made an outlook on solar energy utilization prospects, such as solar water heater, solar curing barn, solar cell and solar power generation. Finally some countermeasures and suggestions including making compulsory policy, encouraging subsidies, formulating development plan, establishing research and development institution and strengthening publicity were put forward to promote the development and utilization of solar energy.

  Trend of extreme precipitation in Changzhi cityunder the background of climate warming 李晶晶,段娟,李毓富,赵双巧 and 尹振保 2016, 32 (32):  137-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040026 Abstract + ( 797 )   PDF ( 1062KB )   ( 556 ) Abstract: The paper aims to research the change trend of extreme precipitation of Changzhi city under the background of climate change, to grasp its change law. This paper uses daily precipitation and temperature data over 11 county stations of Changzhi city from 1961 to 2015.And it focus on the study on extreme precipitation climate events, mainly on the variation features of heavy rain, torrential rain, heavy torrential rain, heavy snow and blizzard, as well as the interannual variability of different frequency grades. Using the factors of precipitation trend rate calculation、Morlet wavelet analysis、Mann-Kendal mutation analysis and so on to analyze precipitation frequency at all levels of Changzhi before and after the climate warming. The results showed that: 1、Changzhi city under the background of annual average temperature increase, the level of daily variation of precipitation is not the same.The most significant is the increase of light snow day and the reduce of rain day.The precipitation day (daily precipitation ≥0.1 mm) showed a trend of decrease.At the same time torrential rain, snow and blizzard days show varying degrees of increase. 2、Torrential rain, heavy torrential rain and heavy snow, blizzard has 25 to 30 years of oscillation period, in the high frequency part with two years period of oscillation, at all levels in the time series of precipitation also has 4 years, 6 years and 8 years cycle respectively.3、Extreme precipitation in 1962 changed abruptly. Abrupt change of heavy snow days happens around 1990 year, after 2006 year the heavy snow days increased even more significantly. Other grades of precipitation days have no obvious abrupt change.

  Snowfall: Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Circulation Cause in Qingdao Liu Xuegang,Zhang Jinyan,Guo Lina,Qi Dongju and Li Deping 2016, 32 (32):  144-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030164 Abstract + ( 686 )   PDF ( 1556KB )   ( 331 ) To study the snowfall characteristics in Qingdao and the formation causes, the NCEP global reanalyzed grid data and observational data of 1961-2009 were employed to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of snowfall in Qingdao. Using the method of composite analysis and physical diagnosis, the circulation patterns and physical characteristics of the Qingdao heavy snowfall were obtained. The results showed that: the earliest snowfall in Qingdao was in November, the latest was in April; the average annual snowfall was around 10 mm, more in the northeast and southwest, and less in the southeast in Qingdao; the average annual snowfall days were about 10 days, more in the northwest, and less in the middle; the monthly average snowfall and snowfall days showed the monthly variation characteristics of high in the middle and low at both ends, more in December, January and February, and less in November and April; the wavelet analysis results showed that both annual snowfall and annual snowfall days had the characteristics of oscillations with a quasi-19 year period; heavy snow first appeared in late November and the latest was in the middle of March. There were three kinds of circulation patterns for heavy snow in Qingdao, which were cold-trough eastern moving pattern, straight circulation pattern and zonal trough shifting to meridional pattern, and the main pattern was cold-trough eastern moving pattern; there were obviously cold air in the upper air and confluence of cold and warm air on the ground in Qingdao, meanwhile the warm air carried abundant moisture and the humidity increased. Qingdao was in the divergence area in high-level and convergence area in low-level. Such circumstances caused significant snowfall weather in Qingdao. Thus, physical characteristics analysis could enhance the heavy snow forecasting in Qingdao.

  Climatic Condition for Tea Plant Growth in Changqing Shi Chunyan and Zhang Qiandong 2016, 32 (32):  158-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050173 Abstract + ( 946 )   PDF ( 645KB )   ( 505 ) To carry out meteorological services for tea tree in growing season by using climatic data, the authors studied the indexes of meteorological factors, utilized climatic data in Changqing from 1981 to 2010, and analyzed the distribution characteristics of heat, moisture and light conditions and the common meteorological disasters, discussed the favorable and unfavorable climatic factors and their influence on the growth and development of tea plants. Results showed that: the annual average temperature basically met the needs of tea plant growth; the temperature difference between winter and summer was obvious, which influenced the production cycle and the growth of tea plant; freeze injury from January to April had certain influence on germination of tea bud and yield of spring tea; monthly mean precipitation change in Changqing was significant, precipitation from May to September basically met the demand of tea growth; precipitation in winter and spring (December to April) was less, combined with dry air, was not conducive to the improvement of tea yield; light could meet the requirements for tea growth, but sunshine percentage was more than 45% from June to September, which was the growing season of tea, and tea quality were affected. Accurately understanding the local climatic conditions can provide meteorological basis and scientific guidance for the construction and development of modern agriculture.

  Agricultural Climate Division for Orange-growing Based on GIS in Daying Lin Hong,Yang Lixia,Zhang Yufang,Zhao Ying,He Shuangling and Guo Juan 2016, 32 (32):  164-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050142 Abstract + ( 521 )   PDF ( 897KB )   ( 375 ) Climate division indexes were confirmed through the analysis of agricultural meteorological condition which influenced orange-growing, agricultural climate division for orange-growing in Daying was conducted based on GIS technology. The appropriate area, medium appropriate area and inappropriate area for orange-growing in Daying were defined and described. The results showed that Tianbao, Jinyuan, Huima and the east of Penglai, Longsheng and Zhuotongjing along the Qijiang River were the appropriate area, which had abundant natural resources such as light, heat and water, and it was warm in winter. This study could provide scientific basis for the industrial distribution and sustainable development of Daying orange-growing.

  Climate Suitability Evaluation of Yuanling Jujube in Chiping County Qiu Dongfeng,Zhu Cuihong and Sun Peiliang 2016, 32 (32):  169-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040134 Abstract + ( 479 )   PDF ( 637KB )   ( 427 ) In order to make basic weather stations better conduct meteorological service, observation data in phenological period of Yuanling jujube and meteorological data in Chiping County from 1971 to 2014 were compared to explore the advantageous and disadvantageous climatic conditions for Yuanling jujube. The results showed that annual average temperature, frost-free season in Chiping County, and extreme high and low temperature, sunshine hours and precipitation in growth period of Yuanling jujube could satisfy the demand of Yuanling jujube growth. The annual extreme high temperature of Chiping County was usually lower than 42℃ with a shorter duration. Sunshine duration was sufficient (1433.8 h) and conducive to jujube coloring. The average precipitation in growth period was 528.2 mm, which could meet the requirement of high quality and yield jujube. The main meteorological disasters were the uneven distribution and great annual variation of precipitation which could lead to local drought and flood. Besides, late frost and strong wind would also affect the yield and quality of jujube.

  Community Structure and Diversity of Airborne Microbes: Different Functional Regions in Spring of Nanjing Qu Haoli,Zhao Juan,Xiao Yongliang and Cao Hui 2016, 32 (32):  174-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040011 Abstract + ( 1138 )   PDF ( 1028KB )   ( 506 ) The study aimed at finding the distribution regularities of atmospheric microbes in different functional regions in Nanjing, thus to provide theoretical evidences for controlling some air-borne pathogenic bacteria. We collected air samples using three methods from three domains (NAU, NBG, XWG) and conducted further analysis. Diversity and concentration of bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal 18S rDNA in three functional areas of Nanjing were analyzed by PCR amplification, gene clone, RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphisms) and sequence analysis. The results showed that air samples derived from the three domains collected from the spring of Nanjing were dominated by bacteria such as Bacillus, Micrococcus and Pseudomona and Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Sistotrema were common fungi as well. Meanwhile, the conditioned pathogens such as serratia marcescens were detected. In general, the abundance and diversity distribution regularities of bacteria as well as fungi in different domains in spring of Nanjing were confirmed, and the study provided a feasible way for air quality monitoring and atmospheric microorganism research in Jiangsu Province and the whole country.

  Agricultural Meteorological Observation System: Research and Design Based on Internet of Things Zhai Junjing,Li Bilong and Jia Xiangfeng 2016, 32 (32):  182-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040120 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 1403KB )   ( 580 ) In order to make the real time observation of agro-meteorological data reliable and accurate, this study designed an agro-meteorological observation system based on the internet of things. The system used B/S mode and professional databases in the Eclipse development environment to realize the data acquisition combined with application in real-time, it also solved the problem of data and application software separation, and monitoring and analysis function with low real-time in the past. At the same time, the background application software automatically pushed agricultural weather forecast information to users by the front-end wireless sensor network with real-time data combined with expert knowledge. In summary, the agro-meteorological observation system described in this paper can push the information accurately and timely, it greatly satisfied the modern agriculture demands on accurate meteorological service.

  Farmers’ Risk Preference Affecting the Application of Green Rice Production Technology:Based on the Theoretical Analysis of Farmers’ Production Model Zhang Lijin,Wang Linping and Cai Liangmei 2016, 32 (32):  188-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020046 Abstract + ( 671 )   PDF ( 618KB )   ( 484 ) To explain the influencing mechanism of farmers’ risk preference on the application of green rice production technology, theoretical production basis including farmers’ rational behavior and risk preference theory was explained. Then the risk origin of the application of green rice production technology was analyzed based on farmers’ production theory. The results showed that the risks of green rice production came from comparative benefit, control of plant disease and pest and green certification. Finally, it was concluded that farmers’ risk preference could influence the decision on green rice production. Risk seekers were more inclined to produce green rice than risk neutral and risk averter.

  An Empirical Study on Risk Zonation of Potato Production in China:Based on the Data of 19 Main Potato Producing Provinces Zhou Lei,Ma Gaiyan,Peng Chanjuan and Xu Xuerong 2016, 32 (32):  193-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060003 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 643KB )   ( 450 ) In order to explore the distribution characteristics of potato production risk and the suitable planting areas in China, data of 19 Chinese potato producing provinces from 1992 to 2013 were used to conduct the study. Taking natural, market and technology risks into consideration, 9 variables including yield reduction rate, variable coefficient, probability of yield reduction rate less than 10% and 30%, planting scale index, etc. were chosen to construct the index system of risk zonation. Non parametric kernel density method was used to calculate the risk occurrence probability, and clustering method was used to conduct the empirical analysis of risk zonation. The results showed that potato planting area in China was divided into five risk areas. Potato production was higher, medium and lower in the northern region, southern region and central and western regions of China, respectively. Different potato varieties, temperature and precipitation difference in north and south could be the causes. The results can provide decision making basis for the adjustment of potato production distribution and prevention of natural disasters in the future.

  Development Status and Countermeasures of Agricultural Cleaner Production in China Liu Cenwei,Wang Chengji and Huang Yibin 2016, 32 (32):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080007 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 497KB )   ( 893 ) Agricultural cleaner production is a new model of agricultural development, its aim is to improve the management and monitoring system, reduce the pollution in the process of agricultural production to meet the need of agricultural production by producing and using clean energy and raw materials. The authors introduced the concept, background and significance, and also the goal of agricultural cleaner production, and the development status of agricultural cleaner production was reviewed by taking the examples of the United States, European countries and Japan. The situation of agricultural cleaner production in China was elaborated from two aspects: crop farming and animal husbandry, and the problems existed in agricultural cleaner production in China were pointed out: (1) imperfect laws and regulations, lack of adequate cognition and participation in policy making; (2) policy support from government was insufficient and underfunded; (3) cleaner production technical specification was not unified, and promotion mechanism was not perfect. Finally some countermeasures were put forward for agricultural cleaner production in China: (1) to increase publicity of agricultural cleaner production, and to cultivate the public consciousness of cleaner production; (2) to strengthen the rational utilization and protection of agricultural natural resources; (3) to promote cleaner production, agricultural enterprises should further solve the problem of pollution prevention; (4) to strengthen the cleaner production of animal husbandry, adjust the industrial structure; (5) to strengthen the consciousness of food safety, increase support for high quality agricultural production.