Several Organic Fertilizers: Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize and Soil Enzyme Activities

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0341

Abstract

Abstract:

To compare the effect of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on maize production capacity, and provide scientific evidence for the application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in black soil of northeast China, in a field experiment, four kinds of organic fertilizers and traditional chemical fertilizer were applied. The yield and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of maize, soil enzyme activity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization were determined as research indicators. The results showed that in the treatment of super effective organic fertilizer (T4), the yield of maize was 9800 kg/hm², which was 11.53% higher than that of traditional chemical fertilizer (CK), and reached a significant level. There was no significant difference between the yield of mushroom bran + chicken manure + humic acid organic fertilizer (T2) and CK. The photosynthetic characteristics of maize leaves in T2 and T4 treatments were higher than those of CK, increased by 32.34% (T2) and 24.10% (T4), respectively. In terms of enzyme activity, the alkaline phosphatase activity of mushroom bran + chicken manure + decomposed organic fertilizer by Bacillus subtilis (T3) was the highest, increased by 31.80% compared with that of CK. The sucrase enzyme activity under T4 treatment was the highest, increased by 30.91% compared with that of CK. Compared with CK, the four kinds of organic fertilizers significantly improved AMF colonization in maize roots and total glomalin. AMF colonization and total glomalin in T2 treatment were the highest, increased by 58.90% and 8.52%, respectively. It is indicated that super effect organic fertilizer and mushroom bran + chicken manure + humic acid organic fertilizer could reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and increase production and efficiency in replacing chemical fertilizer application.

Key words: Zea mays, organic fertilizer, photosynthetic characteristics, soil enzyme, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

CLC Number:

S146+.1

Zhao Xu, Song Qinghui, Wang Xiaohui, Wang Xuegang, Feng Yuhan, Sun Simiao, Li Hongtao, Chang Wei, Song Fuqiang. Several Organic Fertilizers: Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize and Soil Enzyme Activities[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2021, 37(3): 36-42.

Figures/Tables 9

References 33

[1]	翁凌云. 中国玉米生产现状及发展对策分析[J]. 中国食物与营养, 2010(01):24-27.
[2]	曾宪坤. 中国化肥工业的现状和展望[J]. 土壤学报, 1995(02):117-125.
[3]	Yi Y W, Xi C X, Xin T, et al. Policy distortions, farm size, and the overuse of agricultural chemicals in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2018:201806645-.
[4]	闫湘, 金继运, 梁鸣早. 中国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率[J]. 土壤, 2017,49(06):1067-1077.
[5]	Oldfield E E, Bradford M A, Wood S A. Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields[J]. Soil, 2019,5(1):15-32. doi: 10.5194/soil-5-15-2019 URL
[6]	Fei L, Martin L, Yu X M, et al. Estimating N status of winter wheat using a handheld spectrometer in the North China Plain[J]. Field Crops Research, 2007,106(1):0-85.
[7]	张绪美, 高蓓蕾, 郭宗祥. 化肥过量施用对农村生态环境的影响及对策-以太仓市为例[J]. 现代农业科技, 2013(18): 226, 231.
[8]	谢军, 赵亚南, 陈轩敬, 等. 有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016,49(20):3934-3943. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.008 URL
[9]	李燕青, 林治安, 温延臣, 等. 不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(06):1513-1522.
[10]	Chen W, Teng Y, Li Z, et al. Mechanisms by which organic fertilizer and effective microbes mitigate peanut continuous cropping yield constraints in a red soil of south China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2018,128.
[11]	Du L S, Tang M L, Zhu Z K, et al. Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Enzyme Activities in Profile of Paddy Soil Profiles[J]. Huan jing ke xue, 2018,39(8):3901-3909. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201711234 URL pmid: 29998700
[12]	蔡泽江, 孙楠, 王伯仁, 等. 长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011,17(1):71-78. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0110 URL
[13]	陈志龙, 陈杰, 许建平, 等. 有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮对小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2013(07):67-69.
[14]	Liu C A, Li F R, Zhou L M, et al. Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly-built terraces with loess soils in a semi-arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2013,117.
[15]	关松荫. 土壤酶及其研究法[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1986: 57-58.
[16]	田慧, 刘晓蕾, 盖京苹, 等. 球囊霉素及其作用研究进展[J]. 土壤通报, 2009,40(5):1215-1220.
[17]	Kormanik P P, Bryan W C, Schultz R C. Procedures and equipment for staining large numbers of plant root samples for endomycorrhizal assay[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1980,26(4):536-538. doi: 10.1139/m80-090 URL pmid: 6155191
[18]	温延臣, 张曰东, 袁亮, 等. 商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018,51(011):2136-2142.
[19]	Mohamed E L, Murtada H A. Effect of organic fertilizer and urea on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize[J]. Collectanea Mathematica, 2017,39(2):263-286.
[20]	Zhao J, Ni T, Li J, et al. Effects of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer application on crop yields, soil biological activity and bacterial community structure in a rice-wheat cropping system[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2016,99(18):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.006 URL
[21]	杨迪, 林琳, 杨旭, 等. 黑龙江不同玉米秸秆还田方式下土壤动物群落结构及其对秸秆降解的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2020,40(01):356-366.
[22]	Nguyen T N, Wallace H M, Xu C Y, et al. Short-term effects of organo-mineral biochar and organic fertilisers on nitrogen cycling, plant photosynjournal, and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2017,17(12):1-12.
[23]	彭辉辉, 刘强, 荣湘民, 等. 生物炭、有机肥与化肥配施对春玉米光合特性的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2016(7):132-135.
[24]	孙学成, 胡承孝, 谭启玲, 等. 低温胁迫下钼对冬小麦光合作用特性的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2006,32(009):1418-1422.
[25]	李芳兰, 包维楷. 植物叶片形态解剖结构对环境变化的响应与适应[J]. 植物学报, 2005,22(B08):118-127.
[26]	王通明, 陈伟, 潘文杰, 等. 有机肥和化肥对烟叶气体交换、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(02):517-526.
[27]	唐海明, 肖小平, 李超, 等. 长期施肥模式对双季水稻生理特性与产量的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2018,23(11):66-77.
[28]	王理德, 王方琳, 郭春秀, 等. 土壤酶学硏究进展[J]. 土壤, 2016,048(001):12-21.
[29]	马慧娟. 秸秆还田不同年限对土壤生化性状及玉米生长发育的影响研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学, 2016: 15-16.
[30]	张俊丽, 高明博, 温晓霞, 等. 不同施氮措施对旱作玉米地土壤酶活性及CO₂排放量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2012,32(19):6147-6154. doi: 10.5846/stxb201109051301 URL
[31]	商放泽, 杨培岭, 任树梅, 等. 灌水和氮肥类型对土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020,36(3):107-118.
[32]	李韵诗, 冯冲凌, 吴晓芙, 等. 重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2014,35(20):6881-6890.
[33]	Jiang S, Hu X X, Kang Y, et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the rhizospheric soil of litchi and mango orchards as affected by geographic distance, soil properties and manure input[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2020,152.

肥料种类	成分	用量	来源
玉米专用复合肥(CK)	氮磷钾/26-14-15(%)	750 kg/hm²	市购
秸秆+枯草芽孢杆菌腐熟有机肥(T1)	有效活菌数0.2亿/g	9000 kg/hm²	自主研发
菌糠+鸡粪+腐殖酸有机肥(T2)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发
菌糠+鸡粪+枯草芽孢杆菌腐熟有机肥(T3)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%,有效活菌数0.2亿/g	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发
超效有机肥(T4)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发

肥料种类	成分	用量	来源
玉米专用复合肥(CK)	氮磷钾/26-14-15(%)	750 kg/hm²	市购
秸秆+枯草芽孢杆菌腐熟有机肥(T1)	有效活菌数0.2亿/g	9000 kg/hm²	自主研发
菌糠+鸡粪+腐殖酸有机肥(T2)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发
菌糠+鸡粪+枯草芽孢杆菌腐熟有机肥(T3)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%,有效活菌数0.2亿/g	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发
超效有机肥(T4)	有机质≥45%,氮磷钾≥5%	750 kg/hm²+300 kg尿素	自主研发

施肥处理	百粒重/g	产量/(kg/hm²)
CK	33.44 ± 1.26 a	8786 ± 480 b
T1	34.00 ± 1.20 a	7273 ± 450 d
T2	35.67 ± 0.82 a	8346 ± 702 bc
T3	34.15 ± 1.83 a	7555 ± 491 cd
T4	33.54 ± 2.73 a	9800 ± 690 a

施肥处理	百粒重/g	产量/(kg/hm²)
CK	33.44 ± 1.26 a	8786 ± 480 b
T1	34.00 ± 1.20 a	7273 ± 450 d
T2	35.67 ± 0.82 a	8346 ± 702 bc
T3	34.15 ± 1.83 a	7555 ± 491 cd
T4	33.54 ± 2.73 a	9800 ± 690 a

施肥处理	净光合速/[μmol/(m²·s)]	蒸腾速率/[μmol/(m²·s)]	胞间CO₂浓度/(μmol/mol)	气孔导度/[μmol/(m²·s)]
CK	14.44±2.24 b	2.14±0.27 a	208.56±16.72 a	132.56±19.12 a
T1	12.56±2.20 b	0.91±0.13 d	158.44±53.83 b	55.93±15.31 c
T2	19.11±2.30 a	1.66±0.11 b	113.11±12.03 c	106.56±11.26 b
T3	17.11±3.20 a	1.30±0.21 c	113.25±31.09 c	100.11±19.06 b
T4	17.92±1.57 a	1.31±0.19 c	82.00±45.49 c	91.75±17.53 b