Current issue

• 2021 Vol.37 No.3 Published:25 January 2021

  Sowing Date in Saline-Alkali Land of Northern Jiangsu: Effects on Growth and Development Process and Yield of Rice Varieties Dai Jinying, Hu Lei, Sun Yibiao, Shi Wei, Zhao Shaolu, Zhu Jingwen, Liu Kai, Yan Guohong, Chen Dayong, Wang Aimin 2021, 37 (3):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300231 Abstract + ( 336 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1113KB )   ( 116 ) To explore the effect of sowing date on the growth and development process and yield of different rice varieties in the saline-alkali environment of northern Jiangsu, this experiment adopted the field test to investigate and compare the growth periods, dry matter accumulation, plant high, yield and other traits of ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Lianjing 11’ under different sowing dates. The results showed that: with the delay of sowing date, the growth period of ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Lianjing 11’ became shorter; the dry matter accumulation at the jointing stage, full heading stage and maturity stage of ‘Nanjing 9108’ showed a decreasing trend, and ‘Lianjing 11’ showed an upward trend and then a downward trend. The effect of sowing date on the plant height of ‘Lianjing 11’ was significantly different, and the plant height showed a downward trend with the delay of sowing date. The postponing of the sowing date of ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Lianjing 11’ decreased the panicle number, grains per panicle and yield. The best sowing date of ‘Nanjing 9108’ in the saline-alkali environment of northern Jiangsu is May 24, and that of ‘Lianjing 11’ is May 31.

  Differences in Yield and Quality of Different Japonica Rice with Good Taste Chen Jingdu, Tang Jianpeng, Zhang Mingwei, Yao Yi, Lu Peiling, Hu Yajie, Xie Chenglin 2021, 37 (3):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2020-00011 Abstract + ( 400 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1195KB )   ( 71 ) An experiment was conducted by using ‘Nanjing 9108’, ‘Nanjing 3908’, and ‘Nanjing 5055’ as materials, to compare the differences of yield, population growth and quality. The results showed that ‘Nanjing 3908’ had the highest yield, which was 9.02% and 6.87% higher than ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Nanjing 5055’, respectively, and large panicle, grain weight and high seed setting rate. ‘Nanjing 5055’ had fast early seedlings and strong tillering ability, but died out quickly after jointing, eventually, the earing rate was low. ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Nanjing 3908’ had relatively low tillering ability, but the tillering was stable and the final earing rate was high. ‘Nanjing 5055’ had the highest leaf area index at the tillering stage, ‘Nanjing 3908’ had the highest at jointing stage, and ‘Nanjing 3908’ had the lowest decay rate of leaf area index at the setting stage. ‘Nanjing 5055’ had the fastest dry matter accumulation from transplanting to heading, and gradually released from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation of ‘Nanjing 3908’ was slow at tillering stage, but after jointing, especially during heading and filling stage, the dry matter accumulation gradually accelerated, the dry matter accumulation amount and proportion were the highest. The chalkiness and chalkiness rate of ‘Nanjing 9108’ were significantly higher than ‘Nanjing 3908’ and ‘Nanjing 5055’. ‘Nanjing 9108’ had high amylose content and short gel consistency, ‘Nanjing 3908’ and ‘Nanjing 5055’ had low amylose content and long gel consistency. The protein content of ‘Nanjing 5055’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Nanjing 9108’ and ‘Nanjing 3908’. ‘Nanjing 9108’ had the highest peak viscosity, breakdown value and the lowest setback, its taste performance was the best. Overall, ‘Nanjing 3908’ has the best yield performance and is suitable for conventional planting in field. ‘Nanjing 9108’ has the best quality and is suitable to build high-quality rice brand under organic planting.

  Effect of Reducing Phosphate Fertilizer and Applying Biochar on Phosphorus Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat in Northern Xinjiang He Jiaqi, Yang Weijun, Jia Yonghong, Li Yonghao, Xing Dongjian, Hui Chao, Gao Wencui 2021, 37 (3):  13-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300265 Abstract + ( 451 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1233KB )   ( 53 ) This experiment aims to investigate different fertilization patterns’ influence on the accumulation and transport of phosphorus and yield of wheat, and provide references for scientific reduction of phosphorus and application of biochar, thus raise the utilization ratio of phosphate fertilizer. 4 levels of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) and 3 levels of biochar were set to compare the difference of wheat phosphorus accumulation, utilization rate, and yield under different fertilization modes. The results showed that by reducing phosphorus 15% (102 kg/hm2) and applying biochar 22.5 t/hm2 (P3B2), the comprehensive effect was the best, the dry matter quality of spring wheat was the highest, with an increase of 4.07g/plant (8.24%) compared with that of the control. Under this treatment, the phosphorus content of the plant increased by 6.21% compared with that of the control, mainly distributed in the ear; phosphorus transfer in stem increased the most when phosphate fertilizer was applied with low biochar and the least when phosphate fertilizer was applied with high biochar. The effect of phosphate fertilizer combined with biochar on leaf phosphorus was greater than that of single phosphate fertilizer. Under the conditions of this experiment, applying 102 kg/hm2 with biochar 22.5 t/hm2has a significant promoting effect on the contribution rate of stem and leaf to grain, and can improve the utilization efficiency and physiological efficiency of phosphorus and achieve the best yield increase.

  High and Stable Yield of New Wheat Variety ‘Ruihuamai 520’ Jin Yan’gang, Xia Zhonghua, Wang Xin, Yang Yongle, Ren Yangtao, Chang Dongwei 2021, 37 (3):  20-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300209 Abstract + ( 1316 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1161KB )   ( 330 ) This study analyzed the yield performance and composition factors of new elite wheat variety ‘Ruihuamai 520’ with high yield and good quality, aiming to provide a basis for its popularization. The high and stable yield of wheat variety ‘Ruihuamai 520’ was analyzed by using the national and provincial intermediate tests and multi-point data of large-scale application. The results showed that the yield point rate of ‘Ruihuamai 520’ reached 100% in regional trials of Jiangsu Province, the yield increasing point rate was 88.2% in the two-year test in the national regional trial; the mean variation coefficient was 7.16% and 12.2%, respectively, ranking the first and the seventh of the tested varieties. The value of variation coefficient was 494.97 and 618.97, respectively, ranking the second and the third of the tested varieties. The average number ears, the number of grains per ear and the weight of 1000 grains of the variety ‘Ruihuamai 520’ were (633.0 ± 64.5)×10 4/hm2, 31.1 ± 4.5 and 40.2 ± 3.0 g, respectively, indicating that the three factors of yield were coordinated and stable. The experiments show that wheat variety ‘Ruihuamai 520’ has high and stable yield, and good resistance to major diseases and natural disasters in southern Huanghuai area.

  5-azacytidine Reduces Regeneration Frequency of Wheat Mature Embryo Dong Luhao, Li Xiaohui, Song Yuning, Wang He, Li Xingguo, Bie Xiaomin 2021, 37 (3):  26-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2020-00006 Abstract + ( 322 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1288KB )   ( 46 ) To study the effect of histone acetylation on wheat regeneration, mature embryos of CB037, Fielder and Chinese Spring (CS) were used as explants, different concentrations of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) were added into the culture medium. The embryonic callus induction rate, callus differentiation rate and green shoot induction rate were analyzed. The results showed that with the addition of 50 μmol/L 5-azaC, the green shoot induction rate of CB037 was 54.72% which reduced significantly compared with the control group of 79.62%. With the addition of 10 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L 5-azaC, the embryonic callus induction rates of Fielder were 39.13% and 35.71% respectively, and the green shoot induction rates were 26.09% and 25.14% respectively, which decreased significantly compared with those of the control. While CS was treated with 50 μmol/L, the embryonic callus induction rate was 23.89% and reached significant difference compared with the control group of 30.95%. Adding 5-azaC could reduce the regeneration frequency of wheat mature embryo; with the increase of additive concentration, the reduction effect becomes more obvious and the effects of 5-azaC on the regeneration frequency are different among genotypes.

  Different Seed Coating Formulations: Effects on Wheat Yield and Rhizosphere Soil Fu Huijuan, Li Xingyue, Yang Wuyun, Li Qiyong, Wei Huiting, Yi Jun, Zhang Hong 2021, 37 (3):  31-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300239 Abstract + ( 453 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1209KB )   ( 76 ) In order to reduce the use of the chemical pesticides, the growth, yield traits, yield and rhizosphere soil environment of wheat were analyzed by using biological and chemical coating formulation in this study. Imidacloprid was used as chemical seed coating formulation (T1), while endogenous Bacillus was used as biological seed coating formulation (T2). The soil enzyme activities and soil physical and chemical properties in the early stage of wheat growth and development were determined, respectively. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and nitrogen in leaves at the flowering stage, photosynthetic parameters at the filling stage, main character indexes and yield of wheat at the maturity stage were investigated. Compared with CK treatment, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, and the soil enzyme activities, such as soil catalase (S-CAT), soil sucrase (S-SC), soil urease (S-UE), and soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP) of T2 treatment increased significantly, the soil pH and soil organic matter content also increased obviously. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of wheat flag leaves increased by 21.90% and 52.04%, and the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased by 5.15%. Compared with T1 treatment, the enzyme activities of S-CAT (23.30%), S-UE (31.99%), and S-ACP (38.54%) were significantly enhanced under T2 treatment. In addition, the main characters and yield of wheat under T2 treatment were significantly increased. The wheat yield reached 6.25 t/hm 2, increased by 36.00% and 21.12% compared with CK and T1 treatment, respectively. As the main component of the biological coating formulation, endophytic Bacillus can improve the soil environment of wheat to a certain extent, promote the growth and development of wheat, and also increase the filling rate and yield of wheat.

  Several Organic Fertilizers: Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize and Soil Enzyme Activities Zhao Xu, Song Qinghui, Wang Xiaohui, Wang Xuegang, Feng Yuhan, Sun Simiao, Li Hongtao, Chang Wei, Song Fuqiang 2021, 37 (3):  36-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0341 Abstract + ( 387 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1359KB )   ( 63 ) To compare the effect of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on maize production capacity, and provide scientific evidence for the application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in black soil of northeast China, in a field experiment, four kinds of organic fertilizers and traditional chemical fertilizer were applied. The yield and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of maize, soil enzyme activity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization were determined as research indicators. The results showed that in the treatment of super effective organic fertilizer (T4), the yield of maize was 9800 kg/hm2, which was 11.53% higher than that of traditional chemical fertilizer (CK), and reached a significant level. There was no significant difference between the yield of mushroom bran + chicken manure + humic acid organic fertilizer (T2) and CK. The photosynthetic characteristics of maize leaves in T2 and T4 treatments were higher than those of CK, increased by 32.34% (T2) and 24.10% (T4), respectively. In terms of enzyme activity, the alkaline phosphatase activity of mushroom bran + chicken manure + decomposed organic fertilizer by Bacillus subtilis (T3) was the highest, increased by 31.80% compared with that of CK. The sucrase enzyme activity under T4 treatment was the highest, increased by 30.91% compared with that of CK. Compared with CK, the four kinds of organic fertilizers significantly improved AMF colonization in maize roots and total glomalin. AMF colonization and total glomalin in T2 treatment were the highest, increased by 58.90% and 8.52%, respectively. It is indicated that super effect organic fertilizer and mushroom bran + chicken manure + humic acid organic fertilizer could reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and increase production and efficiency in replacing chemical fertilizer application.

  Recombination Lines from Maize Landraces ‘Worihuang’ and ‘Wo30’: Combining Ability Analysis Yang Lin, Yang Kecheng, Zhu Yonghui, Deng Luchang, Cheng Jie, Tan Jun, Li Yan, Zhang Biao, Yang Junpin, Tang Haitao, He Yuanyuan, Peng Hua, He Wenzhu 2021, 37 (3):  43-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0317 Abstract + ( 380 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1116KB )   ( 43 ) The objectives of the study are to evaluate the combining ability improvement and breeding potential value of recombination lines from maize landraces ‘Worihuang’ and inbred line ‘Wo30’, and explore the novel methods to utilize excellent genes in landraces. Five backbone inbred lines in southwest China and five introduced inbred lines were used as testers. ‘Wo30’ and eight recombinant lines were used as tested lines, the eight recombinant inbred lines were ‘W1’, ‘W2’, ‘W3’, ‘W4’, ‘W5’, ‘W6’, ‘W7’ and ‘W8’, respectively. The combining ability and heterosis of ‘Wo30’ and eight recombinant lines were analyzed by NCⅡ design. The results demonstrated that the general combining ability (GCA) of plant height, ear height, ear length, row number per ear, grain number per row, 100 grain weight, bald tip length, seed rate and yield per plant were significant or extremely significant among ‘Wo30’ and eight recombinant lines. The order of GCA effect value of yield per plant was ‘W1’> ‘W2’> ‘W8’> ‘Wo30’> ‘W4’> ‘W5’> ‘W3’> ‘W6’> ‘W7’. The GCA effect value of comprehensive traits of recombinant lines ‘W1’, ‘W2’ and ‘W8’were significantly higher than that of ‘Wo30’, which had good breeding potential. The lost valuable genes can be re-introduced into the recombinant inbred lines by mixed pollen pollination between the best lines of ‘Wo30’and ‘Worihuang’, which can obtain recombinant lines with a higher combining ability. It is beneficial to the exploitation and utilization of excellent local germplasm.

  Reducing and Postponing Base Fertilizer Supply Under Drip Irrigation: Effect on Nutrient Absorption and Root Growth of Summer Maize Xu Li, Shao Changxia, Zhu Ruihua, Li Songjian, Sun Xuefang, Zhang Hongsheng, Sun Qing, Liu Shutang, Jiang Wen 2021, 37 (3):  50-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300236 Abstract + ( 368 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1423KB )   ( 183 ) The aim is to investigate the effects of reducing and postponing base fertilizer supply on nutrient absorption and root growth of summer maize under drip irrgation. ‘Zhengdan 958’ was used as the test material, three treatments were set up, i.e. traditional base fertilizer supply (CK), postponing base fertilizer supply to V6 (T1) or V12 (T2), the dry matter accumulation, root growth, plant nitrogen nutrient index, nutrient accumulation, soil nitrate nitrogen content and yield of summer maize were investigated. The results showed that although the nitrogen nutrition index of T1 and T2 was lower than 1 (0.88) at jointing stage (V6), the difference in contents of N, P, K and dry matter accumulation of shoot among the treatments was not significant, and for T2, the plant nitrogen accumulation from silking stage (R1) to mature stage (R6) was higher than that of the CK (+33.39%). There was significant difference among the three treatments in nitrate nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil layer between rows, while the value of T2 was 41.85% and 35.46% lower than those of CK and T1, respectively. The content of nitrate nitrogen in 80-100cm soil layer of T1 and T2 treatments was lower than that of CK by 78.68% and 56.02%, respectively, the difference was not significant. The root surface area density of 15-30 cm soil layer was T2 > T1 > CK in the bell-mouthing stage (V12), in which T2 and T1 was 25.89% and 36.17% higher than CK, respectively, and the root surface area density of 30-45 cm soil layer in T2 treatment was 68.59% higher than CK. Overall, the harvest index and yield of T2 treatment were relatively the highest, the difference was not significant, and the nitrogen utilization rate of T2 was 12.13% higher than that of CK. Therefore, under drip irrigation, the ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing should be optimized according to the soil fertility in summer maize production. The base fertilizer in middle and high fertility farmland could be appropriately reduced and topdressed to V6 or even V12, to control the growth at early stage and keep sufficient fertilizer for later growth, reduce the residual nitrate nitrogen in the soil and promote the root growth.

  Sugar Beet Fertility: Rapid Identification by Using Molecular Markers Shi Haoqi, Ding Liuhuizi, Pi Zhi, Wu Zedong 2021, 37 (3):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0446 Abstract + ( 398 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2823KB )   ( 52 ) The aim of the experiment is to optimize the entire identification process of sugar beet fertility with molecular markers and lay a foundation for the real application of molecular markers in identifying sugar beet fertility in actual breeding work. We identified the fertility of sugar beet with two methods of DNA extraction from sugar beet, double PCR and two electrophoresis, with 10 randomly selected young leaves of sugar beet and 5 leaves of multigerm germplasm resources of sugar beet as test materials. The results showed that the lysis solution method was more efficient and convenient in extracting DNA from sugar beet and 100 parts of DNA from sugar beet were extracted in 1 h, which was much more efficient than the CTAB method; the double PCR method was completely feasible for fertility identification of sugar beet, the time required for identifying sugar beet fertility was reduced by half. Comparing the two electrophoresis methods, it was found that the 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not meet the experimental requirements, while the 1% agarose gel electrophoresis fully met the experimental requirements. By optimizing the whole identification system for identifying the fertility of sugar beet with molecular markers, it is concluded that the DNA extraction from sugar beet with lysis solution method, the identification of the fertility of sugar beet by double PCR and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis could achieve the purpose of rapid fertility identification of sugar beet.

  The Growth Law of Green Myriophyllum verticillatum Under Different Concentrations of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Gao Huaijun, Lu Qingnan, Zhuang Tiegang, Zou Qiyang, Xu Li 2021, 37 (3):  66-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2020-00002 Abstract + ( 378 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1110KB )   ( 41 ) The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for purifying aquaculture wastewater by biological methods and managing plant cultivation mode. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), potassium nitrate (KNO3), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) were used to provide ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus. A completely random outdoor experiment was conducted. The growth law of green Myriophyllum verticillatum under the variation of the three factors of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus was studied. The length and fresh weight of green Myriophyllum verticillatum after 30 days increased first and then decreased with the increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration. The ammonia nitrogen concentration of 25 mg/L was the most suitable concentration for the growth. When the concentration of nitrate changed from 5 mg/L to 35 mg/L, its fresh weight and length generally increased first and then decreased. The most suitable nitrate concentration for growth was 15 mg/L. When the total phosphorus concentration changed from 5 mg/L to 35 mg/L, its growth status was positively correlated with the concentration, and the concentration threshold suitable for its growth was unknown, needing to be further studied. The growth of green Myriophyllum verticillatum was significantly affected by the changes of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration, and was less affected by the changes of nitrate nitrogen concentration compared to the first two factors. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for purifying the wastewater in the sewage, managing and maintaining the ecological water purification system of green Myriophyllum verticillatum.

  Salt-tolerance and Soil Improvement Mechanism of Suaeda salsa: Research Progress Jia Lin, Liu Luyao, Wang Pengshan, Li Zhiming, Zhang Jinlong, Li Xinzheng, Tian Xiaoming, Wang Guoqiang 2021, 37 (3):  73-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191200947 Abstract + ( 815 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF ( 1092KB )   ( 149 ) As one of the pioneer plant in salt soil, Suaeda salsa can survive in soil with 3% salt content, which is an important germplasm resource, and has a crucial application potential in the research of plant resistance mechanism, development and utilization of salt-tolerant genes and soil ecological remediation. To fully understand the salt tolerance mechanism of Suaeda salsa and its mechanism of soil improvement, from the aspects of morphology, physiology and biochemistry and molecular level, we summarize its salt tolerance mechanism, discuss its effect on salt alkaline soil physical and chemical properties, microbial species and refinement of soil nutrients, and review the research on its role in controlling soil heavy metals and organic pollutants. Based on the study, we argue that more attention should be paid to the key salt tolerance gene of Suaeda salsa, its role in plant community succession process, and the combined mechanism of Suaeda salsa and microbial species on soil improvement.

  Combined Application of Bamboo Charcoal and Organic Fertilizer: Effects on Soil Nutrients and Enzyme Activities in Root Area of Grape Chen Limei, Li Xiaoying, Lu Xiaoying, Li Junlong, Bai Xue 2021, 37 (3):  81-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300235 Abstract + ( 545 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1265KB )   ( 69 ) The objective is to explore the effects of co-application bamboo charcoal and organic fertilizer on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in grape fields, and provide ideas for soil improvement. The grape variety ‘summer black’ was used as the test material, a field experiment was conducted to set up different gradients of combined application with bamboo charcoal and organic fertilizer, the soil properties and enzyme activities were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents of topsoil (0-20 cm) were higher than that of subsoil (20-40 cm). Compared with the organic fertilizer application, the combined application with bamboo charcoal and low- dose organic fertilizer increased the total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents of the topsoil, the combined application of bamboo charcoal and medium-dose organic fertilizer improved organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of the topsoil, and the combined application of bamboo charcoal and medium-dose organic fertilizer increased organic matter and available potassium contents of the topsoil. The combined application of bamboo charcoal and low-dose or medium-dose organic fertilizer enhanced the activity of catalase and inhibited the activity of sucrose in soil. While the combined application with bamboo charcoal and high-dose organic fertilizer inhibited the activity of catalase, and it did not significantly affect the activity of urease in soil. Five groups (B0M, B3L and B3M and B6M, B6L, B0H and B6H, B0L and B3H) were distributed by cluster analysis. In a short term, the application of 6% bamboo charcoal and medium-dose organic fertilizer is the recommended combination that shows the best synergistic effect on the soil quality. The long-term effects should be explored in the future.

  Elevated CO2 Concentrations: Effects on Soil Microbial Quantity and Enzyme Activity in Root Zone of Lycium barbarum Xie Yun, Guo Fangyun, Cao Bing 2021, 37 (3):  90-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2020-00015 Abstract + ( 328 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1295KB )   ( 57 ) To investigate the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration on the soil microenvironment of wolfberry root area in Ningxia, Lycium barbarum L. was used as the test material, and the open-top air chamber was used to simulate the control of CO2 concentration to measure the changes in the number of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity in the root zone under the double treatment of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 concentration reduced the number of fungi and increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes. Under 0.5-fold increase CO2 concentration treatment, the activities of catalase and invertase in wolfberry root area were increased by 24.74% and 23.71%, the urease activity and polyphenol oxidase activity were decreased by 0.45% and 15.29% compared with those of the control. Under double CO2 concentration treatment, the activities of the three enzymes were increased by 55.74%, 23.07%, and 44.60%, while the polyphenol oxidase decreased by 24.94%. Path analysis showed that the number of fungi had the greatest influence on urease activity, while the number of bacteria had the strongest influence on catalase activity. Atmospheric CO2 concentration enhanced the correlation between the number of soil microorganisms and enzyme activity in the root zone, in which the number of fungi and bacteria was significantly and negatively correlated with urease, and the number of actinomycetes was significantly and negatively correlated with urease under 0.5-fold treatment. The elevated CO2 concentration could increase the number of soil bacteria and actinomycetes in the root zone of wolfberry and the activities of soil catalase, urease and invertase.

  Effects of Tillage Patterns on Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community in Maize Field Gao Jingjing, Liu Hongmei, Yang Dianlin, Li Ruiying, Zhu Ping, Gao Hongjun, Li Jing, Zhang Xiuzhi, Peng Chang 2021, 37 (3):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-005 Abstract + ( 372 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF ( 1182KB )   ( 80 ) To improve the soil fertility of black soil, maize straw returning and tillage patterns were selected and investigated. This study was based on the experiment of different tillage patterns in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province, three straw returning tillage patterns were set up: straw chopping and returning to the field and ploughing (CK), stubble height returning to field, the alternately planting of broad line and narrow line + straw mulching + rapid straw decomposition maturing agent (KZF), straw chopping and returning to the field and ploughing + rapid straw decomposition maturing agent (SF). Biolog ECO-plate methods were used to analyze the response of soil microbial functional diversity to different tillage patterns in maize field of black soil. The results indicated that the average well color development (AWCD) values of different tillage patterns increased significantly with the extension of culture time. During the cultivation period, the change of AWCD values was as follows: KZF>SF>CK. After 144 hours of culture, the AWCD values of KZF and SF were significantly higher than that of CK. There was no significant difference in Shannon index (H), Dominance index (D) and Shannon evenness index (E) among different tillage patterns. The principal component analysis showed that tillage patterns significantly affected the ability of soil microorganisms to utilize carbon sources. Carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids were the main carbon source utilized by the microbial communities. The treatments of stubble height returning to field, the alternately planting of broad line and narrow line + straw mulching + rapid straw decomposition maturing agent (KZF) and straw chopping and returning to the field and ploughing + rapid straw decomposition maturing agent (SF) improved the activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community.

  Shrimp Peptide Organic Fertilizer and Shatian Pomelo: Effects of on Nutrients in Leaf or Orchard Soil and Fruit Quality Ou Shanhan, Lin Lin, Liu Binghao, Mei Zhengmin, Zhang Shenan, He Shenkui, Cai Jun, Xiao Yuanhui, Mo Jiansheng 2021, 37 (3):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0025 Abstract + ( 313 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1192KB )   ( 59 ) To understand the effect of shrimp peptide organic fertilizer on quality improving of Shatian pomelo fruit and its reasonable application technique, from 2013 to 2015, the effects of applying shrimp organic fertilizer on orchard soil nutrients and fruit quality of Shatian pomelo were studied in Rongxian County. Shallow ditch was opened near the canopy drip line in the middle and late July. Treatment 1 was 3.5 kg shrimp peptide fertilizer of per plant, treatment 2 was 2.5 kg shrimp peptide fertilizer of per plant, the control was 2.5 kg dry peanut bran of per plant. From August to September, plants of treatment 1 and treatment 2 were sprayed three times with 800 times of shrimp peptide amino acid foliar fertilizer, and the control was sprayed with water. The results showed that the application of shrimp peptide fertilizer could increase the content of exchange Mg, effective Zn, effective Fe, effective Mn and effective B in shallow soil of 0-20 cm, and increase total N, exchange Ca, exchange Mg, effective Fe, organic matter and pH in soil of 20-40 cm. The contents of nutrients such as total N, total P, total K, exchanged Mg and effective B in the leaves were significantly improved. The total sugar content of the fruit was obviously improved, and the flavor was good, the taste was sweet and crisp, and the quality of the fruit was better. Therefore, the application amount of shrimp peptide fertilizer of 2.5-3.5 kg in the middle of July with spraying 800 times of shrimp peptide amino acid foliar fertilizer in August for three times could effectively improve the soil nutrients and the quality of Shatian pomelo fruits.

  Analysis of Mineral Elements’ Content of 4 Excellent Wild Kiwifruit Individual Plants Wang Lianrun, Wan Hong, Tao Pang, Chen Xia, Wu Dingcai, Ding Renzhan, Li Weifen, Sha Yucang, Li Kunming 2021, 37 (3):  112-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0007 Abstract + ( 288 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1126KB )   ( 49 ) To explore the wild kiwifruit germplasm resources in Yunnan Province, a survey was conducted to collect wild kiwifruit resources in eastern and northeastern Yunnan. Four excellent individual plants were selected on the basis of sensory evaluation, morphometric analysis and total sugar and total acid identification analysis of the fruits. The results showed that the fruit of DSG-2 had the highest content of P, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu and Na, XSD-1 fruits had the lowest content of P, Mg, Ca, Cu, Na and K. The content of K, Ca, P and Mg of the four plants ranked as the top four among all mineral elements, accounting for 99.51%-99.76% of the total, while the content of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Na was relatively low respectively. The order of the total mineral elements, the integrated mineral nutrition assessment index and the mineral nutrient quality of the four individual plants were all DSG-2> LBBH-1>LB-2>XSD-1.

  Resistance Research of 4 Cerasus Cultivars Under Temperature Stress in North China Hu Na, Chen Si, Hou Shixing, Liu Dongjun 2021, 37 (3):  116-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0481 Abstract + ( 479 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1281KB )   ( 65 ) In order to observe the temperature stress resistance of 4 Cerasus cultivars in north China, including Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Kawazu-zakura’, Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Oh-kanzakura’, Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Tariyo-zakura’ and Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Rubescens’, the contents of chlorophyll and proline in leaves under high temperature stress, the contents of SOD and MDA in branches under low temperature stress were measured respectively. Combined with field observation, the data were analyzed. The results showed that, among the 4 Cerasus cultivars, the temperature stress resistance ability of Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Kawazu-zakura’ was high, that of Cerasus× kanzakura ‘Oh-kanzakura’ was low. The results can provide reference for the introduction of series Cerasus cultivars in north China.

  Combined Application of Amino Acids and Fertilizer: Effects on Growth, Quality and Nutrient Absorption of Lactuca sativa L. Liang Zhixiong, Peng Zhiping, Tu Yuting, Wu Xuena, Yang Linxiang, Lin Zhijun, Huang Jichuan 2021, 37 (3):  123-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20200300255 Abstract + ( 584 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1068KB )   ( 51 ) To find out the effects of combined application of amino acids and fertilizer on the growth of crop, and clarify amino acids with synergistic function and their proper application concentrations, a pot experiment was conducted with Lactuca sative L. as material. Glutamic acid, alanine and aspartic acid were chosen and used with 3 concentrations mixed with fertilizer, taking water as control. The results showed that: in all experimental treatments, the treatment with alanine acid had the most obvious effect on yield, when the concentration was 20 mmol/L, the yield of Lactuca sative L. was higher than that of the control, and increased by 9.40%. All the treatments of amino acid with right concentrations could enhance the contents of total protein and decrease the contents of nitrate, besides, the application of aspartic acid added to fertilizer could significantly reduce the nitrate content of Lactuca sative L. by 42.57%-79.91%. All the treatments with amino acids could promote the accumulation of nutrients in Lactuca sativa L. The treatments of glutamate acid could increase the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Lactuca sative L. by 12.87%, 14.50% and 8.87%, respectively, compared with the control. The application of glutamic acid, alanine and aspartic acid added to fertilizer can promote the absorption of nutrients, improve yield and quality of Lactuca sative L.. However, the effects of different amino acids and their proper using concentration are different, which means that appropriate synergistic amino acid and concentration should be selected according to the production purpose.

  TaHPPR Gene in Wheat: Cloning and Expression Analysis Hao Xiaocong, Wang Weiwei, Zhang Fengting, Sun Rui, Fang Zhaofeng, Liu Shan, Cao Zhishen, Zhu Wengen, Zhao Changping, Wang Dezhou, Tang Yimiao 2021, 37 (3):  129-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0010 Abstract + ( 414 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 221 ) To identify the role of hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR) in wheat stress, this study used homologous cloning to obtain a wheat HPPR gene which named TaHPPR. At the same time, the expressions of HPPR gene in tissues and under stress were analyzed. ‘Taiyuan 806’, ‘Xiaobaimai’, ‘Jingdong 8’ and ‘Jing 411’ were used as materials. We performed RT-qPCR analysis to determine TaHPPR gene expression levels in tissue and under stress. Sequence analysis showed that the TaHPPR gene contained a complete open reading frame of 975 bp, and encoded 324 amino acids. TaHPPR protein contained a NAD-binding domain structure. In addition, phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaHPPR gene was in the same branch of Triticum dicoccoides and their genetic relationships were extremely familiar. Expression profiling revealed that TaHPPR expressed in roots, spikelets (excluding stamens), and leaf sheaths, of which the expression level in roots was the highest. The expression of TaHPPR gene decreased under cold, drought, high salt and ABA stress treatment, In the high-salt resistance variety ‘Jingdong 8’, TaHPPR gene expression increased, while it was suppressed in the sensitive variety ‘Xiaobaimai’ and the moderate sensitive variety ‘Jing411’. The results of subcellular localization show that TaHPPR protein is mainly expressed in mitochondria, and the overexpression of TaHPPR gene may increase the salt tolerance in wheat. This study clarifies the expression characteristics of TaHPPR under adversity stress response and salt stress treatment in different varieties, and provides new gene resources and new ideas for studying the molecular mechanism of wheat resistance breeding.

  Spodoptera frugiperda: Host Selection and Effect on Its Growth and Development Guo Zhixiang, He Chengxing, Pu Chunxiao, Chen Fushou, Shang Hui, Fan Huacai, Bai Tingting, Zeng Li 2021, 37 (3):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0068 Abstract + ( 511 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1267KB )   ( 167 ) The aims are to provide reference for the forecast, scientific control, adaptability analysis and risk assessment of Spodoptera frugiperda. Using banana seedling, maize seedling and 3rd instar larva of S. frugiferda as experiment materials, the damage index to banana and maize, development duration, survival rate of larva, pupa size and adult emergence rate of S. frugiferda under selective and non-selective pressure were determined by indoor inoculation and natural infection. The results showed that S. frugiferda mainly damaged maize under non-selective pressure and just tasted banana cultivar ‘Guijiao 6’. After 7 days of inoculation under non-selective pressure, the damage index of corn and banana was 89.05 and 1.58, respectively. Under selective pressure, the larvae of S. frugiperda began to damage banana after 3 days of inoculation. After 3, 5 and 7 days of inoculation, the damage index of banana was 11.74, 16.51 and 24.76, respectively, indicating that banana was not the suitable host for S. frugiferda. The larva of S. frugiperda feeding on banana grew slowly with a small body. The period from the third instar larva to pupa was 9-14 days which was 2-4 days longer than that of maize. The adult emergence period was 9-14 days, which was 4-7 days longer than that of maize. Feeding on banana significantly affected the growth and development of S. frugiferda. The survival rate of larva was 20.0%, the pupation rate was 68.1%, the pupa size was 1.25 × 0.35 cm, the pupa weight was 0.13 g, the adult emergence rate was 47.8%, which was significantly lower than that of maize host, with the survival rate of larva of 86.7%, the pupation rate of 97.4%, the pupa size of 1.57 × 0.5 cm, the pupa weight of 0.21 g, and the adult emergence rate of 92.0%. S. frugiperda could feed on banana with light damage degree under selective pressure, it could complete the generation life cycle with slow growth and development speed. Banana is not a suitable host plant for S. frugiferda, but there is a certain risk of S. frugiferda outbreak on banana.

  Identification of Pathogens of Dry Blight Disease in Leaf Tip of Red-fleshed Kiwifruit in Qiandongnan Prefecture Zhang Guohui, Li Xiangyang, Gu Huanxian, Zhang Wenhhua, Si Shengli, Li Rongyu, Li Ming 2021, 37 (3):  145-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0512 Abstract + ( 319 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1655KB )   ( 48 ) In order to reduce the harm of diseases and ensure the quality of red-fleshed kiwifruit products, this study investigated and identified the new disease in producing areas. The pathogenic fungus of red-fleshed kiwifruit was isolated by tissue separation method, and DNA sequencing was carried out by using the sequence analysis of ribosomal rDNA-ITS region, molecular evolutionary trees were built by using MEGA4.0 software, and the pathogenic fungus was classified and identified by combining morphological observation. The results showed that the dry blight disease in leaf tip was a new disease, which was caused by Epicoccum sorghinum, and had a serious damage on the red-fleshed kiwifruit.

  Calculation and Analysis of Spatial Evolution and Barycenter Change of Grain Production Based on County Units: Taking Guangdong Province as an Example Fang Wei, Huang Heliang 2021, 37 (3):  150-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0309 Abstract + ( 193 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1448KB )   ( 37 ) In this study, county data from 2000 to 2019 were used to analyze the evolution process of the system and the change of grain production and center of gravity in microcosmic space with Guangdong Province as an example, so as to find out the change of grain production in key regions and southwest regions of Guangdong from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that the trend of the middle to the east was strong, and it gradually moved around with the Pearl River Delta as the center, showing a general trend of “east, west expansion, north fluctuation, and Pearl River Delta contraction”. In addition, grain production was gradually shifting to key counties. The output of the top ten grain producing counties accounted for 22%-25% of the provincial total output, the output of the top 20 grain producing counties accounted for 40%-43%, the output of the top 40 grain producing counties accounted for 63%-68%, and the regional pattern has remained relatively stable in recent years.

  Reflections on the Cooperation Between Traditional and New Farmers in the Context of Rural Revitalization Ding Liuhuizi, Wu Zedong, Ni Hongtao 2021, 37 (3):  160-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0061 Abstract + ( 450 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1019KB )   ( 209 ) To achieve the rural revitalization strategy and cultivate high-quality professional farmers in the new era, farmers’ cultivation could be regarded as the most basic but also the most important issue in rural development. In this study, the actual plight and needs of traditional farmers are well studied, and the ways to combine traditional and new farmers for the cultivation of high-quality farmers are explored to make farming a decent occupation. To realize the rural revitalization, the advantage of high-quality new farmers should be taken to enhance the role of new farmers as the excellent representatives in promoting the integration of new farmers and traditional farmers, raising the initiatives of traditional farmers, popularizing agricultural science and technology, and building a solid foundation for the construction of beautiful villages.