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  Research Progress on Biodegradation of Polyethylene (PE) SHI Yueqi, YE Guangbin, SUN Shanshan, GE Jingping Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (21): 69-77.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0859 Abstract + (131)    HTML (3)    PDF (1551KB) (2061)       Knowledge map    Polyethylene (PE), as one of the most used plastics in the world, has widely existed in the natural environment because of its wear-resistant, high molecular weight and indestructible properties. PE would break down into microplastics (MPs) and accumulate in large quantities, and currently MPs has become an important pollutant that affects the ecosystem. Currently, many studies have been demonstrated that PE could be partially degraded, but further research is needed in screening of microorganisms or enzymes that could completely degrade PE and construct a complete biodegradation pathway for PE. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, recycle methods and characterization methods of PE, microorganisms and enzymes that degrade PE, biodegradation pathways and influencing factors, and proposes future research directions of PE biodegradation. These findings provide theoretical basis for the degradation mechanism of PE.

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  Research Advances on Fish Blood Cells and Immune Defense Functions ZHANG Meiyan, ZHU Weijuan, LIU Zhigang, CAO Jianmeng, WANG Zhang, LU Maixin, KE Xiaoli Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (26): 144-153.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0736 Abstract + (87)    HTML (0)    PDF (1349KB) (1666)       Knowledge map    Fish blood cells are important part in fish body immunity. They participate in many physiological activities, such as body phagocytosis, secretion, damage repair, defense and others. They are sensitive to changes in their own physiological state as well as to the stimulation of external environmental factors. Blood cells play an important role in indicating and maintaining the physiological homeostasis of fish. Based on recent research reports of domestic and international developments, this paper investigated the progress of fish blood, blood cells and their immune defense functions, and reviewed the blood composition, blood cell genesis, differentiation and related immune defense mechanisms of fish. This review is helpful to deepen the understanding of fish blood immune defense system and its related molecular mechanism, and provides references for further exploration of molecular markers related to fish blood immune defense and screening of molecular phenotypes of fish disease and stress resistance.

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  Research Advances on Prevention and Control of Cadmium Pollution and Nutritional Regulation in Rice CHEN Qiaomao, ZHANG Yusheng, HUANG Aoqi, CHEN Peng, AO Hejun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (16): 118-123.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0189 Abstract + (112)    HTML (2)    PDF (1089KB) (1558)       Knowledge map    The prevention and control of rice Cd pollution is crucial for ensuring food security since China has a severe problem with soil Cd pollution, and the long-term consumption of rice containing high levels of Cd will endanger human health. Nutrition regulation is an effective way to reduce Cd accumulation in rice. This paper reviews the research progress of rice Cd pollution reduction technology and nutrient regulation in recent years, and suggests that the mechanism of the impact of chemical fertilizer management on rice Cd uptake, transport, and accumulation should be further researched.

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  Mechanisms of Plant Response to Saline-alkali Stress: A Review XIAO Wenli, WANG Hanrui, WANG Mengliang, WANG Junhong Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (33): 78-85.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0775 Abstract + (108)    HTML (5)    PDF (1391KB) (1409)       Knowledge map    Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

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  Research and Application of Seaweed Oligosaccharides in the Development of Green Agriculture WU Yufan, WANG Hongrui, FAN Haojie, GUO Fengxiao, XU Xueren, WANG Feng, LI Cong Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (17): 63-72.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0586 Abstract + (134)    HTML (11)    PDF (1401KB) (1368)       Knowledge map    The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in China has impeded the development of green agriculture. Seaweed oligosaccharides can promote sustainable green agriculture, enhance agricultural production efficiency, and ensure food safety. This study presented a comprehensive overview of seaweed oligosaccharides, including their classification, preparation techniques and agricultural applications. First, the classification and structure of seaweed oligosaccharides were outlined. Next, the physical, chemical and biological preparation methods of seaweed oligosaccharides were discussed in detail. The applications of seaweed oligosaccharides in improving fertilizer utilization, soil fertility, crop yield and quality, and disease resistance were then explored. The results demonstrated that seaweed oligosaccharides had the agricultural functions in fertilizer utilization, crop yield and quality and disease resistance enhancement. Finally, the future prospects of applying seaweed oligosaccharides in agricultural production were put forward, providing valuable insights to further promote their role in achieving green agriculture development.

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  The Chemical Constituents, Biological Synthesis and Pharmacological Effects of the genus Polygonatum Saponins: A Review ZHAI Yufeng, DING Lan, YU Yemin, JIA Qiaojun, LIANG Zongsuo, WANG Dekai Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (29): 21-30.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0141 Abstract + (91)    HTML (2)    PDF (1531KB) (1256)       Knowledge map    The genus Polygonatum Mill, commonly referred to as "Huang Jing," are plants renowned for their medicinal and edible properties. Their active constituents, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, exhibit notable pharmacological effects. Recent studies have predominantly centered on the extraction of saponin components from the genus Polygonatum, which are attributed with anti-fatigue, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and immune-enhancing properties. While there has been some advancement in the structural analysis of the genus Polygonatum saponins, their biosynthetic pathways remain underexplored. The synthesis of saponins in the genus Polygonatum occurs via the mevalonic acid pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, encompassing multiple enzymatic steps. This research indicates that the genus Polygonatum saponins exert diverse biological effects, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune regulatory activities, and hold significant potential in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other sectors. Nonetheless, current studies are limited by inadequate structural analysis, an incomplete understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and ambiguous mechanisms of pharmacological action. Future endeavors should prioritize the isolation, structural analysis, synthetic biology, and pharmacology of the genus Polygonatum saponins to advance their scientific investigation and product development, thereby laying a foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic agents.

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  Research Progress on Diversity and Function of Endophytic Fungi in Plants SONG Xiaoshuang, ZHANG Yao, LI Yazhou, DENG Xun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (30): 114-118.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0216 Abstract + (97)    HTML (2)    PDF (1056KB) (1219)       Knowledge map    To deepen the understanding of the interaction between plants and entophytic fungi, and better use the entophytic fungi in the future, the diversity, biological functions, ecological functions and resource utilization of endophytic fungi in plants were reviewed. Endophytic fungi are a kind of symbiotic fungal groups in plants, and they live and interact with plants in roots, stems, leaves and other parts of plants. They can promote plant growth and development through various ways, including providing nutrients needed by plants, enhancing plant disease resistance and improving plant adaptability to adversity. This paper laid a foundation for the effective use of entophytic fungi in the future, and provided a better theoretical basis and practical guidance for plant ecology and agricultural production.

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  Research Progress of Soil Compound Erosion in Black Soil Region of Northeast China YAN Shougang, LI Xiaodong, LIU Zhimin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (15): 96-101.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0531 Abstract + (101)    HTML (6)    PDF (1494KB) (1110)       Knowledge map    Soil compound erosion is the erosion phenomenon occurring under the interaction or coupling action of two or more erosion exogenic forces. The complex erosion of multiple forces in the black soil area of Northeast China has the characteristics of spatiotemporal alternation and superposition. In recent years, some progress in the study of soil composite erosion in black soil areas had been made in terms of the mechanism of occurrence and the effect on soil degradation. Based on previous research results, the mechanism and research methods of soil erosion by water or wind under freezing and thawing, combined erosion of tillage and hydraulic, combined erosion of water and wind and multiple forces compound erosion were systematically summarized. The main problems in the research were concluded and the key scientific problems to be solved in the future research of composite erosion mechanism and simulation test method, as well as the experimental simulation technology and quantitative evaluation method that should be paid attention to, were put forward, which could provide reference for the future research of soil composite erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China.

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  Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Deletion Mutant of Enterobacter cloacae by Suicide Plasmids Homologous Recombination: Construction and Biological Characteristics XIE Lele, HE Ping, TANG Xiaoyue, GE Jingping, LING Hongzhi Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (18): 96-104.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0610 Abstract + (106)    HTML (2)    PDF (1723KB) (1104)       Knowledge map    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of knockout of ethanol dehydrogenase gene in Enterobacter cloacae metabolic pathway on the metabolism and synthesis of acetoin, and further improve the production of acetoin. Based on the ethanol dehydrogenase (adh) gene sequence from E. cloacae SDM, a primer was designed to construct the adh gene suicide plasmid pKR6K-∆adh. Subsequently, this suicide plasmid was introduced into E. cloacae ∆budC-ldh through heat shock method. The resulting polygene deletion strain E. cloaca ∆budC-ldh-adh was successfully constructed and subjected to fermentation analysis. The findings revealed that the recombinant strain exhibited a 20.6% increase in acetoin production intensity, a 22.6% increase in yield, and a remarkable 92.8% increase in ethanol yield compared to control strains due to successful knockout of ethanol dehydrogenase (adh) gene which in charge of microbial ethanol synthesis pathways. Furthermore, as a consequence of blocking multiple branch metabolic pathways through genetic modification, carbon flux towards succinic acid metabolic pathway increased significantly leading to an impressive 101.3% enhancement in succinic acid yield. This experiment has provided valuable insights for constructing high-yielding strains for acetoin production and establishing large-scale industrial manufacturing processes.

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  Research Progress on Impact of Environmental Stress Factors on Fish Health WANG Hengjie, DAI Mengyang, WANG Qian, XIONG Xinyu, WANG Canli, YUAN Xiangyang Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (2): 157-164.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0278 Abstract + (54)    HTML (5)    PDF (1125KB) (1103)       Knowledge map    In order to explore the stress of water environment changes on cultured fish in the development of intensive aquaculture, the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals on fish body were studied. From the five aspects of growth performance, blood biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and immunity, the related mechanism of environmental stress factors affecting fish health was reviewed, and the importance of environmental stress factor research was revealed. It was suggested that comprehensive methods such as field investigation, long-term monitoring and calculation models should be more widely used in the future to comprehensively explore and evaluate the coping strategies and health status of fish in the actual environment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of environmental stress factors on fish health. Future experiments need to study the whole process of fish growth in different periods, which is helpful to predict the impact of future environmental changes on fish community structure and ecosystem function. By studying the adverse effects of environmental stress factors on fish health, the occurrence of stress can be avoided or weakened, which provides a reference for ensuring efficient and healthy aquaculture of fish.

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  Bioremediation Methods of Saline-alkali Land HU Shiqin, GU Huaiying, GUO Longbiao, HAO Zhiqi, LIU Changhua, MENG Lijun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (17): 36-42.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0585 Abstract + (152)    HTML (3)    PDF (1230KB) (1048)       Knowledge map    The area of saline alkali land in China accounts for one tenth of the total area of saline alkali land in the world, which seriously restricts agricultural production. It is very important to repair and make good use of saline alkali land. At present, the methods of saline-alkali land remediation include chemical remediation, engineering remediation and bioremediation, among which bioremediation is an economical, efficient, green and sustainable method. Bioremediation improves the soil and environment of saline-alkali land through biological resources such as plants and microorganisms. Halophytes can grow and reproduce in saline-alkali soil and have the ability to repair high concentration saline-alkali soil, while common crops can enhance their salt tolerance through gene mining and variety cultivation to achieve the purpose of repairing saline-alkali soil. Microorganisms can also be used to improve crop salt tolerance or degrade salt and alkaline substances in saline-alkali soil. Bioremediation is a green and environmentally friendly method for the remediation of saline-alkali land, which is in line with the development strategy of sustainable agriculture and circular economy in China.

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  Research Development of Heavy Metal Residue in Fish HU Xinsa Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (21): 139-145.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0696 Abstract + (115)    HTML (1)    PDF (1182KB) (891)       Knowledge map    Mining, chemical industry, metallurgy, agricultural cultivation discharge heavy metal pollutants into rivers, lakes and seas, resulting in heavy metal residue pollution of fish. Heavy metal residues in fish have the characteristics of enrichment, biological toxicity, and persistence, and are difficult to degrade through their own actions. It not only threatens the development of fisheries and the health of aquatic ecology, but also the safety of human diet. The article categorizes the accumulation characteristics and summarizes the accumulation patterns of metal residues in fish. Furthermore, the sources, occurrence, and migration and transformation patterns of metal residues in fish are analyzed. Finally, developmental and constructive suggestions for the current monitoring work are put forward, in order to provide reference for further research on heavy metal residues in fish.

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  Advances in Leaf Color Change Mechanism and Breeding of Osmanthus fragrans TU Xunliang, JIANG Yu, QIN Fan, WANG Jin, WAN Bin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (28): 42-50.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0836 Abstract + (234)    HTML (1)    PDF (1961KB) (891)       Knowledge map    The author briefly outlined the fundamental concepts of the Osmanthus fragrans colour group and categorized the existing new varieties based on leaf coloration-emerging into two types of monochromatic and polychromatic (chimera). This article elaborated on the three types of pigments presented in the leaves-chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, their contents and ratios, as well as the influencing factors and leaf color change mechanisms. Furthermore, it summarized the characteristics and current applications of cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering in O. fragrans. It also suggested strengthening the functional analysis of genes involved in the O. fragrans colour group and innovation in breeding technology, to obtain breakthrough new varieties with superior traits, strong adaptability, and excellent ornamental qualities, aiming to propel the continuous development of the O. fragrans colour group breeding program.

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  Analysis of Structure and Functional Properties of Glucansucrase Based on Bioinformatics Method CAI Huayang, YU Liansheng, LI Tengxin, LIN Yimeng, Du Renpeng Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (18): 105-114.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0670 Abstract + (107)    HTML (3)    PDF (2286KB) (888)       Knowledge map    Glucansucrase is a glycosyltransferase (GTF) that can synthesize dextran or oligosaccharides with sucrose as a substrate, and is a key enzyme protein for the synthesis of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, the metabolic system of LAB is complex, and the mechanism of EPS biosynthesis has not been elucidated, which limits the development of EPS. In order to further analyze the biosynthetic mechanism of LAB EPS and characterize the structure of dextransucrase from different sources, it is necessary to explore the catalytic regulation mechanism of enzyme. In this study, the structure and function of glucansucrase GtfB from Leuconostoc mesenteroides DRP105 were predicted with bioinformatics techniques. The results showed that GtfB belonged to the GH70 family, which was an extracellular enzyme with no transmembrane region, containing 7 conserved regions and 39 repeats. The theoretical molecular weight of GtfB was 308986.21, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 4.59, which was an acidic protein. The phosphorylation site contained 110 Thr, 89 Ser, and 53 Tyr, and GtfB contained 5 domains, which were U-folded, and the active center was in the A domain, containing (β/α)8 barrel-like structures. Molecular docking prediction analysis showed that sucrose was tightly bound to the active pocket of GtfB. The results of this study preliminarily revealed the characteristic structure and function of GtfB as a glucanase, proving that this enzyme is a key regulatory enzyme in the EPS synthesis pathway of LAB and has potential application value in the EPS production process.

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  Effects of Organic Carbon Source Additives on Growth of Tomato Seedlings and Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere Soil Under Phenolic Acid Stress ZHUO Lifang, HUANG Jichuan, LI Zhuxian, LIANG Jianyi, ZHONG Wenliang, WEI Qiufang, TU Yuting Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (28): 102-111.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0358 Abstract + (68)    HTML (1)    PDF (1571KB) (824)       Knowledge map    This study examined how various organic carbon additives influence the growth of tomato seedlings and the physicochemical characteristics of rhizosphere soil under phenolic acid stress. Tomato pot experiments were conducted and a total of 8 treatments were set up, including conventional cultivation (CK), phenolic acid stress (T1), phenolic acid stress+ KOH (T2), and treatments involving the addition of external phenolic acid mixed with KOH and different organic carbon sources. The organic carbon sources used were potassium acetate (T3), alginic acid (T4), fulvic acid (T5), humic acid (T6), and γ-polyglutamic acid (T7). After 30 days of transplantation, tomato seedling growth indicators, physiological indicators, rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, and soil enzyme activities were measured. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between physiological indicators of tomato seedling and soil environmental factors under different treatments. The addition of organic carbon sources effectively promoted tomato growth. Among all the treatments, the T6 treatment showed the best effect, compared with T1 treatment, the root vitality of tomato seedlings in T6 increased by 122.9%, leaf enzyme activity increased by 16.7% to 149.1%, root MDA and soil total phenolic acid content decreased by 59.0% and 44.2% respectively, soil pH, organic matter, alkali nitrogen, and available potassium content increased by 5.1%, 27.4%, 22.0%, and 119.2% respectively, and soil enzyme activity were also increased by 9.0% to 28.7%. Redundancy analysis and Spearman correlation analysis results showed a significant negative correlation between above ground and root fresh weight of tomato plants with soil total phenolic acid content, and a significant positive correlation with soil organic matter, sucrase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase. Treatment T6 had opposite regulatory effects on these five key soil environmental factors that drove the growth indicators of tomato seedlings compared to treatment T1. Organic carbon sources can alleviate the allelopathic stress effect of phenolic acid on tomato growth by enhancing crop physiological activity, improving soil physicochemical properties, and increasing crop rhizosphere soil enzyme activity, among them, humic acid exhibited the optimal effect.

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  Advances of Research on Attraction of Herbivores-induced Plant Volatiles to Natural Enemies WANG Zenghao, SONG Qun, WEI Liuli, GAO Youkai, SUN Yanchun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (26): 103-109.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0267 Abstract + (123)    HTML (2)    PDF (1279KB) (808)       Knowledge map    In order to understand how the herbivores-induced plant volatiles attract natural enemies for pest defense, the recent research status, influencing factors and progress of research on herbivores-induced plant volatiles around the world were reviewed. The release and action effect of plant volatiles are influenced by multiple factors, and their action pathways are closely related to the chemoreceptor genes of insects. In recent years, studies on the action mechanisms of plant volatiles attracting natural enemies have been carried out extensively at home and abroad, and most of them focus on the identification of volatile compounds, behavioral selection experiments and the identification and functional analysis of chemoreceptor genes associated with natural enemies. By analyzing and summarizing the studies, the future development directions on the biological control of pests by natural enemies lured by plant volatiles and related genes were discussed, aiming to provide theoretical support for future development of green plant protection and sustainable agriculture.

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  Analysis of Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Diversity Between Root Rot Diseased and Healthy Polygonatum cyrtonema Plants Under Different Cultivation Modes GE Xiumei, LI Fang, WAN Xiaoting, HAN Bangxing, CHEN Cunwu Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (3): 59-68.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0493 Abstract + (156)    HTML (2)    PDF (2819KB) (800)       Knowledge map    The changes of community structure and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and root rot diseased Polygonatum cyrtonema under varied cultivation modes were studied to provide theoretical support for the rational cultivation of P. cyrtonema and the targeted improvement of soil microbial community. Based on the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform, the Paired-end was used to systematically analyze the changes of community structure and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and root rot diseased P. cyrtonema that planted in the field and understory. The results showed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased plants under different cultivation patterns. Compared with the field cultivation, the rhizosphere soil fungal amount and the relative abundance of Ascomycota (except 4a diseased samples) were significantly increased in understory cultivation, while the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Fusarium genera (except 4a diseased samples) were significantly decreased. Except for the 2a healthy plants, the rhizosphere soil fungal diversity of P. cyrtonema planted in understory was significantly higher than that in field. Among them, the Ace index and Chao1 index of the 2a diseased plants, 4a healthy plants and 4a diseased plants in the understory cultivation were 9.09%, 20.95%, 24.22% and 24.36%, 12.19% and 12.27% higher than those in field, respectively. Compared with healthy plants, the rhizosphere soil fungal amount of 2a diseased plants in field and 4a diseased plants in understory were significantly reduced, but the relative abundance of Fusarium genera in the rhizosphere soil of 4a diseased plants was significantly increased. There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity index between healthy and diseased P. cyrtonema under different cultivation modes (P>0.05). In conclusion, there were large differences in the rhizosphere soil fungal community structure and fungal diversity between healthy and diseased P. cyrtonema plants under different cultivation modes, and the relative abundance of harmful fungal genera, such as Fusarium in the rhizosphere soil, was one of the important reasons for the occurrence of P. cyrtonema root rot.

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  Artificial Cultivation and Regulation of Duckweed and Its Role in Rice Field Ecosystem ZHAO Yipeng, ZHAO Xinyong, HU Tingting, LUO Jingsheng, WANG Yunxia Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (22): 72-80.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0632 Abstract + (104)    HTML (1)    PDF (1160KB) (798)       Knowledge map    This paper presents the physiological and ecological characteristics of duckweed, its occurrence and distribution patterns, as well as the reproduction modes in its natural habitats. Based on these characteristics, the latest research and exploration on the preparation of duckweed in the laboratory and the large-scale cultivation methods of culture ponds were further summarized. The environmental factors affecting the growth of duckweed were systematically reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of duckweed in the conversion and utilization of ammonia nitrogen in rice fields. Further research is needed on the dynamic changes of duckweed in rice fields and its interaction with rice in the field of agricultural ecology. While reducing the risk of rice yield decline caused by the rapid growth of duckweed, the balance effect of duckweed in rice field ecosystems should be fully utilized to enhance the diversity and stability of rice field ecosystems.

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  Application Status of Anaerobic Digestion Technology in Treatment of Organic Waste WANG Zhaoxuan, AO Guoxu, GE Jingping, SUN Shanshan, LING Hongzhi Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (20): 84-91.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0854 Abstract + (122)    HTML (8)    PDF (1320KB) (795)       Knowledge map    This study focuses on evaluating the application of anaerobic digestion technology in the treatment of organic waste, conversion into renewable energy and organic fertilizers, and exploring the mitigation effects of that on the environment. The effects of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, volatile fatty acids, hydraulic residence time and pH on the efficiency and stability of anaerobic digestion were analyzed by literature review. The results show that these parameters have significant effects on promoting microbial activity, accelerating organic decomposition and maintaining stable operation of the system. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion technology is verified by the typical studies of organic wastes such as corn stalks, livestock manure and food waste, and the structure and function of key microbial communities in the process are elaborated, including the mechanisms of action of bacteria and archaea at different stages such as hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. In addition, the generation of toxic substances and its management strategies are also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study suggest that improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, developing new reactor technologies, and strengthening research on microbial population will help make anaerobic digestion technology more efficient, stable, and widely applied in the future.

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  Response of Soil Nutrients and Microbial Communities to Increased Application of Mushroom Dreg in Albic Soil ZHANG Nan, PAN Xue, LIU Jie, YU Hongjiu, ZHANG Bo, DU Hailun, LIU Fengman, HAO Shuai Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (2): 49-55.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0180 Abstract + (42)    HTML (3)    PDF (2185KB) (762)       Knowledge map    Albic soil is one of the typical low-yielding soil types in Heilongjiang Province, which poor nutrient and soil barrier issues limit the crop growth and sustainable development. Mushroom dreg, rich in nutrients and microbial activity, is considered as an effective soil amendment. However, the changes in soil biochemistry caused by mushroom compost application on albic soil were unclear. Therefore, this study conducted field experiments and combined high-throughput sequencing technology into three treatment groups: CK (unfertilized control), T2 (standard fertilization supplemented with 3 t/hm2 of mushroom compost), and T1 (standard fertilization control). The effects of mushroom compost on soil nutrients and microbial community characteristics and their interaction were analyzed. The study results found that adding mushroom dregs could improve the pH of albic soil and increase the overall nutrient content, enhance the richness and diversity of soil fungi, reduce the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria, increase the richness and diversity of soil fungi in some key phyla, such as Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Mucoromycota, Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota, with a trend of separation in the community structure of soil microorganisms. The main factors influencing the changes in soil bacterial and fungal communities were soil pH, total phosphorus, organic matter, and total potassium. This study not only contributed to an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action of mushroom dreg in improving albic soil, but also provided technical support for the sustainable utilization of albic soil.