Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.11 Published:20 April 2016

  Effect of Irrigation Treatment on Distribution of Lignin Monomer in Alfalfa Stem 2016, 32 (11):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080152 Abstract + ( 1145 )   PDF ( 2257KB )   ( 398 ) In order to provide theoretical reference for quality improvement of alfalfa, Medicago varia‘Xinmu NO.1’was used as the material, and histochemical staining method was used to study the effect of irrigation amount on distribution rule of lignin monomer in alfalfa stem. The results showed that the height and nodes of alfalfa were larger under higher irrigation amount. Irrigation amount had significant effect on the thickness and proportion of lignin monomer in alfalfa stem. There were more lignin monomers in alfalfa stem under the irrigation amount of 750 m3/hm2. Besides, there were significant differences in the distribution between G lignin monomer and S lignin monomer, and the thickness and proportion of S lignin monomer were higher than that of G lignin monomer.

  Genetic Parameter Estimation for Egg Production Traits of Lingkun Chicken 熊化鑫,张丽萍,,, and 卢立志 2016, 32 (11):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110054 Abstract + ( 1248 )   PDF ( 501KB )   ( 384 ) In order to improve the breeding effect of egg production traits of Lingkun Chicken, 552 hens in the third and fourth generation from 32 mixed pedigrees were used as the experimental materials. Quality traits including 300-day-old egg production (EN300), 500-day-old egg production (EN500), egg weight (EW), egg shape index (ESI), eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell strength (ESS), albumen height (AH), yolk color (YC), haugh unit (Hu) and yolk weight (YW) were recorded, and then the heritability, genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation were estimated. The results showed that heritability of EN300, EN500, EW, ESI, EST, ESS, AH, YC, Hu and YW was 0.208, 0.192, 0.529, 0.468, 0.505, 0.421, 0.297, 0.031, 0.024 and 0.187, respectively. 300- day- old egg production, eggshell thickness, egg yolk color, haugh unit of the two generations were extremely and significantly different (P＜0.01). In the two generations, genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation coefficient among EN300, EN500 and ESI, among EW, YC and YW, and among EST, ESS and AH were all positive, meaning that genetic and phenotypic correlation had similar trend.

  Path Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics on Body Weight for Litopenaeus vannamei Breeding Population 杨宏磊,,,,,, and 2016, 32 (11):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090038 Abstract + ( 1267 )   PDF ( 666KB )   ( 517 ) 268 shrimps of the fifth generation of Litopenaeus vannamei breeding population were collected for measuring the morphometric characteristics, including body weight (W ), body length (X1), carapace length (X2), carapace height (X3), carapace width (X4), the first abdominal segment height (X 5), the first abdominal segment width (X6), the second abdominal segment height (X7), the second abdominal segment width (X 8), the third abdominal segment height (X9), the third abdominal segment width (X10), the sixth abdominal segment height (X11), the sixth abdominal segment width (X12) and telson length (X13). The correlation coefficients, path coefficients and decision coefficients were calculated, and the effects of morphometric characteristics on body weight were analyzed. The results showed that path coefficients of X1, X2, X3 and X4 on body weight were significant (P＜0.01). Body length (X1) had the largest coefficient and was the key effective factor. High determination coefficient (ΣR2=0.9311) between the four morphometric characteristics and body weight indicated that they were the main influencing factors. The regression equations of body length (X 1), carapace length (X2), carapace height(X 3), carapace width (X 4) and body weight(W) were W=0.0136X 12.9559(R 2=0.9642), W=0.7969 X22.4042(R2=0.7360), W=4.712X 32.0628(R 2=0.6373) and W=4.633X 42.1903(R 2=0.6819), respectively. The multiple regression equation for the estimation of body weight wasY =-21.798 2.569X 1 1.104X 2 1.069X 3 0.4231X 4.

  Temperature Compensation System for Aquaculture Water Quality Monitoring 2016, 32 (11):  17-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120136 Abstract + ( 1196 )   PDF ( 612KB )   ( 538 ) Accurate aquaculture water quality monitoring is essential to guarantee the health aquatic breeding. To eliminate the effect of temperature on dissolved oxygen sensor and pH sensor, this study focused on temperature compensation. Cubic polynomial fitting method was adopted to conduct temperature compensation analysis of dissolved oxygen electrode, and the least square method was selected to conduct linear analysis of the relationship between pH value and voltage. Finally, temperature compensation models for dissolved oxygen sensor and pH sensor were obtained. The experimental results showed that the average relative error of dissolved oxygen and pH in the temperature compensation system was 1.82% and 1.72%, respectively. The temperature compensation system could meet the requirement of water quality monitoring in aquaculture, and had a brilliant application prospect.

  Differential Expression of Linamarase Gene in Cassava Cultivars with Low Cyanide Content and High Cyanide Content 付莉莉,沈培峰,谭德冠,孙雪飘 and 张家明 2016, 32 (11):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1962 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 1072KB )   ( 475 ) Cyanogenic glucosides were reduced or eliminated in order to obtain safe and non-toxic cassava varieties. In this study, the expression of a cyanogenic glucosidase gene was investigated in five cassava varieties (high-cyanide and low-cyanide) by RT-PCR. Linamarase was synthesized in the aboveground tissues of the plant and no expression was found in the underground part; the expression level of terminal bud on the aboveground part was much greater than the expression level of stems and mature leaves; no expression appeared in tuberous root of low cyanide and high cyanide varieties. No significant difference in expression was found on the terminal bud of high cyanide and low-cyanide cassava; however, higher expression appeared in leaves and stems of low cyanide cassava. The expression of linamarase in different varieties and different tissues of cassava was different. The study could provide certain reference for safe and non-poisonous cassava variety screening.

  Cloning of EF-1a and AK Genes from Mythimna separata and Establishment of a Real Time RT-PCR Assay 2016, 32 (11):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120120 Abstract + ( 763 )   PDF ( 767KB )   ( 450 ) In order to analyze the expression patterns of EF- 1a and AK genes in Mythimna separata by real time RT-PCR, the partial cDNAs of the two genes were cloned using the designed primers, and the sequence homology was analyzed. Then specific primers were designed and the real time RT- PCR method was established by analyzing melting curve and standard curve. Results showed the cloned cDNAs of EF-1a and AK genes were 622 bp and 1020 bp, and encoded peptides of 207 amino acids and 339 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequence of EF-1a shared homologies of above 95% with Bombyx mori, Biston betularia and Papilio xuthus, and the amino acid sequence of AK shared homologies of above 98% with Spodoptera frugiperda, Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. Analyses of melting curve and standard curve indicated that the designed primers of these two genes could be applied to real time RT-PCR experiments. This study could provide a foundation for future gene expression studies in M. separata.

  Research and Development of Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass for Renewable Fuel Production 2016, 32 (11):  33-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100058 Abstract + ( 710 )   PDF ( 473KB )   ( 1560 ) Renewable fuel is an important environmentally friendly biomass-based fuel, but there are still some shortcomings in the preparation and properties of the fuel. In recent years, the rapid development of microwave pyrolysis of biomass to obtain low-cost, high calorific value and green renewable energy fuel meteoric rise in the future war, the paper reviews the development process of the preparation of microwave pyrolysis of biomass renewable fuel technology , reviewed the raw microwave pyrolysis and indirect material direct lysis (microwave absorber assisted absorbing) status and characteristics of two thermo-chemical conversion, and to explore the problem rewarding to microwave pyrolysis of biomass technology, pointing out the research directions of microwave pyrolysis for preparing raw material for renewable fuel currently

  Optimized Extraction Condition of Lentinan and Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity 张敏瑜,齐延林,杨弘华,严章雪 and 汪波 2016, 32 (11):  39-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110107 Abstract + ( 701 )   PDF ( 453KB )   ( 759 ) To improve the extraction yield of lentinan and study its antioxidant and antibacterial activity, lentinan was extracted using hot water assisted by ultrasonic. The L9(33) orthogonal test was designed to optimized the extraction condition and the influencing factors were solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic time. The results showed that the optimum extraction condition was extracting using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 40 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:40. Under this condition, the extraction yield of lentinan was 6.47%. When extracting lentinan using 80℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 20 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:40, the antibacterial activity was the strongest, the inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli was (9.95± 0.86) mm, and that of Bacillus subtilis was (8.73± 0.57) mm. When extracting lentinan using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 30 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:30, scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals reached the maximum of 22.04%. When extracting lentinan using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 40 min with the solid- liquid ratio being 1:30, the antioxidant activity was the strongest. The influencing degree of the three factors was in an order of solid- liquid ratio ＞ extraction temperature ＞ ultrasonic time. The results indicated that the optimal extraction condition could improve the extraction yield of lentinan, and lentinan had antibacterial and antioxidant activity to some extent.

  Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides Bailey 徐丹丹,李祁广,罗松,杨鑫迪 and 肖文军 2016, 32 (11):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110128 Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 541KB )   ( 571 ) The aim is to optimize the ultrasonic- assisted extraction technology of capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides Bailey. The yield of capsaicin was used as index, and the optimal range of ethanol concentration, extracting temperature, extracting time and solid-liquid ratio were determined by single factor experiments. Then, according to orthogonal and the best scheme verification experiments, the technology and parameters of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides Bailey were optimized. The results showed that during ultrasonic-assisted extraction of capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides Bailey, the sequence of the factors affecting the rate of capsaicin was: ethanol concentration＞solid-liquid ratio＞extracting time＞extracting temperature. The optimal technology was as follows, ethanol concentration 95%, extracting temperature 60℃, extraction time 45 min, ratio of material to liquid 1:35. Under this extraction process condition, the yield of capsaicin was 0.87%, which was significantly higher than that of water bath’s 0.43% , and the verification experiment showed that the standard deviation was 0.04% , the relative deviation was 0.04%. The results showed that the experiment had good repeatability and stability.

  Application of New Recognition Element for Sensor in Food Detection: A Review 2016, 32 (11):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120033 Abstract + ( 613 )   PDF ( 640KB )   ( 425 ) Recognition element, known as target receptor, is an important part of sensor since it is responsible for the recognition of target analyte. Sensor with new recognition element has become a powerful tool for the analysis of clinical, environmental, food and commodity samples. New recognition elements, such as phage display peptide, affibody, nanobody and MIPs, can be synthesized in the laboratory or selected in vitro. They have good affinity and specificity, and could be fastened to the surface of nanometer materials, so they can be widely used in sensor. The authors summarized the characteristics of the above 4 kinds of recognition elements and discussed the application in sensors in the food detection to provide reference for the wide development and application of recognition elements.

  Land Use Change in Shaanxi Based on Terrain Gradient 2016, 32 (11):  56-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100086 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 1526KB )   ( 527 ) This paper took Shaanxi Province as the research object, discussed the terrain gradient characteristic of land use distribution change based on terrain gradient index, distribution index and land use degree comprehensive index and DEM data in 2000 and 2010. The results showed that the farmland, forestland and grassland were the main land use types in Shaanxi Province, which all together accounted for above 95% of the total area; the change characteristic during 2000 to 2010 was that the area of farmland decreased gradually, which mainly turned to grassland (3761.33 km2) and forestland (1198.61 km2), the area of construction land increased obviously, which mainly came from the embezzlement of farmland (729.66 km2) and grassland (225.86 km2); the distribution index of grassland, farmland, garden land, water area, construction land and unused land increased with the increase of terrain, while forestland showed an opposite trend. The index of land use degree was higher in the region of lower terrain index, and the land use conversion was frequent in this region, the index of land use degree decreased with the increase of terrain index.

  Research Process of Alpine Grassland Desertification in Maqu:Research Process of Alpine Grassland Desertification in Maqu: 2016, 32 (11):  64-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100081 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 692KB )   ( 664 ) Maqu County lies in the southeast of Tibet Plateau, which is one of the main runoff producing areas, water conservation areas and water recharge areas of the whole reaches of the Yellow River, and one of the most important biodiversity protection areas in the world. However, since the 60 s and 70 s of the 20 century, the ecological environment problems such as surface water decrease, groundwater level depression, vegetation deterioration and soil erosion, especially grassland desertification, have become more and more serious, which have drawn wide attention from worldwide. The authors collected literatures both at home and abroad, revealed the influence of biotic factors on the alpine grassland desertification in Maqu based on summary and analysis, discussed the serious consequences of esertification, and proposed efficient paths and countermeasures of governance, sustainable utilization and protection, which could provide reference for further study and effective governance of the alpine grassland desertification.

  C, N, P Chemometrics of Leymus chinensis Leaves During Grassland Retrogressive Succession Stages 2016, 32 (11):  73-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010066 Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 512KB )   ( 495 ) Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are important elements in biogeochemical cycles, they play an important role in the ecosystem, especially the leaves of plants, carbon, nitrogen, the study about the ecological stoichiometry for C, N and P in the plant leaves is a hot topic of ecological field. By studying the content of C, N and P in the Leymus chinensis leave for different succession stages of grassland degradation in Jiangjiadian grassland of Jilin Province to explore the characters of ecological stoichiometry. The results showed that the maximum C content appears in lightly degraded grassland, and the minimum C content appears in the very seriously degraded grassland. However, the maximum N content appears in the very seriously degraded grassland, and the minimum C content appears in the undegraded grassland. The maximum P content appears in the very seriously degraded grassland, and the minimum P content appears in the moderate degraded grassland. The maximum value of C:N appears in the undegraded grassland, the minimum value of C:N appears in the very seriously degraded grassland. The maximum value of C:P appears in the moderate degraded grassland, the minimum value of C:P appears in the undegraded grassland. The maximum value of N:P appears in the seriously degraded grassland, the minimum value of C:P appears in the undegraded grassland. The undegraded grassland is limited by both N and P, the degraded grassland is limited by P. The ecological stoichiometry character provide useful guidance on different degradation succession Stages

  Effects of Combined Application of Biogas Slurry, Biogas Residue and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Fertility 2016, 32 (11):  78-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010130 Abstract + ( 975 )   PDF ( 540KB )   ( 904 ) The effect of combined application of biogas slurry, biogas residue and chemical fertilizer was conducted in a maize field in Hailin farm from May to October of 2014, and the changes of soil physical and chemical properties were measured. The results showed that the combined application of biogas manure could reduce soil bulk density, but the effect on soil total porosity, saturated water content and field capacity was not obvious. The combined application of 30000 kg/hm2 biogas slurry and 30000 kg/hm2 biogas residue had the best effect on soil physical properties. The combined application of biogas manure could effectively prevent soil acidification, and increased soil organic matter by 21.02% to 31.74%. The application of biogas slurry and the combined application of biogas slurry, biogas residue and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil, but the increase of the total potassium and available potassium was not obvious or showed a negative growth. The application of biogas slurry and the combined application of biogas slurry, biogas residue and chemical fertilizer could improve soil fertility in a certain degree, the reasonable application of biogas slurry could be considered as a substitute for chemical fertilizer, thus to achieve the high efficient utilization of biogas slurry.

  Water Environment of Dongping Lake 2016, 32 (11):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110039 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 574KB )   ( 593 ) To study the water environment and eutrophication of Dongping Lake and take effective measures to protect the lake, the history change of water environment, the present situation of water quality and eutrophication and pollutant sources of Dongping Lake were reviewed though field survey and literatures. The results showed that the changes of water environment of Dongping Lake were mainly influenced by the Yellow River before 1960s, and since then the change of the water environment of Dongping Lake was mainly influenced by human activity. Under the combined action of endogenous pollution such as sediment resuspension and degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus and exogenous pollution such as industrial anddomestic sewage, eutrophication of Dongping Lake had been developed into middle-to-rich level. Finally, the authors made an outlook for the future development of water environment of Dongping Lake based on the present situation of water environment governance and the plan of eastern route of south- to- north water transfer project.

  Change Characteristics of Last Frost Date and the Impact on Grain Production in Heilongjiang 2016, 32 (11):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090093 Abstract + ( 617 )   PDF ( 699KB )   ( 551 ) In order to forecast grain production in advance, the authors used the actual monitoring data of the last frost date, average temperature, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature and unit area yield of grain from 1961 to 2011, adopted the statistical correlation and trend calculation methods to analyze the characteristics of decadal and interannual change of the last frost date. The results showed that: with global climate warming after the 1980s, the advance rate of the last frost date was accelerated, the correlations were in anti-phase between the last frost date and the annual average air temperature as well as the average air temperature in May, the correlation coefficient was - 0.63 between the last frost date and the average air temperature in May. The correlations between the earlier or later last frost date and the ≥10℃ accumulated air temperature in crop growing season were analyzed, the correlations were in anti-phase obviously. The correlation between the last frost date and the crop yield was also analyzed, the correlation coefficient was -0.58. 65% of years with earlier last frost date had grain production increase, and 35% years with decreased grain production were years with serious drought or flood. In conclusion, under the background of climate warming in Heilongjiang Province, the probability of grain production increase will be significant with earlier last frost date and the increase of ≥10℃ accumulated air temperature in crop growing season.

  Temperature Variation Trend in the Upstream of Qinghai Lake Region in 1961-2014 2016, 32 (11):  95-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110008 Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 764KB )   ( 624 ) The paper aims to study the characteristics and law of temperature change in recent 54 years in Tianjun by using the temperature data of Tianjun station in 1961-2014 and the linear trend, Mann-Kendall mutation test and R/S analysis methods. The results showed that in recent 54 years, the annual and seasonal average temperature, the maximum and minimum temperature showed a significant upward trend in Tianjun, and the winter warming was most significant. The diurnal temperature range showed a significant downward trend. The warming rate of the maximum temperature was less than that of the minimum temperature, there existed an asymmetry change. The annual average temperature, the maximum temperature and the diurnal temperature range had mutations in 1994, 1995 and 2000, respectively. And there existed obvious Hurst phenomenon in the annual and seasonal average temperature, the maximum and minimum temperature and the diurnal temperature range.

  Sunshine Hours in South Xinjiang: Variation Characteristics and Impact Factors 徐珊 and 贾阳 2016, 32 (11):  101-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120137 Abstract + ( 814 )   PDF ( 1555KB )   ( 505 ) To explore the variation characteristics of sunshine hours in south Xinjiang and the impact factors, the author used simple linear fitting, 5 years moving average method, the cumulative departure method, Mann- Kendall mutation test and inverse distance weighted interpolation method to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of sunshine hours of the year, season and month from 1961-2013 in 25 state weather stations. Meanwhile, the authors also analyzed the climate factors that affected the sunshine hours. The result showed that: the annual sunshine hours in south Xinjiang obviously declined at a rate of 25.7 h/10 a. Except spring, the other seasons all showed the declining trend, autumn and winter made great contribution to the change of annual sunshine hours, and summer’s contribution was the lowest. Annual sunshine hours of high value areas were located in the east of Hami and Turpan, the low-value areas were located in the north of Barron and Bayanbulak as well as the southwest of Khotan Region. The annual sunshine hours mutated in 1982, slightly lagged behind the whole country and the northwest region. The variation of sunshine hours in south Xinjiang was the result of co-action of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed and vapor pressure.

  Temperature Variation Inside Greenhouse in Winter in Xining 2016, 32 (11):  109-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110014 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 858KB )   ( 459 ) In order to reveal the variation rule of temperature inside and outside the solar greenhouse, using the meteorological data inside and outside the solar greenhouse in Datong County of Qinghai Province, the authors established the maximum and minimum temperature forecasting model based on the stepwise regression method. The results showed that: (1) the daily temperature variation in the greenhouse had a‘single peak’type in different weather types, indicating that the variation amplitude was sunny＞cloudy＞overcast days; (2) the daily maximum and minimum temperature inside the greenhouse was significantly higher than that outside; (3) the correlation analysis manifested that the correlation between the daily maximum and minimum temperature and the percentage of sunshine inside and outside the greenhouse was the highest, while the correlation between the daily maximum and minimum temperature and the 10 cm ground temperature was the lowest; (4) the model could well forecast the maximum and minimum temperature inside the greenhouse in different weather types, and the simulation result in cloudy and overcast days was better than that in sunny days. The result provided a scientific basis for avoiding the low temperature (freezing) damage in agricultural production in alpine cold regions, and mastering the suitable sowing time of winter vegetables.

  Relationship Between Doppler Weather Radar Echoes and Lightning in Hunan Province 2016, 32 (11):  115-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110002 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 659KB )   ( 453 ) The paper aims to find out the characteristics and relationship of Doppler weather radar echo and cloud-ground lightning in Hunan Province. Based on the lightning positioning system and Doppler weather radar echo images of Hunan Province in 2007, the lightning information and radar echo data were discussed in this paper. The results showed that the time distribution of lightning was obvious and uneven in Hunan Province and its surrounding areas, the peaks occur red in the beginning and ending of June, July and August, with two interval peak values in daily distribution (16:00 to 17:00 pm and 20:00 to 21:00 pm, respectively), and the average daily frequency of lightning activity showed a peak approximately at 17:00. There was a significant correlation between the area and intensity of radar echo and the lightning frequency and intensity, the radar echo area enlarged with the enhancement of the frequency and intensity of lightning. The cloud-to-ground lightning occurred 15 to 30 min before the formation of intensive radar echo center which was bigger than 50 dBz. The position of the lightning and radar echo area had good consistency with each other.

  Radar Echo Characteristics of a Thunderstorm Gale in East Hebei Province 张莉 2016, 32 (11):  121-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100130 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 992KB )   ( 419 ) The paper aims to improve the forecasting and monitoring of thunderstorm gale in Tangshan. Using the conventional data, Qinhuangdao station Doppler radar data and 1 × 1 lattice point NCEP material, the weather process of a thunderstorm gale in east Hebei Province on Sep 27, 2012 (shortly named as“9.27”) was analyzed. The results showed that: this gale occurred in a background of nearly vertical west trough with the stratification of upper dry and lower wet, the trigger of this weather process was ground cold front and the trunk. The low-level convergence, high-level divergence and adequate moisture further strengthened the system, the strong updraft enabled the system to be maintained. The radar echo clearly showed an obvious dome structure, the gust front, the lateral inflow, the back flow and the gale zone. According to velocity profile, there was an obvious radial convergence zone. On the basis of the radar echo evolution, this thunderstorm gale was produced by the rapid decrease of strong echo height, the strong cold air invasion and the squall line of fast moving.

  A Squall Line Process in South-central Shanxi Province in May 2015 2016, 32 (11):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010054 Abstract + ( 617 )   PDF ( 1976KB )   ( 616 ) In order to study the feature of severe convective weather caused by squall line and extract available indicators of this kind of weather for future forecast, using dense meteorological observational data, a thunderstorm gale and hail weather process caused by squall line in south-central Shanxi province is analyzed. The result show that the squall line process occurs at an unstable atmospheric environment caused by the combination of upper cold vortex and surface inverted trough. The occurrence and development of squall line is closely related to the surface mesoscale convergence line. Severe convective weather area is accompanied by surface mesoscale convergence lines or centers. The typical characteristics of squall line weather appeared in severe convective weather stations, which show that pressure soar, temperature drop and wind speed surge. The vertical structure of severe convective area is characterized by upper cold advection superimposed on the low-level warm advection and strong vertical wind shear. The humidity stratification show that the wet low layer is matched with dry high layer and the low wet layer is very thin. This type of stratification determines that thunderstorm gale and hail is the main weather in this squall line process. Also, there is obvious squall line bow echo in radar mosaic.

  Water Vapor Characteristics of a Winter Rainstorm in Guangxi 王黎娟 and 2016, 32 (11):  133-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010106 Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 3051KB )   ( 479 ) The paper aims to analyze the characteristics of water vapor source, vapor transport by jet stream and water vapor saturation of a winter rainstorm occurred from January13 to15 of 2012 in Guangxi, the authors used weather analysis and dynamic diagnostic methods to analyze the NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis data, infrared imagery and other information. The results showed that: Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea were the two vapor sources of this rainstorm process, the establishment of low-level southwest jet stream at 500-700 hPa made the Bay of Bengal be the main source, strengthened the water vapor supply to the rainstorm area. The jet stream mainly depended on strong divergence effect of south side of west jet stream entrance of strengthening sub-tropical frontal area at 200 hPa. Different sources of water vapor transport had different heights, water vapor flux center appeared at 700 hPa. The vapor flux convergence layer was below 600 hPa, convergence at 700- 850 hPa was much larger than that at 925- 1000 hPa; the overlapping vapor flux convergence center at 700 hPa and 850 hPa was the rainstorm area, the increased height of convergence and the wet layer’severe scaling up could be the signal of the rainstorm. The conclusion contained the formation mechanism of water vapor conditions of a winter rainstorm, obtained prediction focus, and had a great effect on improving the accuracy of winter rainstorm’s forecast.

  Moisture and Helicity During the Torrential Rain Caused by Late Autumn Typhoon‘Haiyan’(1330) 王黎娟 and 2016, 32 (11):  141-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010107 Abstract + ( 686 )   PDF ( 2205KB )   ( 305 ) The paper aims to investigate the mechanism of rainstorm caused by typhoon in late autumn. By using the dataset of CMA- STI tropical cyclone optimal tracks, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, Guangxi regional automatic weather station observation data and precipitation data provided by China meteorological data sharing service, the torrential rain caused by late autumn typhoon‘Haiyan’in Guangxi was analyzed. The results showed that: the water vapor transfer of‘Haiyan’was totally depended on its circulation, but the moisture convergence layer over Guangxi extended to a high altitude. Rains of Guangxi started when the water vapor input of the eastern boundary began to decrease after reaching the maximum, meanwhile the water vapor transferred from output to input and suddenly increased in the southern boundary, and the strongest periods of rainfall occurred before and after the water vapor input of the southern boundary reached a peak. Early invasion of cold air enhanced the baroclinicity of the typhoon and played an active role in the rainstorm, but the warm core structure of the typhoon was completely destroyed by later strengthened cold air and caused a quick packing of typhoon while a fast ending of the rainstorm. The relative storm helicity positive center had good correspondence relationship with heavy rainfall area, and there were at least 6 hours in advance. So it was necessary to put the focus on the water vapor convergence layer and cold air strength during rainstorm forecasting in late autumn, and the relative storm helicity had a good indication in forecasting of torrential rain caused by typhoons.

  Change Characteristics of First and Last Frost Date and Frost-Free Period in Eastern Hexi Corridor 2016, 32 (11):  149-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110020 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 1352KB )   ( 719 ) The paper aims to introduce suitable crop varieties and reasonably adjust planting structure and improve agricultural industry level. Based on the data of the first and last frost date (the lowest ground temperature ≤0℃) and annual temperature of 4 meteorological stations in eastern Hexi corridor during 1961- 2014, change characteristics of the first and last frost date and frost- free period were studied by climate diagnosis analysis method. The results showed that the first frost date was significantly delayed, the last frost date was significantly advanced and the frost-free period was significantly prolonged in time variation. Time series of the first and last frost date and frost-free period had 8-10 years, 9-11 years and 9-10 years quasiperiodic variation respectively. The first and last frost date and frost-free period all had a climate abrupt change. On space distribution, because of the influence of altitude, topography and vegetation cover, the first frost date appeared in an order of mountainous area, desert region and oasis plain, while the sequence of the last frost date was in contrary. The frost-free period was the shortest in mountainous area, followed by that in the desert region and was the longest in oasis plain. The first and last frost date and the frost-free period were significantly correlated with the annual temperature and latitude.

  Frost Variation Characteristics in Fuyang City 2016, 32 (11):  156-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100112 Abstract + ( 635 )   PDF ( 663KB )   ( 432 ) The paper aims to effectively prevent and mitigate the impact of frost disaster on agricultural production in Fuyang, and provide a reliable basis for reasonable development of agricultural climate regionalization. Using the processed data of 62 years from 1953 to 2014, the statistical characteristics of frost and its change in Fuyang were analyzed. The results show that: (1) the earliest frost mainly occurred from the late October to the middle of November, which accounted for 90% of the total, the last frost mainly occurred from the middle of March to the middle of April, which accounted for 77% of the total; (2) the average occurring time of the earliest frost was on Nov. 2, the average occurring time of the last frost was on Mar. 26, the frost-free period was 222 days; (3) the abnormal frequency of the last frost was higher than that of the earliest frost, the abnormal earliest frost never occurred from the late 1980’s, but the abnormal last frost occurred more in the 21st century; (4) the overall trend of the earliest frost was not obvious, and had no climate mutation, the last frost showed an abrupt change in the late 1960’s and an advanced trend since then, and the frost-free period had an abrupt change in the late of 1980’s and a prolonged tendency from that time.

  Assessment of Health Damage Caused by PM2.5 in Wuhan 2016, 32 (11):  161-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080114 Abstract + ( 766 )   PDF ( 644KB )   ( 585 ) With the advance of urbanization, the harm of PM2.5 pollution to human health has caused increasing attention. In order to inform the public more about the PM2.5 damage to human body and draw the attention of related management departments on the haze pollution, Wuhan was taken as the research object. Taking deaths caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as PM2.5 pollution health endpoints, health loss and economic loss were assessed using the environmental quality data and public health data of Wuhan City from 2008 to 2013 according to the exposure-response relationship equation and the value of statistics life (VOSL) calculation method. The results showed that since 2008, health loss caused by PM2.5 in Wuhan had an increasing trend. The number of death caused by PM2.5 was 834, accounting for 1.7 % of the deaths in 2008, and the economic loss of Wuhan due to that was nearly 586 million yuan. The number of death caused by PM2.5 was 1858, accounting for 3.7% of the deaths in 2013, and the economic loss of Wuhan due to that was nearly 1.306 billion yuan. From the above results, the control of PM2.5 in Wuhan City was extremely urgent, and the related departments should pay more attention to the loss caused by PM2.5 pollution and take measures to reduce PM2.5.

  Aerosol Observation in Cities of North China Plain Under Clear Day Condition 2016, 32 (11):  167-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120173 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 743KB )   ( 518 ) In order to find the possible causes and micro characteristics of aerosol pollution, based on the airplane detection data on Oct 19th, 2008, the aerosol distribution characteristics over Baoding and Shijiazhuang were contrasted and analyzed. The results showed that: the aerosol number concentration declined obviously under boundary layer, and approached background concentration of aerosol above boundary layer. The aerosol number concentration was accumulated near the boundary layer over Shijiazhuang, declined rapidly above the boundary layer, presented a peak value at the height of 2300 m. There were different vertical distribution characteristics near the boundary layer top. The inversion layer and relative humidity had a great impact on the vertical distribution of aerosol. The number concentration and mean diameter did not completely and positively correlate with relative humidity. The aerosol number concentration was directly related with regional emission sources below 1500 m, human activities and wind speed were important factors influencing the horizontal distribution of aerosol. The aerosol number concentration above mixed layer was mainly affected by regional transport. The aerosol particle spectrum at different height levels presented unimodal pattern over Baoding and bimodal or three-modal pattern at lower levels over Shijiazhuang.

  The Study on Evaluation Method of Satisfaction of Agrometeorological Service 郭小芹,赵瑾 and 刘绪珍 2016, 32 (11):  177-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110098 Abstract + ( 569 )   PDF ( 691KB )   ( 357 ) In order to better understand farmer demand for agricultural meteorological services, and effectively prevent and reduce the damage and loss caused by meteorological disasters and secondary disasters, play a role in agriculture meteorological services. Combined the characteristics of local agricultural meteorological services, the author built customer satisfaction index of agrometeorological service (CSIAS), then calculated the satisfaction index which from the agriculture meteorological service user to agrometeorological services by mathematical method, which aimed to analyze the structure of user demand for agricultural meteorological services. The author used the satisfaction measurement model and analyzed the satisfaction degree of agrometeorological service in Wuwei in 2015. The results showed that: users of the satisfaction of local agrometeorological service was relatively high. They would maintain a high degree of concern to meteorological service products in the future. But the satisfaction of accuracy of weather forecasts, especially in severe weather forecast accuracy was lower, which needed to strive to improve the accuracy of weather forecasting meteorological department in this regard. The evaluation of agrometeorological service satisfaction help the meteorological department determine the service product focus. On the other hand, it was found that the deficiencies in agricultural products and improve services, to lay a solid foundation for future improvement of agricultural meteorological service work.

  Current Condition and Developing Tendency of Water-saving Irrigation Technology in China 2016, 32 (11):  184-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120056 Abstract + ( 1472 )   PDF ( 453KB )   ( 1881 ) The developing tendency of water-saving irrigation technology is on accuracy, with informatization and comprehensive utilization of various water- saving irrigation technologies. Thus, to keep up with the developing tendency and requirements, we should focus the research on comprehensive technologies and approaches to promote a rapid and effective development of water- saving irrigation technology and make contribution to the sustainable development of modern agriculture. In this paper, current water- saving irrigation technologies used in China were reviewed and summarized, agricultural techniques of water-saving irrigation were introduced, advantages and disadvantages of main water conservancy and irrigation engineering technologies in water-saving irrigation were analyzed, the developing tendency of future irrigation technologies and corresponding facilities were explored. The results could provide theoretical support for practical application of water-saving irrigation.

  Dynamic Effect of Industrial Structure Evolution on Urbanization of Xinjiang 2016, 32 (11):  194-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120006 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 581KB )   ( 524 ) To study the dynamic effect of industrial structure evolution on the urbanization process of Xinjiang, based on the output data of the primary, the secondary and the tertiary industry from 1985 to 2013, a state space variable parameter econometric model was built using Kalman filter algorithm. The results showed that the primary industry had a negative effect on the urbanization process of Xinjiang; the secondary industry was the main power promoting the urbanization of Xinjiang and was in the important period of rapid development; the effect of the tertiary industry was changing from a stable positive effect to a negative effect which was decreasing. The secondary and tertiary industry had opposite effect on the urbanization of Xinjiang. It was concluded that the urbanization of Xinjiang relied too much on the second industry, so reasonable industrial structure and policy guidance should be adjusted and arranged and the development of the tertiary industry should be improved. The results are of certain significance to promote the sustainable development of urbanization process of Xinjiang.

  Economic Performance of Grassland Contracting System Evolution:An Empirical Analysis of Inner Mongolia 2016, 32 (11):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120030 Abstract + ( 526 )   PDF ( 584KB )   ( 435 ) To discuss the impact mechanism of implementation and evolution of grassland contracting system on animal husbandry economic performance, the system was subdivided into three aspects which were the use right, transfer right and usufruct of grassland, theoretical analysis was conducted. Then an econometric model was built based on the production function using related data of Inner Mongolia to explore the impact mechanism empirically. The results showed that during the past three decades after the implementation of grassland contracting system in Inner Mongolia, use right of grassland had becoming more stably. Meanwhile, the transfer right had been confirmed and the usufruct had been improved gradually. The evolution of grassland contracting system played significant effect on animal husbandry economic performance in Inner Mongolia.

  Influencing Factors of Homestead Exit Intention of Multiple Occupations Farmers: An Example of Turks County in Xinjiang 2016, 32 (11):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110088 Abstract + ( 498 )   PDF ( 535KB )   ( 354 ) In order to study the influencing factors of homestead exit in multi-national area, farmers in Turks County, Xinjiang were surveyed. And farmers had low, medium and more part-time occupations were divided into three groups. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0 to study the influencing factors of homestead exit intention of farmers in different groups. The results showed that the actual demand of different types of farmers was not the same. Family decision-making power of household was not the same with the traditional researches. Characteristics of family structure and homestead had significant effect on farmers’ homestead exit intention and policy awareness needed to be improved. According to the results, the authors put forward suggestions including reasonably responding to the exit needs of different types of farmers’, improving the employment and social security of farmers exiting homestead and strengthening publicity and innovation of homestead exit policy.