Current issue

• 2018 Vol.34 No.19 Published:11 July 2018

  Effects of Different Bio-organic Fertilizers on Disease and Yield of Buckwheat 2018, 34 (19):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050088 Abstract + ( 1232 )   To explore the optimum application amount of different kinds of bio-organic fertilizers for high yield and quality of buckwheat varieties from Yunnan Province,‘Yunqiao-1’was used as the material to study the effects of three kinds of bio-organic fertilizers (F1, F2, F3) with three application rates (T1: 300 kg/hm2, T2: 600 kg/hm2, T3: 900 kg/hm2) on diseases, agronomic characters and yield of buckwheat. Results showed that all of the three kinds of fertilizers had positive effects on controlling buckwheat brown spot disease, among which, F3 had the best effect, but the application amounts had no significant difference on disease control; for agronomic characters and yield, the plant height and yield increased with the increase of application amounts, and the performance value increased along with the application amount increasing. The agronomic characters and yield all reached the maximum under T3; while there was no significant difference among the three kinds of fertilizers for all these characters. In summary, the incidence of buckwheat brown spot disease can be effectively reduced, the soil fertility can be improved, the plant growth and dry matter accumulation can be promoted and the yield can be significantly increased with the application of bio-organic fertilizer.

  Distribution of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) in the Development of Beta vulgaris 2018, 34 (19):  5-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17110007 Abstract + ( 1094 )   This study aims at clarifying the molecular mechanisms of IAA and ABA in the development of sugar beet. The IAA and ABA biosynthesis genes were identified by bioinformatics. The gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR, and the concentrations of IAA and ABA were analyzed quantitatively by UPLC/MS/MS. Results showed that BvIAA6, BvIAA26 and BvIAA33 coordinately regulated IAA concentration, while ABA concentration was controlled by BvABA2, BvABA3, BvNCED1 and BvNCED5. ABA concentration was higher than that of IAA, but IAA was more powerful to promote plant growth than ABA. IAA and ABA biosynthesis genes had tissue specific expression. These findings elaborate the molecular mechanism of IAA and ABA in reproductive growth of sugar beet and provide references for crop breeding.

  Coupling of Different Nitrogen Application Rates and Optimization of Tobacco Structure 符昌武,,, and 2018, 34 (19):  12-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050140 Abstract + ( 791 )   The paper aims to explore the coupling effect of nitrogen application rate and optimization of tobacco structure on the growth, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco by using‘K326’as the material. The results showed that: the coupling of nitrogen application rate and optimization of tobacco structure could affect the growth period of flue-cured tobacco, which was beneficial to improving the harvesting maturity of upper leaves, and the agronomic characters of flue-cured tobacco were mainly related to nitrogen application rate. The economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco first increased then decreased with the increasing of nitrogen application amount, and the optimization of tobacco structure could improve the economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco. The coupling of nitrogen application rate and optimization of tobacco structure could promote the coordination of the chemical compositions of flue-cured tobacco leaves. In summary, the optimal effect could be obtained by the optimization of tobacco structure under the nitrogen application rate of 112.5 kg/hm2.

  Xinjiang Cotton Environmental Protection Projects Under the Framework of WTO: Analysis and Discussion 田聪华,, and 2018, 34 (19):  18-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050087 Abstract + ( 910 )   According to the WTO rules and the unique natural ecological conditions in Xinjiang, the environmental protection plan are put forward. TheSon-the-spot Sinvestigation Sand Sresearch in different places at home and abroad are carried out. The related personnel was communicated with. The relevantSdate (including statistics, online information, government documents,Setc) was collected, so the rules of WTO cotton subsidies,StheScharacteristicsSofSthe supply of ecological water, the land desertification control, the soil improvement, and the ecological control of diseases, pests and weed can be known.There are 4 kinds of projects of the environmental protection, such as project of ecological water supply, project of the land desertification control, project of the soil improvement, project of the ecological control of diseases , pests and weed. Each project has its reason and practicalSsolution. In order to avoid international trade disputes caused by the subsidy policy of yellow box, it is widely accepted that in XinjiangSthe cotton environmental protection plan should be carried out. The author believes that it is necessary that the cotton environmental plan will be implemented immediately, but there are preconditionsSfor the totalSquantityScontrolSof WTO subsidies on environmental protection, so the implementation of the cotton environmental plan and other subsidies policies should be comprehensivelySconsidered as a whole.

  Field Margins’Plant Diversity and Ecological Service Functions: Research Progress 王浩源 and 2018, 34 (19):  26-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0443 Abstract + ( 1061 )   The intensive agriculture and urbanizion have caused important habitat alterations in agricultural landscapes and the decline of farmland wildlife. Field margin, one of the most important parts in rural landscape, is characterized by high biodiversity which fulfils not only important ecological but also landscape functions. In this research, plant diversity of field margins was explained with species diversity, ecosystem diversity, time sequence/spatial layout diversity, original and functional diversity. Then, the relationship between plant diversity and field margin structure, factors related to adjacent land use and landscape structure was summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the ecosystem functions and services of field margins were summarized, including agronomic, environmental, wildlife and recreational functions. And the methods employed for biodiversity conservation of field margins were reviewed. At last, future constraints and opportunities in field margin research were discussed for promoting their role in conservation of biodiversity and cultural landscape heritage.

  High Temperature and Its Duration: Effect on SOD and POD Activity of Larix principis-rupprechtii 2018, 34 (19):  33-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060067 Abstract + ( 664 )   The effect of high temperature on protective enzyme activity of Larix principis-rupprechtii is studied to provide a basis for seedling cultivation and forest conservation. We set 4 treatments as W1 (25℃ control), W2 (30℃), W3 (35℃), W4 (40℃), and set the duration of the temperature treatment as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 h. The results showed that: the SOD activity of leaves under W4 was significantly higher than that of control after 5 h; the SOD activity of stems under W2, W3 and W4 treatments were significantly different with that of control after 5 h, at the same time, the SOD activity of stems under the 3 treatments were lower than that of control by 12.61%, 1.93%, 26.64% after 11 h; the SOD activity of roots under W2, W3, W4 treatments were significantly higher than that of control after 5, 7 h, and, the SOD activity of roots under the 3 treatments was lower than that of control by 8.35%, 5.99%, 28.47% after 11 h; the POD activity of leaves under W4 was higher than that of control by 109.75%, 20.11% after 3,5 h and the difference was significant; the POD activity of stems under W3 was higher than that of control by 40.16% after 11 h and the difference was significant; the POD activity of roots under W4 reached the highest value after 5 h. The high temperature duration above 35℃ should not exceed 5 h for Larix principis-rupprechtii.

  Seed Germination Rate and Seedling Characteristics of Toona ciliata in Enshi 2018, 34 (19):  39-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050117 Abstract + ( 541 )   The paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for resource conservation, improve variety selection and protect local resources of Toona ciliata in Hubei. Seven half-sib families of Enshi T. ciliata were taken as the study objects, and the seed germination rate, one-year seedling survival rate, growth traits such as seedling height, ground diameter and leaf character were analyzed. The results showed that the seed germination rate and the seedling survival rate were relatively low and had significant difference among the seven half-sib families. The average seed germination rate was 38%, the average seedling survival rate was 21%, and the XE-4 half-sib family had the highest of both. Seven indexes, including seedling height, ground diameter, crown width, branch number, leaf number, compound leaf number and fresh leaf weight, had significant difference among the seven half-sib families, and had a wide range of variation, with high heredity ability and stable inheritance. The ground diameter showed a positive correlation with crown width, leaf number, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight. By comprehensive consideration, three sib-families, XE-2, XE-4, XE-5, were selected as the superior family.

  Camellia sinensis Leaves with Different Maturity: Physiological Indices of Stress Resistance 2018, 34 (19):  44-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050130 Abstract + ( 677 )   Camellia sinensis is mainly cultivated for its leaves, and the physiological properties and stress tolerance of leaves directly determine the growth vigor and quality composition of C. sinensis. The object of this study is to explore the physiological changes of different maturity leaves of C. sinensis. Taking 2 tea cultivars as test materials, the malonaldehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), soluble sugars (SS), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) of different maturity leaves were monitored, and correlation analysis, principal component analysis were applied to simplify the evaluation index of stress resistance of tea plant. The results were as follows: MDA, SA, SOD and Pro from one bud and two leaves to old leaves showed an increasing trend, their contents in old leaves were significantly higher than those in the other maturity leaves. Only ABA content decreased with the increase of maturity. The SS content first increased and then decreased with the maturity, whose maximum value emerged at the middle leaves (from 3rd to 4th). The correlation analysis indicated that MDA had significantly positive or remarkably and significantly positive correlation with Pro and SA. The ABA had middle and high negative correlation with MDA, SOD, Pro, SA, and CAT. The seven physiological indices of stress resistance of tea plant could be reduced to five, i.e., MDA, ABA, SA, SS and CAT, which could be applied to the evaluation of stress resistance of tea plant, thus to improve the screening efficiency of germplasm materials.

  Genetic Model Analysis of Major Gene + Polygene of Flesh Browning in Luffa cylindrica 2018, 34 (19):  50-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17070109 Abstract + ( 662 )   Flesh browning is one of the important traits which affect the flesh quality of Luffa cylindrical . The genetic analysis of flesh browning degree in Luffa cylindrical was conducted, which provided a basis for quality improvement of Luffa cylindrical. The six generations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2) crossed between‘YX014’(high browning, P1) and‘LJ-01’(browning-resistant, P2) were use as materials, the mixed major gen + polygene inheritance model was used to analyze the genetic model of browning traits in Luffa cylindrical. The results showed that the optimal genetic model of browning degree in Luffa cylindrical was E-1 model, which was controlled by two additive-dominant-epitasis major genes + additive-dominant polygenes. The heritability of major gene in the B1, B2 and F2 populations was 81.20%, 72.08% and 0.52%, respectively, and the heritability of polygenes in the B1, B2 and F2 generations was 0. The variance of the environment accounted for 18.8%, 27.92% and 99.48% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The results indicated that the browning of Luffa cylindrical was dominated by two major genes, and the hereditary effect was the dominant, meanwhile the environment influence was also obvious. The major-gene selection of B1 and B2 generations was high, the selection should be conducted in early generations. In the population improvement of Luffa cylindrical browning, the directional selection or recurrent selection should be used for the light browning single line to improve breeding efficiency.

  Jujube‘Fucimi’: Meteorological Factors and Key Management Techniques in Flowering and Fruit Development Period 2018, 34 (19):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18050114 Abstract + ( 624 )   The effects of main meteorological factors on fruitSsettingSrate,the yield, and quality of the fruit were analyzed according to the meteorological data of Zaozhuang City from 2011 to 2016, combined with the field survey of ‘Fucimi’ jujube production.SResults show that temperature and sunshine duration can meet the demand of normal growth of ‘Fucimi’ jujube in normal year,. but drought in the flowering period and continuous rain in the fruit development period were main factors to reduce the fruit setting rate and quality of the fruit separately in a few years.SAccordingly key technologies should be adopted in accordance with specific meteorological conditions to reduce the impact of adverse meteorological factors in production.

  Effects of Balanced Pruning Combined with Young Fruit Thinning on the Growth and Fruiting of Longan Trees 2018, 34 (19):  62-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050138 Abstract + ( 706 )   This paper aims to study the effects of young fruit thinning combined with pruning on the growth and fruiting of longan trees. Twelve 6-year-old fruiting trees of longan‘Shixia’were used as materials, and a L9(34) orthogonal design was adopted to test the effects of different factors, including retractive pruning, initial rate of fruiting branches and initial number of fruit per panicle, on shoot ratio, fruit dropping rate, fruiting branch rate, the number of fruits per panicle, yield, mature period and fruit quality when fruit ripening, and the combination of advantageous factors and levels was also screened. The research results showed that there were remarkable differences between the treatments and control in shoot growth, fruit development and mature quality (P<0.01), along with the specific performance as follows: the decreased fruit drop rate (P<0.01), earlier maturity, a certain ratio of new shoots, improved unit yield, increased fruit weight and TSS content, and cleaner bright yellow green for fruit color (P<0.01). Higher initial rate of fruiting branches were among the treatments, higher rate of those when ripening, and the fruit color of the trees with retractive pruning treatment tended to be saturated yellow green. The more the initial fruit amount per panicle, the more slowly the fruit development, the higher the fruit dripping speed, the later the fruit ripening and the higher number the fruit per panicle. Furthermore, the single fruit mass and TSS content of aril were all the highest, which matured on the trees with treatment at a middle level of initial fruit amount of 60 per panicle. The variance analysis of the orthogonal test showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the levels of the factor initial number of fruit per panicle in the number of ripening fruit per panicle and the factor retractive pruning in the h° value, and the results of visual analysis showed that the optimal combination to obtain the balance between the growth and fruiting of longan trees as well as the yield and quality of longan fruits was: fruiting branches of 50%-60%, about 60 fruits per panicle and reasonable retractive pruning. Therefore, this study can provide a feasible instruction for longan production.

  Seed Setting Characteristics and Seed Oil Quality of Paeonia lactiflora 2018, 34 (19):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050043 Abstract + ( 711 )   To provide reference for breeding and seed oil development of Paeonia lactiflora, the seed setting characteristics and seed oil quality of P. lactiflora were analyzed and evaluated, to reveal the correlation between seed setting characteristics and seed oil quality. The results showed that: (1) the length of the carpel and the number of seeds per carpel were highly and positively correlated with yield, the number of follicle was positively correlated with yield, whereas the number of ramet versus yield was significantly and negatively correlated; principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components could explain 88.8768% of the total variance; (2) the oil content of seed was 21.31%, the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid was 40.56%, 29.16% and 22.11%, respectively, the content of unsaturated fatty acid was 91.83%, the content of vitamin E was 79.64 mg/100 g. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the number of carpel, the carpel length and the number of follicle in breeding high-yield strain. These results suggest that seed oil of P. lactiflora has better edible oil properties and a good promotion potential as new edible oil.

  Advances in Quantitative Model for Estimating Chilling Requirement of Ornamental Plants 高健洲,, and 2018, 34 (19):  76-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060022 Abstract + ( 790 )   Dormancy is a phenomenon that plant grow slowly or reach a temporary pause. It occurs when plants are resisting to or adapting to environment stress. The time of effective low temperatures required for dormancy breaking is called the chilling requirement. In this study, different chilling estimating models as long as their application effects are summarized and analyzed. Currently, application of Utah model has a higher frequency and better effect. Dynamic model is considered to be most perfect in theory and has the widest application range. But it has not yet been popularized, especially in China. The main object for chilling estimating models is dormant bud while there is few report on the other dormant organs (bulbs and seeds etc.). Compared with other horticultural crops such as fruit trees, there is few study on the application of chilling estimating models to ornamental plants. Few plant varieties and dormant organs types have been covered in the existing studies. As the chilling estimating models are more accurate in measuring and predicting the chilling requirement during dormancy breaking compared with the chilling hours, it will have a better prospect for regional planning and introduction of ornamental plants. At the same time, exploration of the biological mechanisms involved in the accumulation of the chilling requirement, as well as optimization of the chilling estimating models for universal applications in different climate types are the problems that need to be solved in the future research.

  Spatial Grain Size Effect on Land Use Pattern Changes Within the Yanghe Watershed in 1990-2013 2018, 34 (19):  83-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030041 Abstract + ( 676 )   To measure landscape pattern metrics traits with changes of grain sizes, and summarize differences of landscape traits in different grain sizes, based on data of land use within the Yanghe Watershed in 1990, 2000 and 2013, landscape pattern metrics were chosen at the levels of class and landscape, and the effects of grain sizes in the range of 20 to 400 m on landscape pattern metrics were analyzed, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Fragstats software. The functions for landscape pattern metrics and grain sizes were fitted and the variation coefficients of landscape pattern metrics were determined. The results showed that the normalized landscape shape index (NLSI), the aggregation index (AI), and the clumpiness (CLUMPY) for all land-use types at the class level within the Yanghe Watershed in 1990-2013 decreased with increasing of grain sizes and were well fitted by the quadratic polynomial-functions. Similarly, changes of patch density (PD) with grain sizes for farmland, woodland and rural-urban construction land were well fitted by quadratic polynomial functions and those for unused land were well fitted by a negatively linear function. Moreover, among all the landscape pattern metrics, the effective mesh size (MESH) and the normalized landscape shape index (NLSI) were the most sensitive to the changes of grain sizes for water area and rural-urban construction land, respectively. Among all the land-use types within the Yanghe watershed, the water area was the most sensitive to the changes of grain sizes. The AI, CLUMPY, MESH and the mean shape index (SHAPE_MN) for unused land in 2013 were smaller than those in 1990 and 2000, while the NLSI for unused land in 2013 was higher than those in 1990 and 2000. Besides, the yearly differences of the AI, CLUMPY, MESH, NLSI for the rural-urban construction land in 1990-2013 were completely contrary to those for the unused land. The PD for unused land and rural-urban construction land in 2013 was higher than those in 1990 and 2000. At the landscape level, among all landscape metrics, the PD and LSI were the most sensitive to the changes of grain sizes. The patch richness (PR) did not change with the grain sizes. Changes of the Shannon diversity index (SHDI), the Shannon evenness index (SHEI) and the shape coefficient of variation index (SHAPE_CV) with the grain sizes were complex. Changes of the mean fractal dimension index (FRAC_MN), the SHAPE_MN, the AI, the contagion (CONTAG), the PD, the landscape shape index (LSI) and the cohesion (COHESION) with grain sizes in 2013 were similar to those in 1990 and 2000. The paper concludes that significant scale effects exist in most landscape pattern metrics in the Yanghe Watershed landscape, in addition, different responses to the changing grain size occur with different landscape metrics, and various land use types. The present study could improve the understanding of the changes of landscape pattern at the scale of watershed in the future.

  Dynamic Monitoring of Desertification Land in Ningxia 2018, 34 (19):  96-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020079 Abstract + ( 540 )   The paper aims to master the dynamic development tendency of the desertification land in Ningxia, to provide data supporting for desertification land control. The desertification land in Ningxia was monitored by means of field investigation and remote sensing, and the status and classification of the desertification land was mapped by using ArcGIS. The results showed that: the total area of desertification land in Ningxia was 1120.3 × 103 hm2 in 2014, and the area was reduced by 135.7×103 hm2 from 1994 to 2014, which decreased by 10.8% during these 20 years. The general trend of land desertification development was from extremely severe to severe to moderate to mild, and the mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe desertification areas was 752.3×103, 208.0×103, 81.0×103, 78.9×103 hm2, respectively. The most sensitive areas of land desertification were located in Dawukou, Pingluo, Helan, Yinchuan, northern Lingwu, Zhongning and Shapotou district, which distributed in western Sohyet 240 mm where future ecological environment monitoring, evaluation and management should be enhanced.

  Decomposing Microorganism: Effects on Yield of the Following Cropping Rice and Soil Under Total Return of Wheat Straw 2018, 34 (19):  102-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050080 Abstract + ( 654 )   To provide effective measures for total wheat strawreturn to soilin rice-wheat rotation mode, a field experiment was conducted to study the application of decomposing microorganism under total wheat straw return. The experiment was carried out with3treatments, which were treated with CK (no decomposing agent), decomposing agent A and decomposing agent B, respectively. The results showed that decomposing agent A reduced rice yield by 2.37% , decomposing agent B increased rice yield by1.74% . Compared with CK, decomposing agent A increased the contents of available NPK in paddy soil by 2.34mg/kg,1.00mg/kg and 4.00mg/kg, respectively, and decreased the content of copper and zinc, and increased the content of arsenic by 3.03mg/kg. Decomposing agentBreduced the contentofavailable NP and organic matter in paddy soilby5.33mg/kg, 6.47mg/kg, and3.66g/kg, respectively, and decreased the content of copper, zinc and arsenic. The application of decomposing agent A and B could promote soil microorganism proliferation, enhance the overall metabolic activity and increase species diversity index. Decomposing agent A increased the number of bacteria and fungi significantly, but decomposing agent B increased the number of actinomyces more obviously. Based on the synthetic effectsonrice yield, soil physical and chemical properties, microorganism population and metabolic characteristics, the application of total wheat straw return combined with decomposing agent B was more favorable to rice yield and soil health.

  Spatio-temporal Variation of Dry-wet Climate Condition in Greater Khingan Mountains Forest Region: Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 2018, 34 (19):  108-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010130 Abstract + ( 622 )   Understanding the change characteristics of dry-wet climate condition in Great Xing’an Mountains forest range under the background of climate change, can provide a scientific basis for predicting forest fire and protecting forest resources in this area. Based on the daily precipitation data of 6 meteorological stations in Great Xing’an Mountains forest range from 1974 to 2016, the standardized precipitation index (SPI, Standardized Precipitation Index) was applied to analyze the change characteristics of dry-wet climate in this area. The results showed that the climate in Great Xing’an Mountains forest range showed wetting trends on annual scale and seasonal scale from 1974 to 2016. But the stage changes were obvious, especially since 21st Century, the dry-wet climate fluctuated fiercely. On annual scale, the climate condition in Huma showed drought trend, but in other stations showed wetting trend. On seasonal scale, the summer climate in Huma and the autumn climate in Tahe showed drought trend in different degree, but in other stations showed different degrees wetting trend in each seasons. And the correlation analysis results showed that the precipitation in summer plays a decisive role in the change of annual dry-wet climate conditions, and it is the main contributor to wet trend of the climate in Great Xing’an Mountains forest region.

  Change of temperature and precipitation of solar terms during crop growing season in Shihezi 蒲云锦 and 韩春光 2018, 34 (19):  115-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050139 Abstract + ( 684 )   Taking four solar terms which are closely linked with the critical periods of crop growth and development (Grain Rain, Lesser Fullness of Grain, Grain in Ear, Lesser Heat) in Shihezi, the author analyzed the change of the average temperature and precipitation and characteristics of M-K inspection mutation, did R/ S analysis, and predicted the future trends, aiming to provide references for agricultural production and farming activities. The results showed that: (1) the average temperature of the four solar terms increased during 1981- 2016 in Shihezi; (2) the precipitation of Grain in Ear solar term showed a decreasing trend, precipitation of the other three solar terms showed an increasing trend; (3) the mutation of the average temperature was in Grain Rain 2006, Lesser Fullness of Grain 1995, Grain in Ear 1996 and 1999, and Lesser Heat 2000 and 2003; (4) the future trend of the average temperature and precipitation in these four solar terms would be the same as the trend during 1981-2016, and the trend of increase would not be very strong.

  Air Diffusion Ability in Huzhou: Variation Characteristics and Causes 2018, 34 (19):  121-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020038 Abstract + ( 650 )   To provide references for atmospheric environmental treatment, we analyzed the multi-time scale variation characteristics of the air diffusion ability and its causes based on the data of atmospheric mix layer height, air diffusion parameters and mean wind speed in Huzhou from 1980 to 2013. The results showed that: (1) it presented a slow increasing trend of the atmospheric mix layer height, the general trends of wind speed and atmospheric diffusion parameter were decreasing, and the wind speed had a significant positive correlation with atmospheric diffusion parameter; (2) the types of monthly variations of the atmospheric mix layer height, wind speed and atmospheric diffusion parameter were all of bimodal pattern; it had a peak in March and August, and trough in July and October, additionally, there were significant positive correlations between these three parameters, and the seasonal variation showed the trend with high in spring and low in autumn; (3) urbanization, heat island effect and dry island effect increased the vertical movement ability of atmosphere, which increased the atmospheric mix layer height. However, the increase of surface roughness decreased the horizontal wind speed, which meant the abatement of atmospheric horizontal motion ability and the atmospheric diffusion ability; (4) moreover, Huzhou was adjacent to Taihu Lake which made its atmospheric diffusion ability similar to that of coastal areas; the thermal difference of land and water, the change of wind speed, mould rains and high temperature had obvious influence on the seasonal variations of the atmospheric mix layer height and the diffusion parameter.

  Instant Foxtail Millet Porridge: Change of Nutritional Ingredients and Antioxidant Ability During Processing 2018, 34 (19):  126-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050084 Abstract + ( 882 )   Foxtail millet is processed into porridge for human consumption. To determine the changes of physiological activators in the process, we analyzed the contents of amino acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids and antioxidant ability of extracts of instant foxtail millet porridge at different processing stages, including high pressure cooking, freeze drying and rehydrating. The results were as follows: the total amino acids and essential amino acids had no substantial change after processing. High pressure cooking significantly influenced the bound phenolic acids and free flavonoids content, which were reduced by 27.87% and 29.57%, respectively. Freeze-drying and rehydration had little effect on the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Content of vanillic acid increased significantly after processing, rose by 73.94% after rehydrating. After rehydration, the DPPH scavenging ability of free and bound phenolic acid extracts were reduced by 55.83% and 88.39%, respectively. After high pressure cooking, ferric iron reduction ability of free and bound phenolic acid extracts were reduced by 30.08% and 39.74%, respectively, declined significantly, freeze drying and rehydration had no significant effect on ferric iron reduction ability of phenolic acid extracts.

  Solid Pu’er Tea: Fermented by Schizophyllum commune and Characteristics 2018, 34 (19):  133-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050103 Abstract + ( 799 )   The pu’er tea fermentation is the result of synthetic effects of bacterial colony on sun-dried raw tea, which determines the tea quality. The paper aims to enhance the coarse tea quality by artificial inoculation of dominant fungus Schizophyllum commune onto the leaves. After inoculation, the astringent flavor of coarse ‘Zijuan’pu’er tea disappeared. The tea tasted sweet and refreshing, tastier than the coarse tea which had no artificial inoculation. In addition, the tea soup turned to be more bright and ropy. Through the culture medium, the mycelium was habituated cultured and inoculated the‘Zijuan’pu’er coarse leaves. According to the observation and records after fermentation, the constituents of coarse leaves dropped, which was consistent with the sensory evaluation of increasing sweet and smooth in the mouth, tea polyphenol dropped from 9.4% to 5.8%, free amino acid from 3.2% to 2.1%, caffeinum from 2.20% to 1.64%, and total catechin dropped from 2.1% to 0.2% tremendously, totally 8 kinds of tea constituents dropped after fermentation, and the other 7 kinds of constituents increased including taurine, hydroxproline, asparaginate, cystine, tryptophan, lysine, and the new-detected human body essential amino-acid was threonine, whose content was about 0.023% after fermentation, the leucine also increased from 0.005% to 0.009%, and the isoleucine had no obvious variation. After the fermentation by S. commune, the soluble sugar dropped obviously from 6% to 3.9%.

  Agriculture and Tourism Convergence Theory in China: Controversies and Reflection 李晓 and 2018, 34 (19):  138-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020081 Abstract + ( 672 )   In China, there are many valuable achievements in applying the industrial convergence theory and other theories to the convergence development of agriculture and tourism. However, certain theoretical controversies still exist. In the present study, based on a systematic review of relevant literatures in the past two decades, the main controversial points of connotation and characteristics, motivation, stage and level, basics of the agriculture and tourism convergence theory in China are analyzed, furthermore a new theoretical thinking is proposed. Results show that: (1) the logical starting point for the convergence and development of agriculture and tourism is to crack the current predicament of China’s agricultural development; (2) the universality of agricultural resources is the inherent basis for the convergence development of agriculture and tourism; (3) the shift of tourism demand, government control relaxation and technological progress are the main contributors to the convergence of agriculture with tourism; (4) the convergence of agriculture and tourism development is a dynamic process, as a result, new formats and new economic growth points have emerged, due to the impact of tourism demand, product innovation and resource carrying capacity, the trend of convergence economy is not a continuous growth curve; (5) the convergence and development of agriculture and tourism are closely related to the degree of universality of agricultural resources and the level of product innovation capabilities, the effect is a comprehensive one of economy, society and ecology, and the level of convergence development should be based on the resource- innovation- effect system perspective. Conclusively, it is necessary to enhance the research on the relationship between integration development and tourism demand, agricultural dilemma and regional economic characteristics, strengthen the monitoring, assessment and management of resources, main bodies, economy and market, and guide the convergence and development of agriculture and tourism.

  Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Town Agricultural Economic Patterns Based on GeoDa: A Case of Fu’an City 2018, 34 (19):  145-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010117 Abstract + ( 680 )   In this paper, the towns of Fu’an are taken as spatial units and the gross agricultural production (GAP) per capita of each unit is chosen as the single evaluation index. Based on the theory and method of spatial autocorrelation analysis, the author draws the overall and local autocorrelation graphs of Moran’s I exponent to study the spatial autocorrelation characteristics of agricultural economic pattern using GeoDa, DPS and ArcGIS software. The results showed that the difference of town agricultural economic structure in Fu’an has mainly appeared in southeast- northwest direction since 2000. There are obvious polarization and aggregation trends in the east- west direction. The developed agricultural economic towns are mainly concentrated in the southeast of Fu’an including Wanwu, Xiabaishi and Xiwei. In addition, the backward agricultural economic towns are Banzhong, Xitan, Muyang, and Chengguan. It is predicted that the town agricultural economic pattern of Fuan will not change significantly in 2020, and agricultural economic difference will be narrowed.

  The Impact of Rural Financial Development on Urban-Rural Income Gap in the Context of Internet+: An Empirical Analysis of Ningxia 2018, 34 (19):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020043 Abstract + ( 637 )   To solve the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas, based on relevant studies for the impact of rural finance development on the income gap between urban and rural areas, this paper carries out the analysis by taking Ningxia as an example. Four methods were selected to conduct an empirical analysis on the relationship between rural finance development and urban- rural income gap. It was inferred that the maximum support ratio of financial operation efficiency for the urban-rural income gap could approach to nearly 5%, while the support ratio of the rural financial operation volume for the urban-rural income gap was comparatively low, which could just be as high as 1.29%. As to other control variables, about 0-4.5% of fluctuation can be explained by the level of urbanization, while the financial expenditure for supporting agriculture could account for 0-3.5% of fluctuation, indicating that the increase in the rural financial operation volume and financial operation efficiency within a short term could reduce the urban-rural income gap. For a long term, the income gap between urban and rural areas is fluctuant; whereas urbanization index, fiscal expenditure index and rural investment for specific property could narrow the gap in a short term. Long-term influence of these factors could be more prominent. Based on the above mentioned analysis results, it is suggested that the rural financial system of Ningxia should be improved, the rural finance flow mechanism needs to be ameliorated, and the policy-based financial supports for agriculture ought to be strengthened.

  The Construction of High Standard Basic Farmland District: A Case of Wuyang County 2018, 34 (19):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010108 Abstract + ( 686 )   The construction of high-standard basic farmland is to ensure food security according to the general plan of land utilization and improve the quality of arable land by land remediation planning within a certain period. We evaluated the quality of cultivated land in Wuyang County and put forward opinions on zoning construction by using analytic hierarchy process and ArcGIS spatial data based on the Regulations for Classification and Grading of Agricultural Land in combining with the actual situation. The results showed that (1) the highest quality score of cultivated land in Wuyang County was 97.2, the lowest was 64.8; (2) the cultivated land in Wuyang County was divided into four types of the core protection, appropriate transfer, key renovation and improvement of returning farmland; (3) the ways to improve the cultivated land quality and build high standard basic farmland were different due to the characteristics of different cultivated land types; (4) the core protected area was the prime cultivated land in the whole area and the primary goal of high standard basic farmland. The overall quality of the suitable transplanted areas was weaker than that of the core protected areas without obvious limiting factors, it could be improved by taking measures such as strengthening soil water and fertilizer conservation, establishing and perfecting irrigation facilities and making the suitable transplanted areas an object of basic farmland. The arable land in key renovation area had low overall quality with obstacles in all aspects, its management should be strengthened to improve the quality through land consolidation, and make this type of land as an alternative area for high standard basic farmland construction. As the inferior land of the whole area, the returning farmland should be returned to forest and grass while strengthening the improvement.