Current issue

• 2018 Vol.34 No.33 Published:22 November 2018

  Genetic Diversity of Main Agronomic Characters of Wheat Germplasm Introduced from America 2018, 34 (33):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17110047 Abstract + ( 640 )   To screen the suitable cross parents of wheat, 51 accessions American wheat germplasms introduced in 2015 were used as experimental materials. The frequency distribution and genetic diversity of four qualitative traits were studied. The correlation and the genetic diversity of nine main agronomic traits were analyzed. Taking the main agronomic characters as the indexes, 51 accessions American wheat germplasms were analyzed by the clustering analysis. The main plant type of the tested wheat germplasms is erect, the main panicle type is spinner bait, long awn is the main awn type, the main flag leaf type is downward. The yield is significantly and positively correlated with the number of productive ear (0.472**), and positively correlated with the 1000-grain weight (0.340*). There are great differences among the nine agronomic characters, the CV of each trait is more than 5% except bulk density (1.71%). The variation coefficient of sterile spikelet (55.21%) is the highest, and these germplasms have abundant genetic diversity. 51 accessions American wheat germplasms are classified into 4 groups by Ward method. Group I has the maximum 1000-grain weight (40.31 g), number of productive ear (656.74×104/hm2) and yield (8718.63 kg/hm2), which could be used as excellent cross parents, the other germplasm could be used as intermediate material for improving some traits according to the characteristics of taxa.

  Effects of Agricultural Measures on Seedling of Main Gramineous Weeds in Wheat Field 2018, 34 (33):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080083 Abstract + ( 670 )   The paper aims to explore the effects of agricultural management practices such as seeding and tillage on seedling of main gramineous weeds in wheat field. The seed of field state, morphological characteristics and the seedling emergence ofLolium multiflorum ,Aegilops tauschii ,Avena fatua ,Alopecurus japonicus ,Phleum paniculatum from different soil depth were studied in the wheat field of Xi’an. The results showed that the condition of wheat mechanical sowing depth (4-5 cm) had no effect on the seedling emergence of the five weeds. The seedling germination time was the earliest under the condition of broadcast sowing depth from 0-1 cm, however the emergence rate was low due to low soil moisture. Seedling emergence was the latest under rotary tillage condition with the sowing depth from 10-15 cm, which had no effect onL. multiflorum ,A. tauschii , A. fatua , but had great effect on A. japonicus and P. paniculatum , especially for P. paniculatum individuals with small size and light weight. The seedling emergence of the five weeds was inhibited under the deep plough planting with the depth of 30-35 cm.

  Tillage Methods Affecting Weed Occurrence Regularity and Yield of Wheat 2018, 34 (33):  12-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080116 Abstract + ( 624 )   To find out weed occurrence regularity and control methods in wheat field in Sichuan Province under new tillage methods, the traditional tillage was used as the control, the effects of different tillage methods on weed occurrence regularity and yield were studied in the fixed field and spots for five consecutive years. The results showed that weed species in wheat field were basically the same with different tillage methods. The number of weeds was the highest with no-tillage without mulch, followed by tillage, and no-tillage with straw covering was the least. There were two peaks of weed emergence in wheat field, the big peak appeared 2-3 weeks after wheat sowing and the small peak appeared 6-7 weeks after wheat sowing. Effects of weeds on plant height and tillering were not obvious with different tillage methods. The no-tillage with straw covering and tillage obtained the similar yield of wheat, which was higher than that of no-tillage without mulch. The results indicate that no-tillage with straw covering can both significantly reduce the occurrence and damage of weeds, and increase yield of wheat, so it has a wide application prospect.

  Grass-grain Planting Type of Alfalfa-corn-triticale: Yield and Economic Benefit 2018, 34 (33):  17-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090041 Abstract + ( 894 )   Aiming at the existing problems in the production of Alfalfa,The study proposes and describes the consideration to grass and grain planting pattern of alfalfa, corn, and triticale in order to improve agricultural productivity and economic benefits. The study explores the influence of three crops different planting and matching ways on yield and economic benefits by a split plot design with Alfalfa rows as main treatment and corn/ triticale rows as secondary treantment, And try to explain the competition relationship of different crops simply through yield analysis. The results showed that the planting pattern contains 5 rows of alfalfa , 2 rows of corn and 4 rows triticale is considered to be the best. The spatial and temporal collocation of the three crops is most reasonable. The pattern is beneficial to the mutual promotion among crops, could minimize the losses caused by interspecific competition, and get the best yield and economic benefits.

  Yield-increasing Effect by Mixed Sowing of Different Prismatic Barley Varieties 2018, 34 (33):  21-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17120060 Abstract + ( 669 )   To explore the mechanism and effect of yield increase by mixed sowing of different prismatic barley varieties, multi prismatic variety‘Baodamai 14’and double prismatic variety‘82- 1’which have been promoted in large areas of Baoshan City, are used as materials. 5 treatments are set up with single sowing and mixed sowing. The results showed that mixed sowing sufficiently utilized the space and light energy to increase the yield, the yield of mixed sowing increased by 139.5-719 kg/hm2 compared with the single sowing of double prismatic variety, and increased by 40.5-720 kg/hm2 compared with single sowing of multi prismatic variety. In yield components, the effective spikes of mixed sowing were similar with that of the single sowing of double prismatic variety (the maximum effective spikes appeared in the single sowing). The actual grain number of spikes increased by 7.8-10.7 compared with the single sowing of double prismatic variety. 1000-grain weight increased by 1.2-5.5 g compared with single sowing of multi prismatic variety. Moreover, mixed sowing could reduce lodging. The best ratio of basic seedlings with mixed sowing (double prismatic variety‘82-1’and multi prismatic variety‘Baodamai 14’) was 6:4 (convert into seed weight≈7:3).

  The Analysis of Buckwheat Yield Stability in Tibet 2018, 34 (33):  25-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080128 Abstract + ( 634 )   To solve the problem of buckwheat breeds degradation, hybridization seriousness, and low yield level in Tibet, 13 buckwheat breeds were introduced in Lhasa from 2014 to 2016, buckwheat breeds of high yield and stable quality were chosen by cultivation experiments. The results showed that the yield of planted breeds in different years had significant difference. And the average yield of‘Yunqiao No.2’was the highest, with an average of 3597.6 kg/hm2, which were 51% higher than that of control group. In addition, the yield was positively correlated with 1000-grain weight according to correlation analysis. The high stability evaluation (HSCi ) indicated that the breeds of‘Yunqiao No.2’and‘Xiqiao No.5’had the highest yield, stability and adaptability, while the breeds of‘Jinkuqiao No.2’and‘Yunqiao No.1’had the relatively high yield, stability and adaptability. The study provides a theoretical basis for the identification and demonstration of buckwheat breeds in Tibet.

  Effect of Degradable Film on Soil Moisture and Temperature and Yield of Spring Corn 2018, 34 (33):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080065 Abstract + ( 593 )   The aim is to discuss the actual role of degradable film in corn production in southeast Shanxi. Degradation speed, degradation strength, water storage and heat preservation of three types of films were investigated in the field, with different covering time. The results showed that compared with bare land, two degradable films significantly increased soil temperature and soil moisture, the effects were inferior to that of the common film. The difference was not significant between the two degradable films. The corn growth period of degradable films and common film reduced by 4 days and 9 days, respectively, and the production increased by 9.06%, 9.72% and 14.54%, respectively. The difference of yields between common film and degradable film was not significant. Degradation period of the two degradable films was consistent. The degradation started at 40-50 days after mulching, and the degradable film disappeared at 90-100 days after mulching. It indicated that the two degradable films had obvious both biological and economic effects. They not only met the environmental conditions of corn growth, but also saved labor and time and decreased the environmental pollution. Therefore, degradable film instead of common film has feasibility for corn production in southeast Shanxi.

  Effects of DPC on Agronomic Characters, Yield, Fiber Quality of Machine Picked Cotton in the Yellow River Valley and Chemical Treatment Technical Research 2018, 34 (33):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090147 Abstract + ( 557 )   To investigate the effect of DPC chemical treatment on agronomic traits, yield and quality of machine-harvested cotton in the Yellow River valley of China, and clarify the reasonable control period and the application amount of DPC, a new machine-harvested cotton variety Hengmian HD008 was used as the test material, and 3 different DPC treatments were set. The results showed that DPC significantly reduced plant height and branch length, reduced branch angle and leaf area, so the rational control could effectively shape the ideal plant type of machine-harvested cotton. DPC had significant effects on yield and yield components, the proper amount of DPC could increase the number of pre- hot seasonal boll and autumn boll, thus to increase the total boll number, the boll weight and the seed index, but the lint percentage decreased, and the proper amount of DPC could increase the yield. DPC significantly increased the fracture ratio of the fiber, and proper control could improve the uniformity of fibers, but other indexes had no significant change. According to the requirements of machine harvest to the agronomic traits of cotton and the growth characteristics of cotton, chemical control could begin after cotton floral bud emergence, once about every 10 days, and the spraying amount could be controlled according to the growth amount of the main stem. The daily growth amount of plant height should be controlled at 1.5-1.8 cm, and the plant height should be within 75-90 cm.

  Insect-proof Net Types: Effect on Growth Characteristics, Quality and Yield of Cowpea 曾东强,邱海燕 and 唐良德 2018, 34 (33):  43-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080057 Abstract + ( 581 )   To carry out scientific cultivation and management of cowpea by applying insect-proof nets, we observed the growth characteristics, quality and yield of cowpea under the cultivation modes of 80 mesh closed and semi-closed insect-proof nets. The results showed that: compared with open field cultivation, the vine sprouting period and pod period of cowpea under the cultivation mode of insect-proof nets were ahead of time, the harvest period was extended and the yield was significantly increased. Under the cultivation mode of semiclosed insect-proof net, the vine sprouting period and the pod period were ahead of time by 2 days and 4 days, respectively, the harvesting period was extended by 7 days and the yield was increased by 56.47%. Under the cultivation mode of closed insect-proof net, the vine sprouting period and the pod period were ahead of time by 3 days and 4 days, respectively, the harvesting period was extended by 14 days and the yield was increased by 50.86%. During the same period, the plant height, stem diameter, internode length, leaf length and leaf width of cowpea under the cultivation mode of semi-closed and closed insect-proof nets were better than those in open field. Compared with the closed insect-proof nets, the chlorophyll index of cowpea under the semi-closed insect-proof nets was significantly increased. Therefore, 80 mesh semi-closed insect-proof net is suitable for cowpea cultivation

  Flue-cured Tobacco Threshing and Redrying Processing: Effect on Structure of Finished Tobacco Lamina 2018, 34 (33):  48-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070069 Abstract + ( 637 )   The aim is to understand the relationship between flue- cured tobacco threshing and redrying processing and the structure of finished tobacco lamina. The computer information system was adopted to automatically collect 160 equipment parameters, to detect the structure of the corresponding finished tobacco lamina. The simple and typical correlation analysis was conducted. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the first and second wetting temperature and the moisture and threshing strength and the cooling temperature, between the second wetting water addition and resurgence area 4, and between first wetting cylinder drive and the temperature of drying and resurgence cooling fan. There were significant typical correlations between the leaf wetting section, threshing and air separation section, redrying and drying section, and the structure of finished tobacco lamina. The details were as follows: (1)“the infiltration rate”in the first and second wetting process had a negative correlation with large leaf rate, small leaf rate, fragmentation rate, crushing rate and leaf stem rate, and it had a positive correlation with medium leaf rate; (2) the intensity in the threshing and air separation process had a negative correlation with large leaf rate, fragmentation rate and crushing rate, and it had a positive correlation with medium leaf rate; (3) the temperature of drying and resurgence cooling fan and the temperature of cooling zone were positively correlated with large leaf, and they were negatively correlated with medium leaf rate and leaf stem rate. Before redrying and drying, the moisture of the tobacco lamina was positively correlated with large leaf rate, and it was negatively correlated with medium leaf rate. Moisture removal of resurgence area 4 had a positive correlation with small leaf rate.

  Development Situation and Countermeasures of the Cleaner Production of Grape in Anhui 2018, 34 (33):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080088 Abstract + ( 529 )   To promote the cleaner production development of grape, by employing the methods of field survey, case study and literature retrieval, this review summarized the situation, problems and main measures of the cleaner production development of grape in Anhui from the aspects of water, fertilizer and pesticide management, waste recycling, ecological ditch system for intercepting tail water, and grape quality maintenance and improvement technology. The model of “poultry-biogas-grape”,“livestock-biogas-grape”and“edible mushrooms-biogas-grape”ecological circulation development was put forward. Some recommendations and directions for the grape sustainable development in Anhui were proposed: (1) to strengthen publicity, training and exemplary work of cleaner production of grape; (2) to strengthen cleaner production technology research of grape; (3) to strengthen research and application of preservation technology and downstream processing of grape; (4) to strengthen the level of mechanization of grape production and network intelligence management of grapery.

  The Growth Law of Volume of Different Poplar Varieties 2018, 34 (33):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080063 Abstract + ( 620 )   To provide reference for nursing management and directive cultivation, this article analyzed the growth law of volume of poplar during the 12 years’growth period, using 18 poplar varieties introduced to Jianghan plain as material. The results showed that the volume’s growth pattern of different poplar varieties was in accordance with the“S”curve. The volume had one to three growing peak periods during the 12 years’ growth period. Simulating the volume growth with a logistic equation, the correlation was up to a significant level. The phenological parameter and growth parameters among different varieties were different. The duration of the linear growth phase was from 2.45 to 4.53 years. The percentage of the total linear growth in total growth was above 40%. The correlation of the volume growth in different tree ages was positively significant when the tree age was over three years. Therefore, the tree can be selected in the third year for cultivating five or six years old middle-small diameter timber, and can be selected in the fifth or sixth year for cultivating ten or twelve years old big-diameter timber.

  Sambucus williamsii Hance.: Cutting Propagation Technology of Hard Branch 2018, 34 (33):  67-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060020 Abstract + ( 613 )   With 2-year-old clones hardwood of Sambucus williamsii Hance as test materials, the optimal rooting agent and concentrations are discussed about hard branch cuttings in Sambucus williamsii Hance.Test results show that:The average rooting rates of Sambucus williamsii hardwood cuttings was 62.5%, 71.6% and 73.4%, respectively,under the treatment of rooting agents ABT1, NAA, IBA, among them,?200μg/mL of NAA was treated for 2h, and the average cutting rooting rate was 80.6%; ?The rooting effect of the lower part of the branch (80.5%) and the middle part (78.3%) was significantly better than that of the upper part (51.4%);no matter what kind of rooting agent,the average root length and number of roots of the upper cuttings were smaller than the middle and lower parts;?The average number of leaves in different parts of the cuttings did not change much,while a larger change in length of the branch?, the lower cuttings were treated with 200μg/mL NAA for 2h, and the average length was 15.75 cm.?Hardwood cutting of Sambucus williamsii Hance dominated by callus rooting, callus rooting type belongs to.?Based on the combination of rooting rate and growth character, the efficiency of hardwood cutting propagation was evaluated comprehensively in Sambucus williamsii Hance，?The optimum rooting agent type and concentration was 100μg/mL for NAA treatment for 1h.The conclusion of the study is of great significance to improve the propagation coefficient of hardwood cuttings of Sambucus williamsii Hance.

  Genetic Evaluation of Germplasm Resources of Ceiba Cultivated in Guangzhou 2018, 34 (33):  74-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18020099 Abstract + ( 613 )   Species of Ceiba have high ornamental values and are widely introduced and cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions in the world. It remains unclear whether the so-called“C. speciosa”is really C. speciosa and whether a single species or multiple species were initially introduced in South China. In this study, nrITS sequencing and ISSR markers were used to characterize 172 accessions ofCeiba cultivated in Guangzhou. Analysis of nrITS sequences revealed that the 172 samples ofCeiba consisted of three species, i.e., C. speciosa ,C. insignis andC. crispiflora , and their interspecific hybrids. By comparing species identification based on nrITS sequence and the corresponding traits, five traits (trunk form, presence or absence of stem thorn, number of petal stripes, color of stamen appendages, and flowering period) showed obvious association with nrITS sequence-based species identification, while four other traits (presence or absence of leaf serration, flower size, petal shape, and color of petal apex) did not. ISSR analysis indicated that these samples could be divided into six clades, and again, the five traits mentioned above showed obvious association with the ISSR clustering results. This study reveals, for the first time, that the so-called“C. speciosa”cultivated in South China in fact includes three species ofCeiba and their interspecific hybrids. Therefore, it is not correct to call all the cultivated plants C. speciosa and their status should be identified with morphological traits and molecular data. The resolution of genetic origins and relationships of these germplasm resources ofCeiba paves the way for breeding program and scientific management.

  Atrazine Degradation Bacteria Prepared by Freeze-drying Technology: Optimization 2018, 34 (33):  84-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040051 Abstract + ( 592 )   The aim of this reserach is to research the preparation of highly active atrazine degradation bacteria by using the freeze-drying method, and get the optimum process conditions. Microbacterium sp.HBT4 agents was prepared by using the freeze-drying method, and the process conditions were optimized by the single-factor method and the orthogonal test, with the survival rate of the bacteria as the index. The results showed that the addition of 10% of sucrose (w/v), 8 mL/L of glycerol, and 15% of skim milk (w/v) was the best combination of freeze-drying protectants for the formula. Four influencing factors were selected in orthogonal experiments, and the single-factormethod results determined three levels. The best results were obtained: the centrifugation speed of the bacteria solution was 7000 r/min; the ratio of bacteria to freeze-dried protection agent was 2:1; the amount of liquid in the freeze-drying process was 12 mL; and the time of freeze-drying was 16 hours. This moment, the highest survival rate of freeze-dried bacteria was 75.1%. The results showed that the bacteria prepared under the experimental conditions had a high survival rate and good stability, thus laying a foundation for the production and application of microbial agents.

  Cluster Analysis of Anti-brown Spot Sugar Beet Varieties with SSR Makers 2018, 34 (33):  91-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060131 Abstract + ( 589 )   To breed and identify domestic sugar beet varieties’resistance to brown spot, and analyze the genetic relationship among the varieties with anti-brown spot disease, 14 pairs SSR molecule markers were used to study the relationship of 17 domestic varieties. Genetic distance and cluster diagram were obtained using MEGA 3.1 software and EXCEL 2007. Combining molecular markers and field survey results, antibrown spot disease investigation and cluster analysis were conducted. The results of molecular markers showed that a total of 99 bands were obtained, 81 of which were polymorphic. The average polymorphic ratio was 81.8%. The mean genetic distance was 0.4601, and genetic similarity among varieties was 0.6312. At a genetic distance of 0.2, the 17 genotypes were divided into five cluster groups based on cluster analysis, and the first group includes two sub-categories. Molecular markers showed that the genetic diversity of the 17 materials were rich. Field survey results showed that 5 varieties had better resistance to brown spot. The results of clustering showed that SSR molecular markers were effective in genetic analysis of anti-brown spot varieties and clustering distribution of sugar beet.

  Optimization of Antimicrobial Culture Condition of Pseudoalteromonas.SW-1 2018, 34 (33):  96-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090084 Abstract + ( 568 )   To explore the antimicrobial effect of Pseudoalteromonas .SW- 1(P .SW- 1), an orthogonal test is designed to study the effect of P .SW- 1 under different incubation conditions on bacteriostatic activity of indicator bacteria. Subsequently, the incubation condition ofP .SW-1 was optimized. Results showed that the best incubation condition ofP .SW-1 was 30 mL/250 mL of aeration, 30℃ of temperature, pH 8.0 and 0.2 mol/l of salinity. In term of this condition, the strains ofP .SW-1 not only produced more antimicrobial substances, but also had the best antibacterial effect on indicator bacteria. The study can provide a theoretical basis for industrial fermentation of the strain.

  Farmland Contaminated by Moderate and Mild Heavy Metal Pollution: Characteristics and Abatement Strategies 2018, 34 (33):  101-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090011 Abstract + ( 723 )   Based on the National Soil Pollution Survey Bulletin issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources, we point out that the cultivated land in China is polluted by heavy metals, but most is moderately or mildly polluted. We sum up 3 characteristics of moderately polluted farmland compared with severe polluted farmland: still carrying the function of agricultural production, the harm is more concealed and underestimated. Considering the current recovery techniques of heavy metal pollution, we review the basis for low- cumulative crop variety screening, particularly the progress of inorganic- , organic- , and microorganism- type passivators, and their utilization effect. We put forward 2 strategies for treating farmland with moderate and mild heavy metal pollution: cultivation of low-cumulative and heavy- metal- resistant crop varieties and in situ passivation for offsetting the adverse effect of heavy metals.

  Precipitable Water Vapor Derived from Ground-based GPS in Anhui Province: Temporal-Spatial Evolution Characteristics and Application Research 2018, 34 (33):  107-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080051 Abstract + ( 501 )   Anhui Province is one of the most typical Meiyu areas, the study of spatial distribution and temporal evolution characteristics of the atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) in this area is important for our understanding of water vapor related processes, such as rainfall, evaporation and convective activity. With hourly GPS/PWV data in two periods (June to September 2012 and June to September 2014), it is revealed that a positive correlation exists between the averaged value of GPS/PWV and local terrain height. The variation of PWV in the upper atmosphere results from the water vapor variation from surface to 700 hPa, which is integrated on Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS). Based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), it is found that there is a seasonal feature with PWV in Anhui area from June to September, which includes 13.0035 days to quasi-two-week oscillation. According to the variation characteristics of seasonal change, we conclude that the end of July is a critical turning point of GPS/PWV value. Finally, the application of GPS/PWV and GDAS/PWV in weather forecast is also presented, which shows that PWV data lay a foundation for the improvement of rainfall forecast capability, weather artificial modification and water resource analysis.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Agriculture Drought Risk in Heilongjiang Province Based on Projection Pursuit Model Optimized by Real Coding Based Accelerating Genetic Algorithm 2018, 34 (33):  115-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17120044 Abstract + ( 760 )   To comprehensively evaluate agriculture drought risk in Heilongjiang Province from the perspective of time and space, the projection pursuit model optimized by real coding based accelerating genetic algorithm (RAGA) was applied and the agricultural drought risk evaluation index system was constructed. The temporal variation results indicated that the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 2006 to 2015, mainly affected by the drought dangerousness and the resistance capacity. The dangerousness had volatility, and slowly increased exposure, and the resistance capacity showed increased stability. The spatial distribution results indicated that the drought risk in the western regions was significantly higher than that in the eastern regions. The differences were primarily caused by higher drought dangerousness, higher exposure and lower resistance capacity in the western regions of Heilongjiang Province. The results also showed that Qigihar, Suihua and Heihe City were located in high-risk areas and Hegang, Yichun and Mudanjiang were located in low-risk areas

  Climate Change and Its Impact on Natural Pasture in Guoluo, Qinghai 1967-2017 2018, 34 (33):  122-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18050061 Abstract + ( 546 )   To understand the relationship of natural grassland forage yield and climate of Guoluo in Qinghai, using the temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours data from 1967 to 2017 and the forage yield data from 2003 to 2017 of six counties of Guoluo, we analyzed the variation characteristics of temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours and their influence on forage yield. The results showed that: the annual average temperature presented a significantly warming trend, the precipitation presented a trend of increase, and the annual sunshine hours presented a trend of decrease. The forage production is mainly determined by the production of August, there was a significantly positive correlation between the herbage production in August and the air temperature, precipitation, and a significantly negative correlation between the herbage production in August and the sunshine hours in growing period.

  Comfort Degree of Human Settlements in Summer: An Evaluation Model Based on Cumulative Hours in Ningbo 杨栋,胡波,姚日升 and 黄鹤楼 2018, 34 (33):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060017 Abstract + ( 600 )   The paper aims to improve the evaluation mechanism of comfort degree of human settlements in summer. Based on the daily meteorological data from 1957 to 2016 and the hourly meteorological data from 2005 to 2016 in Ningbo, the authors analyzed the variation characteristics of comfort degree in summer and its responses to the temperature factors, and developed the evaluation model of daily comfort degree in summer on the basis of comfortable level. The results showed that: the interannual variation of comfortable days in summer during 1957-2016 was not obvious in Ningbo, but the trend of the start date of summer uncomfortable day being advanced was obvious; the diurnal variation of comfort degree index which was the highest at 13:00 was similar with the diurnal variation of air temperature; the comfortable and uncomfortable days in summer were significantly correlated with several factors: average temperature, average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, extreme maximum temperature and high temperature days. The authors carried out the historical back-generation simulation and the consistency test for the new evaluation model of comfort degree, and found the results of comfortable and uncomfortable levels were higher, and in 2016, the consistency rate of each level was more than 91.7%, which indicated that the new model had good evaluation effect, and could meet the demands of business service.

  Correlation of Dendrolimus kikuchii Occurrence and Forest Factors in North Hunan 2018, 34 (33):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090008 Abstract + ( 583 )   To define the correlation between the occurrence ofDendrolimus kikuchii and forest factors inPinus massoniana forests, an investigation recording the population density of the pest inP. massoniana forest with different forest factors was conducted by means of sampling plot survey and standard plot survey. And 13 forest factors that could influence the population distribution of the pest were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis. Results showed that 4 key forest factors were screened out, the order of importance was: aspect(x 2)＞ canopy openness(x 5) ＞ average DBH (x 13) ＞ altitudes(x 1), multiple linear regression multivariate was: y = - 1.806 - 0.196x1+ 4.574x2 - 0.320x5+ 0.232x13 .D. kikuchii insect-source site had the characteristics of sufficient sunlight, higher temperature, large diameter, and low altitude. The study can provide a reference basis for the transformation of the insect-source site ofD. kikuchii , and culturing forest with the resistance to the pest.

  Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for Rice Bakanae Disease 2018, 34 (33):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010047 Abstract + ( 715 )   To investigate fungicide control of rice bakanae disease (RBD), the indoor toxicity of 12 fungicides TC and 12 fungicide formulations toFusarium fujikuroi with double-resistance to carbendazim and prochloraz were detected by mycelium growth rate method, respectively, and the field control tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017. The indoor toxicity tests showed that the inhibiting activity of 12 fungicides TC to mycelium growth was tebuconazole > phenamacril > prochloraz > fludioxonil > carbendazim > thiophanate-methyl > ethylicin > azoxystrobin > hymexazol > thiram > metalaxyl-M > metalaxyl, and the inhibiting activity of 12 fungicide formulations was 0.25% tebuconazole > 25% phenamacril > 25% prochloraz > 20% phenamacril?cartap WP > 25 g/L fludioxonil FS > 16% prochloraz?cartap WP > 62.5 g/L metalaxyl-M?fludioxonil FS > 22% penflufen FS > 12% thiophanate-methyl?azoxystrobin?metalaxyl FS > 17% carbendazim?thiram FS > 17% cartap?ethylicin WP > 15% hymexazol WP. Field trials in 2016 and 2017 showed that the field control effect of recommended doses of the 12 fungicide formulations against RBD was in the order of 22% penflufen FS > 25% phenamacril SC > 20% phenamacril ? cartap WP > 17% cartap ? ethylicin WP > 62.5 g/L metalaxyl-M?fludioxonil FS > 12% thiophanate-methyl?azoxystrobin?metalaxyl FS > 0.25% tebuconazole FS > 25% prochloraz EC > 16% prochloraz?cartap WP > 25 g/L fludioxonil FS > 17% carbendazim?thiram FS > 15% hymexazol WP. In conclusion, 22% penflufen FS, 25% phenamacril SC and 20% phenamacril? cartap WP have excellent application prospect in RBD control and resistance management.

  Application Methods of New Formula Biological Agent: Control Effect Evaluation on Proceras venosatus (Walker) and Tryporyza intacta Snellen in the Middle and Later Period 2018, 34 (33):  147-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18060014 Abstract + ( 649 )   To screen new formula biological agents and accurate & efficient application methods to control Proceras venosatus (Walker) andTryporyza intacta Snellen in the middle and later period, a field test was conducted with 72%Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)·monosultap WP, 8% cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA and 3.6% cyhalothrin·Bt SA through artificial spraying and unmanned aerial vehicle spraying. Test results showed that 72% Bt·monosultap WP, 8% cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA sprayed in mid-September had good prevention and control effect on the damaged stalks and damaged internodes. 72% Bt·monosultap WP at the dosage of 3000 g/hm2 and 8% cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA at the dosage of 750 mL/hm2 were diluted with 900 kg water per hectare and 15 kg of Haoyang aerial control special additives and water per hectare, which sprayed on leaf surface, and the control effect against borer-damaged stalk rate was above 81.3% and that against borer-damaged internode rate was above 88.6%. This study indicated that 72% Bt·monosultap WP and 8% cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA were ideal new formula biological agents for prevention and control ofP. venosatus andT. intacta in the middle and late period, and could be sprayed artificially or sprayed with unmanned aerial vehicle on leaf surface in mid September.

  Bacterial Flora Changes Coupled with Sauerkraut Quality in the Fermentation Process of Northeast Sauerkraut 2018, 34 (33):  152-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090004 Abstract + ( 642 )   This research aims to preliminarily investigate the interaction among the sensory index, the fermentation quality, the lactate content, the relative abundance and the community succession of flora in sauerkraut fermentation. The relative abundance changing of culturable microorganisms, the acidity of microenvironment and the changing of lactate content were counted and analyzed by designing two systems, the natural fermentation and the bacteria-adding fermentation. The results showed that in the two systems, the production quality of the bacteria-adding fermentation was better than that of the natural fermentation, and the bacteria groups were in dynamic change during the two fermentation systems of sauerkraut. Compared with the natural fermentation, the environment of the bacteria-adding fermentation was more beneficial for the lactic acid bacteria to set up its dominating position, and also inhibited the growth of some non-functional flora (such asEnterococcus ,Escherichia coli ,Enterobacteria , et al). On the whole, the acidity of the bacteria-adding fermentation system is stronger and the content of lactate is more. With the changes of community structure in the micro-ecosystem caused by exogenous flora which attach and acquire the ecological niche, the Chinese cabbage endophytic bacteria adjust the migration, growth and succession of the relevant flora by transferring the quorum sensing signal through the intercellular space or cytomembrane. The dynamic changes of a series of bacterial flora caused by the regulation show that the fermentation period is greatly shortened and the quality of sauerkraut is improved.

  The Detection of Reactive Oxygen with Fluorescent Probes: Research Progress 2018, 34 (33):  160-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010149 Abstract + ( 766 )   The aims are to provide references for selecting the suitable reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescent probes and improving the specificity and sensitivity of ROS detection. The authors introduce the principle of fluorescent probes, summarize three kinds of fluorescent probes, including dichlorodifluorofluorescein (DCDHF- DA), dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and hydroethidine (HE); discuss the characteristics of fluorescent probes and the influence factors. At last, the problems in the application of fluorescent probes and the possible solutions are proposed.