Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.3 Published:25 January 2023

  Impacts of High Temperature on Spring Maize Growth in Hexi Area YANG Hua, JIANG Jufang, DING Wenkui, CHENG Qian, ZHANG Jindan, XU Yufeng 2023, 39 (3):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0080 Abstract + ( 244 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1509KB )   ( 78 ) According to the variation characteristics of the accumulated temperature above 30℃ (AT) and the accumulated days with the highest daily temperature above 30℃ (AD) in different growing stages of spring maize in Hexi area, the climate trend rate, Mann-Kendall detection and Pearson correlation analysis were adopted, and the effect of extreme high temperature on the growth of spring maize in Hexi area under the background of climate warming was analyzed. The results showed that the temperature increased significantly during the spring maize growth period in Hexi area from 1952 to 2021, and the maximum temperature in the second growth stage (20 days before flowering and after flowering) was significantly higher than that in other growth stages. The climatic trend rate of the maximum daily temperature in the whole growth period of spring maize, the first growth stage (from sowing to 11 days before flowering), the second growth stage and the third growth stage (from 11 days after flowering to maturity) was 0.17, 0.19, 0.19 and 0.10℃/10 years, respectively. In the past 70 years, the AT and AD in the whole spring maize growth period increased obviously, and the increase trend of AT and AD in the first growth stage were significantly greater than those in the second and third growth stage in Hexi area. The extreme high temperature had negative impact on the ear and stalk of spring maize during the spring maize growth period in Hexi area, but it had a very significantly positive effect on spring maize yield (P<0.01), and the extreme high temperature in the first growth stage had a more significant impact on spring maize yield than that in the other two stages. Spring maize varieties in Hexi area had certain resistance to long-term high temperature at the second growth stage. In addition, rain and heat often came at the same time in Hexi area and most spring maize planting areas were irrigated agricultural land, and rainfall and irrigation could reduce the evaporation of soil moisture and the plant canopy temperature increase caused by extreme high temperature, thus alleviating the adverse effects of high temperature on the growth of spring maize.

  Economic Characters of Introduced Sugar Beet Varieties: Relationship Analysis HUAN Ting, HU Huabing, HE Biwei, SUN Linlin, LIU Jianxiong, LIU Xun, YUAN Tuantuan, DING Zhaofei 2023, 39 (3):  11-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0021 Abstract + ( 244 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1259KB )   ( 55 ) In order to explore the differences of the weight, size and length of root tubers of different sugar beet varieties, as well as the relationship between individual root tuber and sugar content, and the relationship between root tuber yield and sugar content of the same variety, five main sugar beet varieties (KWS1176, KWS9147, BETA379, BETA468, and BETA356) in Xinjiang were used as materials in this study. The economic characters such as root character, sugar content, root yield and sugar yield of the five varieties were measured by the investigation method in GB/T 10496-2018, and the correlations of the characters were analyzed. There is no significant difference of single root tuber weight among the five varieties. The sugar content of root tuber was as follows: KWS1176 (13.62%)> BETA379 (13.37%)> BETA468 (12.80%)> KWS9147 (12.56%)> BETA356 (9.04%). The root tuber yield was as follows: KWS9147 (100000.5 t/hm2)> BETA468 (95000.48 t/hm2)> BETA379 (93187.97 t/hm2)> BETA356 (89875.45 t/hm2)>KWS1176 (82000.41 t/hm2). The sugar content of KWS1176, KWS9147 and BETA356 were positively correlated with individual root weight, and the sugar content of BETA379 and BETA468 were negatively correlated with individual root weight. The sugar content of KWS1176 and KWS9147 did not change significantly with the increase of individual root weight. The sugar content of BETA379 decreased significantly with the increase of individual root weight. The sugar content of BETA468 decreased slowly with the increase of individual root weight. The sugar content of BETA356 did not increase significantly with the increase of individual root weight. The sugar content and sugar yield fluctuated greatly, and the stability was poor. The change rule of sugar content and individual root weight of different beet varieties are different, and the factors influencing the relationship between root tuber weight and sugar content of sugar beet need further research.

  Effects of Microbial Organic Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Taro and Soil Microbial Populations GUO Juxian, LI Guihua, FU Mei, LIU Xianming, LUO Wenlong, LUO Shanwei, LIU Yutao 2023, 39 (3):  20-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0070 Abstract + ( 236 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1390KB )   ( 43 ) Microbial organic fertilizers have gradually attracted more attention in improving crop quality and yield. To explore the effects of microbial organic fertilizer on stress resistance, yield and quality of taro can provide a scientific basis for the application of biological bacterial fertilizer in taro production. In this study, the ‘Tanbu Binlang’ taro was used as the material, and four different fertilization treatments were designed by applying microbial organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer. Indicators related to yield, nutrient quality and antioxidant activity were investigated. Moreover, in-depth exploration of the distribution and the metabolic regulation characteristics of soil microbial populations were also studied. The results showed that compared with the traditional fertilization method (CK) of fermented and decomposed peanut bran, applying microbial organic fertilizer with top-dressing of 75 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate fertilizer (T1) promoted the contents of nutrients such as Vc, total phenols, total flavonoids, amylose and crude fiber, as well as the contents of phosphorus in taro. Applying microbial organic fertilizers with top-dressing of 150 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate fertilizers (T3) had the highest yield, and Vc, total phenols, amylose, crude fiber and total potassium contents. Applying microbial organic fertilizers with top-dressing of 112.5 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate fertilizers (T2) had the highest total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents, as well as the highest SOD and CAT activities and MDA content. In addition, applying microbial organic fertilizers could effectively promote the abundance of Welchiella, Bacillus and Candida acidophilus in soil, facilitate nucleotide metabolism and DNA recombination, replication and repair efficiency, and improve protein translation efficiency, which was beneficial to amino acid metabolism and yield of taro. Therefore, this study emphasized that during the production process of taro, the application of appropriate amount of microbial organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer and appropriate amount of potassium sulfate fertilizer as top-dressing could be beneficial to improving the yield and quality of taro.

  Effects of Organic-inorganic Compound Conditioner on Acidified Soil Properties and Tobacco Yield and Quality CHEN Zhenlu, PAN Xiaoying, LU Yusheng, HUANG Zhenrui, GU Wenjie, GUO Junjie, WEI Bin, ZENG Yuling, LIU Yixuan, HE Jingwei, LI Jiqin 2023, 39 (3):  28-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0096 Abstract + ( 230 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1150KB )   ( 56 ) The study verified the field application effect of organic-inorganic compound conditioners on tobacco, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent popularization and application. Five treatments were set up in field experiments, which were T1: no conditioner (CK), T2: organic-inorganic compound conditioner (1500 kg/hm2), T3: organic-inorganic compound optimal conditioner (1500 kg/hm2), T4: marine conditioner (1500 kg/hm2) and T5: biochar (1500 kg/hm2). A randomized block design was used to compare the effects of different treatments on soil properties and tobacco yield and quality. The results showed that: (1) the application of conditioners significantly improved the agronomic characters of tobacco plants, as well as the yield and quality of tobacco; the plant height, effective leaf number, stem circumference and maximum leaf length under organic-inorganic compound optimal conditioner were improved by 8.53%, 14.19%, 7.40% and 8.21%, respectively, compared to those of the control; and the yield, output value and average price were significantly improved by 28.76%, 46.98% and 14.16%, respectively, compared to those of the control; (2) the total nitrogen, nicotine, potassium, chlorine, protein contents and nitrogen-alkali ratio under all the treatments were within the appropriate range, and the chemical components of marine conditioner treatment were relatively coordinated; (3) compared to the control, the organic-inorganic compound optimal conditioner significantly increased the soil pH unit by 0.32, with its urease activity increased by 26.23%; the two organic-inorganic compound conditioners both increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in soil, and increased the content of available potassium by more than 20.53%; the content of exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium under all conditioners were higher than those of the control; under marine conditioner treatment, the content of exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were 152.37% and 56.34% higher than those of the control, and the activity of invertase and dehydrogenase increased by 93.67% and 78.65% compared to those of the control. To sum up, the organic-inorganic compound optimal conditioner has the best effect on improving acid tobacco sandy mud field and tobacco yield and quality, followed by marine conditioner.

  Postharvest Physiological Changes and Storage Techniques of Cucumber: Research Progress BAO Yuqing, CHEN Yunpeng, HAN Yingying 2023, 39 (3):  35-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0215 Abstract + ( 243 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1089KB )   ( 34 ) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) tastes fresh and crisp, and has high moisture content and rich nutrition. It is an important fresh fruit and vegetable widely cultivated and loved in China. However, after harvest, cucumber is prone to sensory quality decline, nutrient loss, microbial infection and other problems. These will further accelerate the decay and deterioration of cucumber. Eventually, the economic values of cucumber will lose. Therefore, it is particularly important to control the quality deterioration of cucumber by appropriate preservation techniques. This study focuses on the physiological change mechanism of cucumber after harvest, summarizes the effects of traditional preservation techniques and research hotspots in the field of preservation of the storage quality of cucumber. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the advantages of combined preservation techniques. Finally, the existing problems of cucumber preservation are analyzed and the development direction is discussed.

  Bacillus subtilis 262XY2' Bacterial Fertilizer: Effects on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Tomato Seedlings AO Yuan, YANG Chengde, GUO Zhuangyuan, CAI Fengfeng, CUI Lingxiao 2023, 39 (3):  42-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0164 Abstract + ( 430 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 73 ) The objectives of this study are to determine the optimal application concentration of Bacillus subtilis 262XY2' bacterial fertilizer and provide a theoretical basis for its practical application. Tomato and Bacillus subtilis 262XY2' bacterial fertilizer were used as test materials, and the growth and physiological indexes of tomato were determined by morphological observation and spectrophotometer determination. The results showed that 0.5%-2% bacterial fertilizer treatment had the best growth physiological indexes. The ratio of seedling emergence rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of aboveground and underground parts, strong seedling index, growth function, root-shoot ratio, the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, root vigor and soluble protein content were 11.115%, 14.589%, 35.616%, 91.704%, 49.369%, 48.330%, 86.634%, 85.714%, 71.429%, 50.000%, 59.164%, 86.887%, 156.827%, 10.589%, 7.035% and 54.294% higher than those of CK, respectively, and the lowest value of relative conductivity after treatment at -20℃ and 40℃ were 6.483% and 3.116% lower than that of CK, respectively. In summary, the application of 0.5%-2% Bacillus subtilis 262XY2' bacterial fertilizer can promote tomato growth, and the 0.5% bacterial fertilizer treatment group has the most significant effect on tomato growth.

  The Influencing Factors and Preservation Methods of Plant Pollen: Research Progress WANG Hui, ZHANG Conghe, HUANG Yanling, WANG Heting, FANG Yu, YANG Wei, GUAN Changhong, YANG Li, WANG Lin, YAN Zhi 2023, 39 (3):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0357 Abstract + ( 294 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 46 ) Pollen is one of the main forms of plant germplasm and it contains all genotypes of the species. Research on the preservation of plant pollen is of great significance for improving the conservation method of germplasm resources and accelerating the breeding process. In order to meet the needs of germplasm resources conservation and hybrid breeding, the authors expounded the effects of pollen types, genotypes, chemical components and environmental factors on plant pollen viability, and summarized main methods of plant pollen collection and viability measurement as well as the main preservation methods of plant pollen such as organic solvent, low pressure, low and ultra-low temperature preservation. It is proposed that ultra-low temperature preservation technology will become an important direction of pollen preservation and research. Further research on the pollen preservation mechanism is necessary. This paper will provide certain reference for studying long-term and high-efficiency pollen preservation methods of different plants.

  The Influence of Agroclimatic Resource Change on Dry Farming Grain in Eastern Gansu Tableland ZHOU Zhongwen, LIU Ying, ZHANG Moucao, ZHANG Tianfeng, WANG Yanling, ZHANG Hongni, HAN Bo 2023, 39 (3):  55-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0179 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1230KB )   ( 64 ) To study the impact of climate change on dry farming grain in eastern Gansu tableland, the climate factor data of 60 years from 1961 to 2020 were used, the linear regression, polynomial function and climate tendency rate methods were used to analyze the characteristics of agroclimatic resource change and the effect on winter wheat and maize under 80% guarantee rate. The results showed that the first day of average daily temperature stabilized at 0℃ and 10℃ showed an earlier trend, while the last day showed a later trend, and the duration increased significantly. Under the guarantee rate of 80%, during the period that the average daily temperature was stable through 0℃ and 10℃, the precipitation showed a decreasing trend with the advancing of years, accumulated temperature ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ showed an increasing trend with the advancing of years, and sunshine duration showed a decreasing trend. The change of agroclimatic resources caused wheat sowing delay and ripening advance, the shortening of the growth period was mainly reflected in the shortening of overwintering period, and the effective growth period was guaranteed. The increase of heat resources in summer ensured the growth of maize, and the earlier maturity period gained time for the autumn sowing after the harvest of early autumn crops, which effectively expanded the planting area of crops. In eastern Gansu tableland, there was a significantly positive correlation between the climatic yield of wheat and maize and the precipitation during the growing period. Water affected the whole process of grain yield, and water shortage was the limiting factor of crop growth. Average temperature had non significantly negative effect on wheat and maize, and temperature was an important factor. The effects of effective accumulated temperature and sunshine hours on wheat and maize were different, and maize was more affected by climate uncertainty than wheat.

  Research Progress and Frontier Analyses of Waste Biochar Application from 2000 to 2021 MA Peiyao, DENG Zhihua, XIANG Ping, LI Biqing 2023, 39 (3):  61-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0126 Abstract + ( 227 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2508KB )   ( 216 ) Biochar is an adsorption material with porous structure, which has a very wide application prospect in improving soil quality and repairing soil pollution. To explore the research layout and future development trend in the application field of waste biochar at home and abroad, relevant documents in the application field of waste biochar from 2000 to 2021 downloaded from the core collection database of Web of Science and the core database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure Network were taken as the research objects. Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer visual analysis software, WOS and CNKI’s own analysis tools, visual analysis was carried out from different angles, such as annual publication volume and publication trend, important research institutions, important journal sources and authors, keyword co-occurrence map and keyword emergence etc., to provide a theoretical basis for the preparation and application of biochar from waste. The results showed that the application of waste biochar was widely concerned at home and abroad. China had the largest proportion of publications in foreign language, indicating that China attached great importance to this field. At present, the focus of this field is agricultural and forestry waste, pyrolysis temperature, adsorption mechanism and so on.

  Biochar from Spent Mushroom Substrate of Industrial Pleurotus eryngii: Preparation Process and Quality Evaluation GUAN Tikun, LIU Zilu, LI Xiaoyu, WANG Jianli, HOU Shuangying, LIU Xushan, XU Shiyi, CHEN Qingjun, ZHANG Guoqing 2023, 39 (3):  71-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0312 Abstract + ( 231 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2290KB )   ( 121 ) The purpose of this study is to make better use of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) to prepare stable and high-quality biochar. 12 kinds of SMS of industrial Pleurotus eryngii with different raw material formulae were used as materials to establish the biochar preparation process of pyrolysis method, and the adsorption capacity of malachite green was used for rapid quality evaluation of biochar. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the 12 kinds of SMS showed some differences. The carbon yield of the 12 treatments using the X0 group of SMS as the material ranged from 26.00% to 47.17%, and decreased with temperature increase. The optimal preparation condition for SMS biochar was determined to be 400℃ and 2.5 h based on the carbon yield, malachite green adsorption rate and energy consumption. The carbon yields of the other 11 kinds of SMS under the optimal condition showed no significant difference, and the adsorption rates to malachite green at 400 mg/L reached more than 95% for 2 h. It indicated that the produced biochar had good porosity and adsorption effect. In this study, the preparation process and evaluation method of SMS biochar were established, which could provide theoretical and practical basis for utilizing biochar prepared from SMS of industrial Pleurotus eryngii.

  Nitrogen Application Rate Affects Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss and Tobacco Nitrogen Utilization in the Fuxian Lake Basin DU Caiyan, WU Di, LI Jiakui, BAI Jiyuan, DAI Kuai, LI Jiarui, HE Yuhua, LI Jiangzhou 2023, 39 (3):  80-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0344 Abstract + ( 219 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1473KB )   ( 29 ) To explore the suitable nitrogen (N) application rate for flue-cured tobacco in the tobacco planting areas of Fuxian Lake basin and reduce runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) from tobacco field, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different N application rates (N0: 0 kg/hm2, N60: 60 kg/hm2, N75: 75 kg/hm2, N90: 90 kg/hm2 and N105: 105 kg/hm2) on N and P loss from farmland via surface runoff, and N use efficiency and economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The results are as the follows. (1) With the increase of N fertilizer application rate, the concentration and the loss of total N (TN), total P (TP) via surface runoff increased gradually. (2) Compared with conventional N application treatment (N105), the average concentration of TN and TP in surface runoff under N60, N75 and N90 treatments decreased by 18.6%, 14.7%, 9.15% and 12.3%, 7.66%, 5.25%, respectively, and the total loss of TN and TP under N60, N75 and N90 treatments decreased by 19.2%, 18.1%, 9.81%, and 14.4%, 10.1%, 6.78%, respectively. (3) The N accumulation of tobacco plants increased with the increase of N application rate. Meanwhile, the N use efficiency increased first and then decreased, of which the highest value of 27.00% was obtained in N75 treatment. The partial productivity of N fertilizer decreased significantly with the increase of N application rate (P<0.05). (4) The yield of flue-cured tobacco increased with the increase of N application rate, and the yield of N application treatments increased by 3.02%-13.9% compared with that of N0 treatment. Similarly, the proportion of high-quality tobacco, high-medium quality tobacco, output value and average price increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate. The best quality and output value of flue-cured tobacco were obtained by N75 treatment. Considering the economic characteristics and environmental benefits of flue-cured tobacco, 75 kg/hm2 N application rate could not only improve the economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco, but also effectively reduce the risk of soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss in tobacco growing areas in Fuxian Lake basin.

  Effects of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Microbial Community Characteristics: Research Progress HUANG Yingbo, LUO Fan, GONG Xuejiao, WANG Yinchun, LI Lanying, LIU Dongna, YAO Yu 2023, 39 (3):  88-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0167 Abstract + ( 299 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF ( 1253KB )   ( 172 ) Soil microorganism is the key index to evaluate soil health. In agricultural production, fertilization improves soil fertility and crop yield, and also profoundly changes the living environment of soil microorganisms. Under the fundamental national policy of agricultural production development and promotion of organic fertilizers, studying the effects of organic fertilizers on soil microorganisms is conducive to a comprehensive and objective evaluation of the significance of organic fertilizers to soil health. Since the 1970s and 1980s, China has arranged a number of long-term positioning fertilization experiments for different soil types and land use types, which provided data support for studying the influence of organic fertilizers on soil microbial community structure and diversity. Based on these research results, this paper analyzed the development trend of soil microbial research and environmental factors, expounded the positive effects of organic fertilizers on improving soil microbial biomass and constructing community structure, and discussed the impact of organic fertilizers on the functional diversity of soil microbial community. In general, organic fertilizers can change the diversity and carbon utilization characteristics of soil microbial community, and play an important role in maintaining microbial metabolic function and the stability of soil ecosystem. Organic fertilizers improve the ratio of soil bacteria to fungi, increase the abundance of functional microbial communities such as archaea, nitrogen fixing microorganisms and ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, and inhibit the activity of soil pathogens, so as to improve the activity of soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism and maintain soil health. The way of constructing soil microbial community structure by organic fertilizers is mainly to cause the changes of soil pH, nutrient content, aggregate structure, enzyme activity and other physical and chemical properties, as well as the effects of exogenous microorganisms, antibiotics and heavy metals on the characteristics of soil microbial community. Therefore, soil conditions, crop types and fertilizer types should be comprehensively considered when applying organic fertilizers. In the future, we can deeply explore the functional characteristics and action mechanism of microbial communities through new biotechnology, develop safe and efficient new microbial fertilizer products, and give full play to the role of soil microorganisms in the green development of agriculture. In addition, we should pay attention to the development and verification of soil microbial indicators, and carry out the research on evaluation system of soil health deeply.

  Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. in Response to Heat Stress: Transcriptomic Analysis MEI Yu, WANG Jihua, CAI Shike 2023, 39 (3):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0119 Abstract + ( 208 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1655KB )   ( 30 ) The aims are to study the transcriptome expression characteristics of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. under heat stress and to analyze its heat shock response mechanism. A. roxburghii (NYJ2) under normal culture and high temperature stress (45oC) were used as materials and sequenced by using Illumina HiSeqTM2000 platform, and De novo assembly was performed by Trinity software. As a result, a total of 75,688 unigenes were obtained, and 28,323 unigenes were annotated in Nr, KOG, KEGG and Swisspro database, with an annotation rate of 37.42%. Among them, 17,532 unigenes were annotated into 25 functional categories of KOG database; 10,108 unigenes were annotated into 128 metabolic pathways by the KEGG databases; and 17,485 unigenes were annotated in the GO database, which were divided into 47 functional categories through biological process, molecular function and cell composition. There were 777 differentially expressed unigenes before and after heat stress, of which 362 unigenes were up-regulated and 415 unigenes were down-regulated after stress. 24 genes were found in response to heat stress, including 1 heat shock protein gene, 15 genes related to PS Ⅰ and PS Ⅱ, 3 chloroplast rbcL genes, 2 PLD genes, 1 CAT-coding gene, 1 GAPDH gene and 1 CYP-coding gene. This research analyzed the response of A. roxburghii to heat stress at transcriptome level. These data will lay a foundation for identification of functional genes, and provide a reference basis for the cultivation of A. roxburghii heat-resistant strains.

  Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Lactuca sativa L. SUI Xinyi, ZHAO Xiaogang, MAO Xin, LI Yaling, WEN Xiangzhen 2023, 39 (3):  104-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0214 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2915KB )   ( 96 ) The aim of this study is to conduct genome-wide identification and systematic analysis of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) bHLH transcription factors in order to provide a theoretical basis for studying the biological function of lettuce bHLH gene family. The Hidden Markov Model profiles of the bHLH domains downloaded from Pfam were used to search the database using HMMER ver. 3.0. and SMART. The obtained amino acid sequences were analyzed by bioinformatics using software such as ExPASy ProtParam tool, DNAMAN 5.0, ClustalX and MEGA 7.0. In this study, 135 bHLH transcription factors were identified from lettuce and the relative molecular weight of the encoding proteins ranged from 17843.82 Da to 75409.15 Da with theoretical isoelectric points of 0.63-9.51, among which there were 92 acidic proteins and 43 basic proteins. In addition, 123 bHLH proteins were unstable proteins and all 135 bHLH proteins were hydrophilic proteins. Each family member contained an N-terminal basic structural domain and a C-terminal HLH structural domain, where the N-terminal could bind specific DNA cis-elements and the C-terminal could maintain the stability of the bHLH protein secondary structure. The 135 bHLH proteins could be divided into 10 sub-families by phylogenetic analysis. In conclusion, 135 bHLH transcription factors in lettuce are identified by genome-wide screening, and the study can provide reference for exploring the biological function of lettuce bHLH gene family.

  The Plantlets of Medicago polymorpha L. and Medicago sativa L. Under Salt Stress: Transcriptome Analysis and Salt Tolerance Gene Screening HONG Senrong, ZHU Yingying, LI Ziying, HU Mingyan, OUYANG Kehui 2023, 39 (3):  111-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0235 Abstract + ( 222 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1730KB )   ( 1147 ) In order to screen the salt tolerance genes of Medicago polymorpha L. and Medicago sativa L., the plantlets of Medicago polymorpha L. (JHC) and Medicago sativa L. (ZHMX) under salt stress were used for transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the number of differential genes between JHC group and ZHMX group was 26722. 15850 genes were down regulated and 10872 genes were up regulated in JHC group vs ZHMX group. Pathways with significant enrichment of KEGG gene in JHC group and ZHMX group included ribosome, photosynthesis antenna protein, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, etc. Salt tolerance genes in JHC group included basic leucine zipper 43, NAC transcription factor 47, ABC transporter A family member 7, late embryogenesis abundant protein 2, ethylene responsive transcription factor ERF110, etc. The salt tolerance genes in ZHMX group included WRKY transcription factor, protein TIFY 8, transcription factor MYB13, nuclear transport factor 2A, low temperature and salt responsive protein, etc. The results of this experiment could provide a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance of Medicago polymorpha L. and Medicago sativa L. and breeding new salt tolerant varieties of Medicago polymorpha L. and Medicago sativa L..

  Colonization Strategy and Growth Promotion Mechanism of Serendipita indica: Research Progress WU Mingya, CHEN Junqiang, MA hailin, LIU Fangchun, LIU Binghua, LIU Xinghong, SI Dongxia 2023, 39 (3):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0243 Abstract + ( 239 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1445KB )   ( 121 ) In order to reveal the principle of symbiosis and growth promotion between Serendipita indica and host plants, we reviewed the research progress on colonization strategy and growth promotion mechanism of S. indica in the present paper. We also summarized the morphological and functional characteristics of S. indica, the colonization process, strategies and influencing factors, as well as the role and promotion mechanism of S. indica on growth and development of the host plants. S. indica evolved a highly specific strategy in plant root colonization, during which S. indica could colonize in mature cells without threatening, and finally reached a balance between fungal colonization and plant growth. After successful colonization, S. indica played the role of biological growth regulator, which could promote plant growth and flower development, and improve the yield and quality of seeds and fruits through different mechanisms. A framework that combined host ecology, physiology, genetics and genomics was needed for the research on the colonization strategies of S. indica. The promotion mechanism of S. indica on plant growth and development should be comprehensively studied with metagenomic technology. The formulation stability, product industrialization and shelf life should be considered in the development of S. indica related products.

  Research Progress of Newcastle Disease Virus Against Malignant Tumor CHEN Yunjiao, QU Yangyang, LI Jie, JIA Weijuan, CHI Shanshan, HE Yunjiang, MENG Qinglei, WANG Xueli 2023, 39 (3):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1033 Abstract + ( 463 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1494KB )   ( 1027 ) Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belongs to avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) strain of Rubulavirus family Paramyxoviridae. NDV is an acute, thermal, septic and highly contact infectious disease. NDV selectively kills tumor cells by oncolytic action, inducing apoptosis of tumor cells and secreting cytokines. At present, although traditional treatment modes such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can effectively treat some tumors, they cannot completely reduce the recurrence rate and mortality rate of tumors. In this paper, the general situation of NDV and its anti-tumor mechanism such as oncolytic action and anti-tumor adjuvant action were reviewed.

  Anthocyanins in ‘Zijia No.1’: Extraction Process and Antioxidant Activity Analysis ZHOU Jinyan, ZHANG Yun, LIU Liangyan, RUAN Liuyang, ZHANG Hui, ZENG Qianchun 2023, 39 (3):  133-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0108 Abstract + ( 175 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1473KB )   ( 43 ) This study aims to optimize the extraction process of anthocyanins in ‘Zijia No.1’ and to discuss their antioxidant activities in vitro. The solvent extraction method was used to extract anthocyanins from tender stems and leaves of ‘Zijia No.1’. The effects of extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration and the number of extraction times on the extraction rate of anthocyanins were analyzed by single factor and orthogonal experiments, and then the optimal extraction process of anthocyanins in ‘Zijia No.1’ was obtained. The antioxidant activities of anthocyanins in ‘Zijia No.1’ were measured by the method of salicylic acid, autoxidation of pyrogallol and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that the optimal extraction process was as follows: 50℃ of extraction temperature, 2.5 h of extraction time, 1:100 g/mL of solid-liquid ratio, 55% of ethanol and two times of extraction. Under this process, the extraction rate was 62.34 mg/100 g, which was close to the actual concentration of 56.23 mg/100 g, suggesting that the result was accurate and reliable. The anthocyanins in ‘Zijia No.1’ had obvious scavenging activities against hydroxyl free radical (·OH), superoxide free radical (O2-·) and DPPH free radical, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.488 mg/mL, 0.764 mg/mL and 0.032 mg/mL, respectively. This method could effectively extract anthocyanins from tender stems and leaves of ‘Zijia No.1’ and the obtained anthocyanins demonstrate obvious antioxidant activity in vitro.

  Effects of Different Modified Atmosphere Packages on Preservation of Fresh Walnuts YU Zhibin, JI Yangyang, HE Aimin, TIAN Yiling 2023, 39 (3):  141-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0706 Abstract + ( 340 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1259KB )   ( 25 ) The study aims to determine the fresh-keeping effects of modified atmosphere (MA) packages on fresh walnuts. With ‘Xiangling’ fresh walnuts as the test materials, five kinds of plastic composite packaging bags were used, including PA/PE bag -200 μm (T1), PA/PE bag -180 μm (T2), Al/PET bag -210μm (T3), PET/PE bag -160 μm (smooth surface) (T4) and PET/PE bag -160 μm (surface mesh) (T5), and plastic film packing -6 μm (T6) was used as the control. Fresh walnuts were stored at low temperature, and the changes of respiratory intensity, fat content, protein content, SOD activity, POD activity, acid value, peroxide value and iodine value were measured regularly. In the respiratory intensity test, except T3, the respiratory intensity of walnuts under T6 and other treatments decreased from 135 CO2 mg/(kg·h) to less than 60 CO2 mg/(kg·h) within 12 days from the beginning of the storage, then almost kept stable in the middle and late stages of the storage. The respiratory intensity under T4 and T5 was between 30-40 CO2 mg/(kg·h) after 15 days of storage. The fat content of walnuts under T3 within 30 days of storage was 34.2 g/100 g; the fat content under T1, T2, T4 and T5 decreased continuously at the early stage of storage, and the fat content under T4 and T5 was 45.8 g/100 g and 46.1 g/100 g respectively on the 60th day of the storage. When fresh walnuts were stored for 60 days, the protein content under T4 and T5 was the highest, reaching 17.6 g/100 g and 17.1 g/100 g, respectively. During the storage period, the acid value of walnuts under T6 increased from 0.24 mg KOH/g to 4.3 mg KOH/g, and that under T4 and T5 increased from 0.24 mg KOH/g to less than 2.7 mg KOH/g. The SOD activity of walnuts under T6 reached 140.1 U/g and that under T1 and T2 reached 135.2 U/g on the 30th day of the storage. The walnut SOD activity under T3, T4 and T5 reached 139.9 U/g, 149.7 U/g and 150.0 U/g, respectively, on the 45th day of the storage. The POD activity of walnuts under T6 and T3 reached the lowest value on the 30th day of the storage, which was 10.5 U/g and 10.7 U/g, respectively, and the POD activity under the other 4 treatments dropped to the lowest value on the 45th day, which was 10.8 U/g, 11.0 U/g, 10.1 U/g, and 10.3 U/g, respectively. During the whole storage period, the MDA content of fresh walnuts continued to increase, and on the 60th day of the storage, the MDA content of T4 was 6.25 mmol/g and that of T5 was 6.08 mmol/g, both lower than that of other treatments, but the difference was not significant. Among the six tested packaging materials, PET/PE-160μm package has the best fresh-keeping effect and can be popularized.

  Study on the Best Brewing Technology of Sweet Ferment Rice CHEN Lulu, MENG Xianghe 2023, 39 (3):  148-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0204 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1368KB )   ( 42 ) The research aims to design a more scientific and effective brewing process for the sweet ferment rice industry, which can save the cost and produce the best finished product. Through single factor experiment and response surface experiment optimization, we took 500 g glutinous rice as the material, the effects of steam time of glutinous rice, the adding amount of koji and the fermentation temperature on the quality of sweet ferment rice were explored. The best brewing process was obtained as follows: soaking time of glutinous rice of 10-14 h, adding amount of koji of 4 g (8%), and fermentation temperature of 29℃. Under this condition, the best quality of sweet ferment rice could be achieved. The process is simple and standard, and the taste of the product is excellent. The process is also suitable for home brewing, easy to operate and effective.

  Control System in Smart Facility Agriculture: Research Progress XU Peng, ZHANG Guanzhi, LI Yang, XU Xiaodong, YANG Zhenchao 2023, 39 (3):  156-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0136 Abstract + ( 192 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1260KB )   ( 42 ) With the evolution of science and technology, the development of agriculture is of more informatization and modernization, and smart agriculture is the inevitable trend of agricultural development in the future. Greenhouse control system is the core of smart facility agriculture and the key to realize large-scale development and intensive production of facility agriculture. This paper reviewed the research progress of greenhouse control system, aiming to provide reference for future study on smart facility agriculture. The greenhouse control system has become more and more mature since the 1970s. This study compared the control algorithm, master control chip and various sensors of greenhouse control system, reviewed research in recent years on the components of the control system which included perception layer, transmission layer and application layer, and introduced the mainstream sensors, network transmission technology and master control chip in the market, in order to provide a scheme for the design of greenhouse control system. This study also analyzed problems existing in greenhouse facility agriculture and discussed its future development direction.