Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.33 Published:25 November 2024

  Response Mechanism and Defense Measures Against High Temperature Adversity in Rice: A Review LI Yuan, TANG Yang, WU Yunfei, JIANG Min, CHEN Jingdu 2024, 40 (33):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0801 Abstract + ( 118 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1252KB )   ( 49 ) The global warming rate and the frequency of extreme high temperature weather are continuously increasing, which could bring catastrophic impacts to rice production. To further clarify the response mechanism of rice to high temperature, this article summarized the research progress in the direction of rice heat damage from high temperature, focused on the impact of high temperature on rice production, and deeply analyzed the physiological (photosynthetic characteristics/antioxidant system) and gene molecular mechanisms of rice’s response to high temperature. We concluded that the heat tolerance characteristics of rice were formed by the interaction between varieties and the environment. Results showed that, the photosynthetic characteristics of rice were influenced by both stomatal and non-stomatal limiting factors, and the antioxidant process was achieved by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the content of malondialdehyde; rice improved plant heat adaptability by activating the expression of key genes and stimulating the transduction of heat signals within the plant; by optimizing “Before production-During production-After production” comprehensive management and monitoring system, we could explore innovative cultivation systems, and thoroughly investigate the high temperature defense mechanisms of rice. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rice in response to high temperature stress, providing a scientific reference for future heat-tolerant rice breeding work and improving rice sustainable production.

  Study on Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Rice HU Xingchen, ZHANG Yaoyuan, DOU Zhi, ZHOU Jian, GAO Hui 2024, 40 (33):  11-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0292 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1096KB )   ( 24 ) Plant growth regulators play a crucial role in the growth, development, high yield and high quality of rice. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two growth regulators, Aizengduo and Jinduoshou, on rice yield and quality. The experiment was conducted with two high-yielding and quality rice varieties, ‘Nanjing 5718’ (approved by Jiangsu Province as 20210047, a japonica rice variety) and ‘Huiliangyou 858’ (approved by Anhui Province as 2016023, an indica rice variety). Four treatments were set up, including Aizengduo, Jinduoshou 1, Jinduoshou 2 and a blank control. The study focused on the impact of Aizengduo and Jinduoshou on rice yield and its components, as well as rice quality, to clarify the effects of these regulators on enhancing rice yield and quality. The results showed that applying Aizengduo promoted tillering, spikelet differentiation, and grain filling, significantly increasing the yield of japonica rice. The application of Jinduoshou 1 and Jinduoshou 2 improved the number of effective panicles and spike differentiation and flowering in indica rice, with Jinduoshou 1 having a significant effect on increasing indica rice yield. For ‘Huiliangyou 858’, the head rice rate was highest under the Jinduoshou 1 treatment. Significant differences in head rice rate were observed among the four treatments for ‘Nanjing 5718’. In ‘Huiliangyou 858’, the final viscosity was highest with Aizengduo, and the appearance, palatability, and taste values were highest with Jinduoshou 1. For ‘Nanjing 5718’, the highest final viscosity was observed with Jinduoshou 1, the highest breakdown value with Jinduoshou 2, and the lowest setback value with Jinduoshou 2. Aizengduo treatment resulted in the highest scores for appearance, viscosity, balance, taste value, and the lowest hardness. The amylose content was highest in the blank control for ‘Huiliangyou 858’ and lowest in Jinduoshou 2 for ‘Nanjing 5718’. The study provides theoretical references for innovating high-yield and quality rice cultivation techniques and improving rice production efficiency.

  Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Nitrogen Ratios of Base and Topdressing on Yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ WANG Hongmei, LV Jilong 2024, 40 (33):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0235 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1165KB )   ( 13 ) Nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer are key factors affecting wheat yield. Different nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer have important effects on the number of tillers and yield components at different growth stages of wheat. Exploring the optimal combination of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer can effectively improve wheat yield. A two-factor design was used in this study. Four different nitrogen application rates were set for the main treatment, including F1 120 kg/hm2, F2 180 kg/hm2, F3 24kg/hm2 and F4 300 kg/hm2. Six different base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer were set for secondary treatment, including N1 3:7, N2 4:6, N3 5:5, N4 6:4, N5 7:3 and N6 10:0. Nitrogen topdressing was carried out at the jointing stage. The number of internal tillers was investigated at seedling stage, overwintering stage, jointing stage, booting stage and maturity stage. The 1000-grain weight was measured at the filling stage. Effective spike number, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight were measured at the maturity stage. The results showed that the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ was significantly affected by nitrogen application rate, base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction. Among them, F3 effectively increased the population number of wheat, F2 reduced the tiller loss rate at the heading stage, and F2 had the greatest effect on the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’, increasing yield by 9.74%-33.58%. Wheat yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer proportion in the base fertilizer. Compared with N1, N2 and N3, wheat yield decreased significantly under N5 and N6. Under the interaction of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, F2N1 had the highest wheat yield, with a maximum increase of 52.12% compared to other treatments. The results showed that nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer affected the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ by affecting the effective spike number and 1000-grain weight. Among the treatments, the wheat yield under the interactive treatment of F2N1 reached the highest. This study provided an important theoretical basis for optimizing high-yield cultivation measures of ‘Zhengmai 369’.

  Effects of New Types of Urea on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization, and Production Efficiency of Winter Wheat-Summer Corn Rotation WANG Wenzan, HAN Jian, LI Xin, WANG Chen, LI Ruijuan, YUE Yanjun, ZHANG Lijuan 2024, 40 (33):  24-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0259 Abstract + ( 63 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1755KB )   ( 30 ) The aim was to explore the effects of different new urea on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the application of new urea in practical production. Using common urea as a control, six new types of urea were applied for 5 consecutive years to measure the yield of wheat-maize rotation, analyze the effect of new urea on the composition of the yield, and at the same time, determine the nitrogen uptake of plants and seeds, and account for the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, bioproductivity, and production benefits of the new types of urea. The results showed that compared to the ordinary urea, continuous application of the new urea all significantly increased the yield of wheat-maize rotation system (P<0.05), with the range of yield increase from 7.08% to 11.77%, of which 9.02% was increased by the loss-control urea in the wheat season, and 15.52% was increased by the zinc-containing urea in the maize season; there was no significant difference in nitrogen absorption and utilization of the new urea during the wheat season, while the average nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency of loss-control urea fertilization and zinc containing urea in the corn season reached 9.49 kg/kg and 10.63 kg/kg, respectively. From the perspective of production efficiency, the net benefit of using loss-control urea in batches and zinc (manganese) containing urea was the highest. Under the conditions of this experiment, it was recommended to apply loss-control urea or zinc (manganese) containing urea in the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China.

  Root-function Spatial Division in Sweetpotato Source-sink Relationship: Evolution and Application LI Ming, LIANG Yongshu, ZHANG Cong, QU Huijuan, LIU Minyue, HUANG Dan, YANG Shuya, PENG Meifang 2024, 40 (33):  34-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0876 Abstract + ( 70 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1588KB )   ( 20 ) Sweetpotato root-function spatial division (RFSD) technology is a novel cultivation technique which separates nutrient-absorbing roots from storage roots in space and function. This technology allows for the observation of tuber development without affecting plant growth and enables the study of photosynthetic transport efficiency within the same genetic background. RFSD is a key technique for studying the source-sink relationship in sweetpotato and cultivating overhead-sweetpotato. To further explore the application of RFSD technology in the study of source-sink relationships in sweetpotato, we specifically carried out this review. The paper summarizes the impact of "source", "flow", and "sink" on sweetpotato yield, reveals the development process of sweetpotato RFSD technology, analyzes the principles, evolution, characteristics, and advantages of various RFSD technologies currently developed, and discusses the application of root system functional separation technology in the study of source-sink relationship in sweetpotato and overhead-sweetpotato. Here we propose that RFSD technology can serve as a crucial tool for studying the interactions of "source", "flow", and "sink" in sweetpotato, and be used to investigate source-sink relationship and ideotype within the same genetic background. It is necessary to improve and enhance the RFSD, so as to make it possible to achieve stable storage root in the air under the facility conditions. Further research and application of RFSD technology can provide theoretical and technical references for the breeding of new sweetpotato varieties, especially high photosynthetic efficiency, short-vine, and high-yielding cultivars. It can also offer technical support for facility cultivation and precise quality control.

  Effects of Leaf- Picking on Characteristics of Source and Sink Organs of Cassava Cultivars with Different Plant Types LIN Hongxin, ZHANG Zhihua, WANG Ruiqing, LV Fengjuan, LV Rujie, XIAO Yunping, YUAN Zhanqi 2024, 40 (33):  42-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0871 Abstract + ( 67 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1241KB )   ( 12 ) The experiment aims to clarify the effects of leaf-picking on the characteristics of the source and sink organs of cassava cultivars with different plant types. Using compact cultivars of 'SC205', 'GR4' and umbrella cultivars of 'SC12', 'SC15' as experiment materials, four leaf-picking treatments and non leaf-picking treatment were designed to study the differences in plant morphology, dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and leaf nutrient quality. The results showed that with the number of source leaves decreased, the tuber yield per plant, dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation of mature plants decreased. The lower the number of source leaves in plant, the greater the leaf-picking ratio, the smaller the sink source ratio, the shorter the plant height, the thinner the stem diameter and the tuber diameter, and the shorter the tuber length. As the number of source leaves increased, the soluble total sugar content in the leaves showed an increasing trend, while the sucrose and total starch content in the leaves first increased and then decreased. As the leaf-picking stage progresses, the soluble total sugar and total starch content of the leaves increased, while the sucrose content decreased. Among different plant types, the content of soluble total sugar, sucrose and total starch in the leaves of compact cultivars was higher than that of umbrella cultivars. The number of source leaves retained by cassava plants is too small, the leaf removal ratio is large, resulting in a decrease in plant dry matter quality and nitrogen accumulation, the growth of plants and tubers will be restricted, and the yield of tubers will be decreased.

  Newly State-approved Cotton Variety ‘Liaomian 15’: Analysis of High Yield, Stable Yield, Adaptability and Yield Composition Factors SHANG Na, LI Qing’en, LI Xiaoyu, WEN Xiaoxia, LI Haitao, YU Fagang, LI Qiuzhi, YANG Zhongxu, YIN Huihui 2024, 40 (33):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0751 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1251KB )   ( 10 ) In order to comprehensively understand the production performance of the newly state-approved cotton variety ‘Liaomian 15’, based on the data of the 2016-2018 regional tests of medium-ripe conventional varieties in the cotton area of the Yellow River Basin, the yield, high stability coefficient, yield increase point rate, variety deviation degree and yield components were used to comprehensively evaluate the high yield performance, stable yield property and adaptability of ‘Liaomian 15’. The results showed that from 2016 to 2018, the average lint yield of ‘Liaomian 15’ was 1712 kg/hm2, which was increased by 16.77% compared to the control ‘Shikang 126’. Out of 50 experimental points in three years, 49 sites increased production. Path analysis showed that the total number of bolls, boll weight, and lint percentage had a direct positive effect on the lint yield of ‘Liaomian 15’. The direct contribution to the lint yield was as follows: total number of bolls>lint percentage>boll weight. ‘Liaomian 15’ was an excellent variety suitable for large-scale promotion in the cotton area of the Yellow River Basin. In production, it was necessary to coordinate the relationship between the three factors while ensuring the total number of bolls, so as to maximize the production potential of the variety and contribute to ensuring the safety of national cotton production.

  Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Cotton Seed Germination by Ascorbic Acid and Its Physiological Mechanism XU Jianwei, YAN Zixin, ZHU Jincheng, RU Sibo, LIU Wenhong, LI Zhibo 2024, 40 (33):  53-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0771 Abstract + ( 82 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1825KB )   ( 29 ) The study aims to explore physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in cotton during seed germination stage. Using ‘Xinluzao NO.61’, a major local cotton variety, as the test material, the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA) soaking on key germination characteristics and physiological indicators of cotton seeds were analyzed under different types of salt stress. The results showed that the germination of cotton seeds decreased with increasing salt stress concentration; Under NaCl, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3+NaHCO3 stress, the soaking with AsA enhanced the germination characteristics of cotton seeds, among them, the germination rate of cotton seeds increased the most, increasing by 55.32%, 56.10%, and 44.0% compared to the control, respectively, and the optimal AsA soaking concentration for improving salt tolerance was selected as 0.10 mmol/L, 0.10 mmol/L, and 0.15 mmol/L; during the germination process under salt stress, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar in cotton seeds soaked with AsA increased，while the content of MDA and H2O2 decreased, and all showed significant differences from the control group. It is concluded that AsA soaking can improve the salt tolerance of cotton seed during germination, as it enhances the main antioxidant enzyme activity, increases the content of osmotic substances, and alleviates membrane lipid peroxidation of cotton seed.

  Effect of Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate on Initiation of Sugar Beet Seeds WANG Luyang, HU Huabing, WANG Ronghua, WANG Maoqian 2024, 40 (33):  61-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0897 Abstract + ( 76 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1302KB )   ( 15 ) The aim is to study the effect of different treatments of sodium dihydrogen phosphate on the vigor of sugar beet seeds, so as to screen a new sugar beet seed coating material. The 'TD801' sugar beet seeds were selected as the experimental materials, and treated with sodium dihydrogen phosphate at concentrations of 10, 15, and 20 mmol/L for soaking durations of 8, 16, and 24 hours, respectively. The untreated dry seeds served as the control group (CK). By measuring germination indices, the effect of sodium dihydrogen phosphate on the vigor of sugar beet seeds was investigated. The results showed that sodium dihydrogen phosphate at all three concentrations (10, 15, and 20 mmol/L) significantly promoted the germination of 'TD801' sugar beet seeds when treated for 8, 16, and 24 hours. Compared to the untreated control (CK), the germination potential and germination rate of the treated seeds were increased by 6.67%-16.67% and 5.66%-15.66%, respectively. The germination index and vigor index were increased by 5.25%-98.05% and 7.9%-101.29%, respectively. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of the treated seeds was lower than that of the CK by 28.30% to 66.40%. At a concentration of 10 mmol/L for 24 hours, the effect on germination potential and germination rate was more pronounced. When the concentration was 15 mmol/L for 24 hours, the impact on the germination index and vigor index was better. A concentration of 10 mmol/L for 24 hours also showed a more significant effect on reducing the relative electrical conductivity. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate was found to promote the germination of sugar beet seeds, with the optimal treatment being a concentration of 10 mmol/L or 15 mmol/L, and a soaking duration of 24 hours.

  Short Term Effect of Different Organic Materials Addition on Greenhouse Gas Emission of Agricultural Soil in Erhai Lake Basin GUO Shufang, ZHAI Limei, LIU Hongbin, LEI Baokun 2024, 40 (33):  68-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0330 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1296KB )   ( 9 ) Organic material application is an important measure for agricultural soil fertility improvement and has a great effect on soil greenhouse gas emissions. To explore the effect of the addition of different organic materials on soil greenhouse gas emissions from typical open field vegetable and rice-rotated planting patterns in the Erhai Lake basin, the incubation experiment was conducted with four treatments, including no addition (CK), straw, biochar and cow manure addition for 15 days under constant temperature and humidity. The results showed that: (1) compared with CK treatment, the addition of three organic materials all had a reduction trend for vegetable soil N2O emissions, but an increase for rice-rotated soil, of which the straw addition had a significant increase effect. Compared with straw treatment, soil N2O emissions from rice-rotated soil under biochar and cow manure treatments declined by 64.9% and 68.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The N2O emission ratio of open field vegetable soil was reduced by all three organic materials (P<0.05), while only straw significantly increased the soil N2O emission ratio of rice-rotated soil. (2) The biochar and cow manure treatments had a slight inhibiting effect on soil CO2 emissions for two soils compared with CK treatment. Compared with straw treatment, the biochar and cow manure treatments significantly reduced soil CO2 emissions from open field vegetable and rice-rotated soil by 84.9%-85.1% and 41.7%-43.1%, respectively (P<0.05). (3) The addition of organic materials increased the soil CH4 emission from open field vegetable soil, while only straw addition increased the soil CH4 emission from rice-rotated soil (P<0.05). (4) Compared with CK treatment, soil nitrification rate of open field vegetable soil was significantly increased after organic material addition (P<0.05), and soil mineralization rate was also increased, but only straw and cow manure treatment had significant effects (P<0.05). However, the nitrification rate and mineralization rate of rice-rotated soil after organic material addition were both reduced compared with CK treatment, of which straw and biochar significantly decreased the two rates (P<0.05). The soil N2O and CO2 emissions of rice-rotated system with only organic fertilizer were significantly higher than those of open field vegetable system with organic and inorganic fertilizer application, and the soil N2O and CO2 emissions were significantly increased after the addition of straw. The global warming potential (GWP) of rice-rotated soil with long-term application of organic fertilizer was higher than that of open field vegetable soil, and the addition of straw significantly increased GWP of rice-rotated soil, while the addition of organic matter significantly reduced GWP of open field vegetable soil. This study provided a scientific basis for the appropriate addition of organic materials to farmland in the Erhai Lake basin to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve soil nitrogen supply capacity.

  Mechanisms of Plant Response to Saline-alkali Stress: A Review XIAO Wenli, WANG Hanrui, WANG Mengliang, WANG Junhong 2024, 40 (33):  78-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0775 Abstract + ( 108 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 1413 ) Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

  Research and Application of Seaweed Oligosaccharides in Agriculture: A Review MA Shitai, WANG Feng, CHENG Qilu, NI Jinyang, YU Qiaogang, LI Cong, ZHANG Yuanyuan, LIU Haitian, YANG Yan, MA Junwei 2024, 40 (33):  86-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0882 Abstract + ( 80 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1410KB )   ( 742 ) China faces significant challenges of large population and limited arable land resources. In recent years, extreme weather events and ongoing soil degradation have significantly influenced China's agricultural production. With advances in agricultural science and technology, incorporating new materials into agricultural practices has been proven to be an effective strategy for adapting to these developments and environmental shifts. Seaweed extract, specifically seaweed oligosaccharides, are natural active substances derived from seaweed using modern technology. They are employed in agriculture as inducers for plant stress and disease resistance, biostimulants, and fertilizer enhancers. With continuous research progresses on the potential applications of seaweed oligosaccharides in agriculture, significant advancements have been achieved in their study and use. To further systematically understand and apply seaweed oligosaccharides, this paper discussed their sources, classification, and production methods. It summarized their impact on bolstering crop stress and disease resistance, fostering growth and development, and improving nutrient absorption, as well as their effectiveness and mechanisms across various crops. This provided innovative approaches and tools for the sustainable and efficient development of Chinese agriculture in the current context.

  The Influences of Aerial Chlorella Attachment on Decomposition of Three Kinds of Apoptotic Leaves JIANG Yuling, QIAN Shurui, ZHANG Chenlu, WANG Yuying, WANG Peng, TAO Jianping 2024, 40 (33):  93-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0347 Abstract + ( 61 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1770KB )   ( 10 ) To explore the role and internal mechanisms of aerial algae in the decomposition process of forest ecosystem and the effect of aerial Chlorella attachment on the decomposition process of leaf litters, we conducted leaf decomposition control experiments by inoculating leaf litters of Carpinus viminea, Quercus myrsinifolia and Symplocos lucida with two concentrations of aerial Chlorella. The results showed that: (1) the addition of Chlorella at different concentrations had no significant effect on the mass loss of leaf litters. However, there were significant differences in mass loss among the leaf litters of different tree species, with no interaction between them. (2) The decomposition rates of leaf litters from different tree species responded differently to the algal concentration treatment. (3) The intrinsic attributes of the leaf litters strongly influenced mass loss. (4) The addition of attached Chlorella had no significant effect on the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil. However, the type of leaf litters significantly affected the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil. The study indicated that the abundance and diversity of microbial decomposers were primarily controlled by the attributes of the leaf litters themselves, and the attachment of aerial algae had no significant impact on the microorganisms in the decomposition system. Therefore, the decomposition of leaf litters in the local environment is mainly influenced by the leaf's own attributes, and the impact of aerial algae attachment on the decomposition process of leaf litters was not significant.

  Effects of Grass Mulching on Soil Physicochemical Properties of Jujube Orchard SONG Jinhao, HAO Wanyi, JIANG Wenting, CHEN Guoliang 2024, 40 (33):  102-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0236 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1412KB )   ( 18 ) This study investigated the effects of two types of grass covered under different mulching patterns on the soil physical and chemical properties in perennial jujube orchards in the Yan’an region, aiming to provide data support for land use and cultivation integrated jujube planting models. The research used a clean tillage group without any cover as the control (CK), set up two types of grass including G1 (Astragalus adsurgens) and G2 (Sophora alopecuroides), two mulching methods of C1 (whole grass chopped cover) and C2 (half grass chopped cover), and three mulching periods of T1 (30 days after covering), T2 (60 days after covering) and T3 (120 days after covering), totaling 13 treatments. The study examined the impact on soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The results showed that the Astragalus adsurgens × whole grass cover pattern significantly enhanced soil organic matter, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content, with the highest levels of available potassium at 30 days after covering and the highest levels of organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen at 120 days after covering. Under the Sophora alopecuroides × whole grass cover pattern, soil available phosphorus content was significantly increased, reaching its peak level at 30 days after covering. Comprehensive analysis, combined with principal component analysis, provided a comprehensive evaluation of the soil physical and chemical environmental indicators in Northern Shaanxi’s jujube orchards. The results indicated that the immediate planting of Astragalus adsurgens and Sophora alopecuroides had a significant improvement effect on the soil physical and chemical environment of the jujube orchards, with the whole grass cover pattern being the most effective, showing the best results between 90 to 120 days after covering.

  Study on Tolerance and Enrichment of Arsenic in Ophiocordyceps sinensis HE Li, ZHOU Bo, XIAO Fan, DOU Chenxi, YANG Huan, XIE Fang 2024, 40 (33):  111-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0906 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2221KB )   ( 6 ) By studying the tolerance and enrichment characteristics of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O.sinensis) to arsenic (As), reference for the evaluation and solution of As content safety in O.sinensis was provided. Taking O.sinensis as the experimental material, different concentrations of As were added into the solid and liquid medium to detect the growth characteristics of O.sinensis and the related indicators of As enrichment characteristics, and the As enrichment regression model was constructed by Logistic regression method. The results showed that low concentration (1-2 mg/L) As had little effect on colony, mycelial morphology, mycelial growth rate and dry weight of O.sinensis, while high concentration (>3 mg/L) As had serious effect on colony morphology and mycelial growth. With the extension of treatment time at different As concentrations, the As content in liquid culture medium showed a trend of continuous decline, while the As content in mycelium showed a trend of continuous increase, and the enrichment coefficient showed a continuing downward trend, with the enrichment coefficient floating range of 43.92-128.22%，suggesting O.sinensis enriched As by active absorption way. After the treatment of O.sinensis with different concentrations of As for 40 d, the concentration of As in mycelium reached a stable state. Logistic regression model showed that the enrichment saturation point of O.sinensis for As was 1.68 mg/kg DW. O.sinensis could actively absorb low concentration As, and its enrichment saturation point was1.68 mg/kg DW.

  Study on Remediation Effects of Sedum alfredii Hance and Sweet Corn Intercropping on Cadmium-Polluted Farmland WANG Dan, DU Yanhong, LIU Chuanping, WANG Xiangqin 2024, 40 (33):  118-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0348 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1186KB )   ( 7 ) To investigate the efficiency of Sedum alfredii in extracting heavy metals from farmland under intercropping systems, this study employed the technique of intercropping the Cd-hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with sweet corn to conduct experiments in moderately cadmium-contaminated farmland in South China. The results indicated that under the intercropping system, the yield of sweet corn increased, and the Cd content in the kernels significantly decreased by 8.3% compared to monoculture. Additionally, under the intercropping system, the biomass of Sedum alfredii increased by 16.5%, with Cd accumulation in the roots and shoots increasing by 8.8% and 3.6%, respectively. The enrichment coefficients improved by 15.7 and 6.6 units, respectively. After intercropping sweet corn with Sedum alfredii, the Cd content in the top soil significantly decreased. The experiment demonstrated that the phytoremediation model of intercropping Sedum alfredii with sweet corn not only allowed for the simultaneous remediation and production of polluted farmland but also enhanced the extraction efficiency of the hyperaccumulator plant. This approach presented a practical and green remediation technology for moderately heavy metal-contaminated farmland.

  Visual Analysis of Insect Genomics Based on CiteSpace LIANG Zhantu, DUAN Shuanggang, LI Wenjing, WANG Jiale, YAO Qiong 2024, 40 (33):  123-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0250 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1686KB )   ( 13 ) Based on CiteSpace, a visual analysis of insect genomics research was conducted to explore the development trends and research hotspots in this field from 2000 to 2024 (excluding after March 2024). Based on the databases of CNKI and PubMed, this paper analyzed the numbers, authors, journals, countries and chronological distribution by bibliometric. We used CiteSpace V visualization software to analyze keyword co-occurrence. 690 papers, 609 authors and 206 kinds of journals were searched from the database of CNKI, while 16804 papers, 11278 authors and 1032 kinds of journals were searched from the database of PubMed. From 2015 to 2021, the number of publications in CNKI reached 233, and the number of publications in PubMed reached 6382, indicating a high level of research interest in insect genomes. Based on analysis from the PubMed database, the main countries conducting research in this field included the United States, China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. Among them, the United States had the highest number of publications. The journal with the most published literature was PLoS One. Combining CNKI and PubMed databases analysis, the research hotspots in China included phylogeny, Bombyx mori, rod-shaped viruses, evolution and sequence analysis. Meanwhile, foreign research hotspots included drosophila melanogaster, mitochondrial genome, gene expression, phylogenetic analysis and protein-coding gene. This paper objectively summarizes the research status of insect genomics at home and abroad, analyzes and summarizes the research hotspots and unpopular areas, in order to provide valuable data reference for scientific researchers interested in insect genomics.

  Wax Genes in Broccoli Curd: Primary Localization and Identification Based on BSA-seq Technology TAO Meiqi, ZHANG Zhenchao, PAN Yongfei, SUN Guosheng, XU Dingfan, SHAN Xi, YAO Yuemei 2024, 40 (33):  131-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0901 Abstract + ( 70 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2619KB )   ( 15 ) In order to explore the related genes regulating the synthesis of wax in broccoli flower bulbs, the F2 population was constructed using the broccoli waxy wild type (WT20) as the male parent and the waxless mutant (MT20) as the female parent. Based on F2, extreme wax-pool and no-wax-pool were constructed. The parent pools and F2 extreme pools were sequenced by BSA-seq technology. The intervals associated with wax synthesis were initially located by theΔSNP-index algorithm. Candidate genes were predicted based on genes annotation information, and the expression of the candidate genes in the parents was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the segregation ratio of wax-powdered plants to no-wax-powdered plants in the F2 segregation population was 2.87:1, which conformed to the genetic law of single-gene recessive nuclear genes. A total of 2,045 high-quality SNP loci and 687 InDel loci were obtained between the two pools. Based on SNP-index association analysis, the candidate genes were located in three intervals on chromosomes 4, 7 and 8, including 93 genes. Further analysis of genes in the candidate regions in KEGG, GO, and GOC databases revealed that 92 genes in the 0.12 Mb and 1.07 Mb segments were annotated. Quantitative analysis was performed on 11 genes that might be related to wax synthesis in the intervals, and 4 differentially significantly expressed genes, BoAPC3, BoCDH1, BoEEF1A, and BoAHP4, were screened out. The results of this study can provide new ideas for further research on the wax synthesis pathway of broccoli, and lay a foundation for the breeding of high-quality broccoli.

  Insect Resistance Mechanism to Bt Crops and Management Strategies: A Review YANG Yang, ZHAO Guantao, WANG Lu, WANG Qiong, ZHU Zhenhua, ZHANG Pei, HE Yujiao, ZHAO Changzeng 2024, 40 (33):  141-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0769 Abstract + ( 79 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1729KB )   ( 17 ) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely distributed Gram-positive bacterium that can produce a series of insecticidal proteins during its vegetative growth and sporulation phases. It is commonly used as a biocontrol agent in agriculture, forestry and public health practice. The Bt crops developed based on genetic engineering technology provide an efficient and environmentally friendly biological control method for agricultural pest management. However, the extensive and prolonged cultivation of Bt crops has led to the gradual development of Bt resistance in pests, which has greatly reduced the insecticidal effect of Bt proteins and the long-term benefits of Bt crops. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the mechanism of action of Bt proteins and the occurrence of Bt resistance in insects, this paper summarized the structural and functional characteristics of various Bt toxins, and elaborated the molecular mechanism of Bt resistance in insects from three main aspects: immune system regulation, changes in toxin activation, and mutations in toxin receptor genes. In addition, two insect resistance management strategies, gene stacking and ‘high dose/shelter’ were also introduced. Finally, the future research directions of Bt crops were pointed out, including further in-depth analysis of the mode of action of Bt toxins and the mechanism of Bt resistance in insects, exploration of new Bt proteins, strengthening the popularization and publicity of Bt crops, and establishing resistance monitoring network as well as early warning system.

  Effects of Choline Chloride on Biological Characteristics of Coccinella septempunctata LIU Hongling, HE Rong, YU Jiamin, DENG Quan, LIU Dongyang, LI Sihan, ZHANG Peixu, YONG Yanping, WU Xinglong, XIAO Kejun, PU Deqiang 2024, 40 (33):  150-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0227 Abstract + ( 77 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1410KB )   ( 12 ) The study aims to understand the effects of choline chloride on the biological characteristics of Coccinella septempunctata, and screen the optimal dose of choline chloride in artificial diet for feeding ladybird. Five groups were set up with different doses of choline chloride (A, B, C, D, E represent doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/100g, respectively), and fed with soybean aphid (1-dayaphids + 3-day feed), C. septempunctata were fed with artificial diet without choline chloride as control group (CK). The spawning quantity, feeding, mating, hatching and survival rate of each treatment were recorded. In the first 20 days, the average egg production of A, B, C, D, E and CK were (286.30±35.14), (342.4±26.79), (242.65±25.38), (241.90±32.24), (240.45±24.34) and (230.00±23.00) eggs per female, respectively, and the average egg production of group B was significantly higher than those of other groups. There was no significant difference between other groups. There were no significant differences in feeding frequency, mating frequency, adult survival rate and egg hatching rate among different treatments. The combination of artificial diet with 100 mg/100 g choline chloride and bean aphid significantly increased the egg production of ladybird at 20 days of age, but had no effect on other biological indexes.

  Study on Application of Probiotics Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine in Animal Breeding ZHANG Hongyan, WU Ying, GU Shaobin 2024, 40 (33):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0219 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1188KB )   ( 31 ) The microorganism has the strong material decomposition and the transformation ability, may produce the rich secondary metabolite, the fermentation Chinese traditional medicine is an important processing technology of Chinese traditional medicine processing. Probiotics can regulate the balance of animal gastrointestinal flora, produce many kinds of active enzymes and other metabolites, promote the development of animal immune system organs, participate in many physiological functions of the body, such as substances synthesis of sugar, nitrogen, lipids, inorganic salt metabolism and vitamin, and enhance the body’s disease resistance. The technology of probiotics fermenting traditional Chinese medicine has many advantages, such as improving drug effect, degrading macromolecular active substance, reducing toxic and side effects, promoting animal growth and improving immunity, etc., which is an ideal feed additive after end prohibition. In this paper, the kinds of probiotics, technological types, mechanism and efficacy of probiotics fermenting traditional Chinese medicine and its application in animal breeding are described respectively; it provides a theoretical reference for the development of new anti-feed additives.