Current issue

• 2025 Vol.41 No.2 Published:15 January 2025

  Nutritional Value, Processing Application and Germplasm Innovation of Red Rice LI Xinghua, ZHANG Sheng, CAI Xingxing, WANG Huan, LIU Xia, CHEN Jie, CAO Zhigang, ZHANG Wenchao, ZHANG Qun, TU Junming 2025, 41 (2):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0361 Abstract + ( 109 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1452KB )   ( 37 ) To explore and utilize the precious red rice germplasm resources in China, nutritional value and processing application of red rice were discussed, and relevant situation of 3 independent innovative germplasm (varieties) of red rice was introduced in combination with the germplasm innovation work of our team for many years, and the research direction of red rice was put forward. The results show that red rice contains the same basic nutrients as milled rice, and the types and contents of bioactive substances are higher than milled rice, which can be widely used in food and health products. After many years of independent innovation, our team selected and bred three lines of red rice sterile line ‘Gangte A’, with brown rice rate of 77.6%, head yield of 67.4%, chalkiness of 27.6%, amylose content of 12.4%. Yield of the three-line hybrid rice ‘Gangteyou 8024’ was 9581.6 kg/hm2, with brown rice rate of 78.7%, head yield of 60.3%, chalkiness of 7.8%, amylose content of 15.1%. Yield of the two-line hybrid rice ‘E liangyou 32’ was 7307.6 kg/hm2, with brown rice rate of 78.9%, head yield of 62.8%, chalkiness of 6.3%, amylose content of 13.3%. In view of the prominent problems of low sales volume and few kinds of red rice and its products in the Chinese market, four research directions of red rice were put forward, including strengthening the research and utilization of existing red rice germplasm resources, breeding new varieties of red rice with high yield and disease resistance, carrying out research on supporting cultivation technology and carrying out research on processing technology. Red rice is a kind of special rice resources with red seed coat due to pigmentation, which has both therapeutic and medicinal value, and has huge market potential. This paper can provide reference for the promotion and application of red rice in production.

  Regulation Mechanism of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Maize CHEN Hailong, CHEN Zhaohui, WEI Tingbang 2025, 41 (2):  7-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0463 Abstract + ( 51 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1281KB )   ( 32 ) The study aims to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer combination on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and yield of maize during the growth period. In this research, the cultivar ‘Woyu No.3’ was applied as research material. A split plot field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area of Gansu Province. Four nitrogen fertilizer applications, i.e. without N application (N0, CK), traditional N fertilizer application (N1), 15% N fertilizer reduction (N2) and 30% N fertilizer reduction (N3), were set as the main plot, and three organic fertilizer applications, namely 3.5×103 (O1), 3.0×103 (O2) and 2.5×103 (O3) kg/hm2, were used as the split plot. Photosynthetic, chlorophyll relative content, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and yield were determined. The result showed that, under the level of same nitrogen application in growth stages of maize, compared with the N2O1 and N2O3 treatments, the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance under the N2O2 treatments were increased by 17.91%, 10.59% and 19.13%, 18.46% and 20.13%, 26.62%. Compared with the N2O1 and N2O3 treatments, the chlorophyll value and Vmax and biological yield under the N2O2 treatments were increased by 18.73%, 9.77% and 13.79%, 17.84% and 7.14%, 6.78%. Compared with the N2O1 and N2O3 treatments, the grain yields and nitrogen use efficiency under the N2O2 treatments were increased by 18.77%, 20.14% and 15.68%, 8.02%. In summary, in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area with resource shortage, the reduction of N fertilizer by 15 % (306 kg/hm2, N2) combined with organic fertilizer (3000.00 kg/hm2, O2) could replace part of N fertilizer, which had high nutrient supply potential and the best effect on maize yield stability.

  Analysis of Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Economic Benefit of Planting Maize in Yanyuan of Sichuan YOU Yu, LIN Xianfeng, JIANG Yun, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Yunmei, TANG Dongmei, YU Hongjie, XIONG Zhongwei 2025, 41 (2):  17-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0400 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1249KB )   ( 22 ) To analyze the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in corn planting in Yanyuan, promote scientific fertilization to increase efficiency, and promote the protection and quality improvement of cultivated land, we set up treatments of no fertilizer, no nitrogen, no phosphorus, no potassium and NPK full fertilizer to carry out the utilization rate analysis of NPK fertilizer for corn. The results indicated that stem diameter, ear height, number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight of NPK fertilizer treatment were higher than those of other treatments, except that plant height was lower than that of no potassium; the grain yield and stem and leaf yield were also the highest, which were 12.07 t/hm2 and 13.55 t/hm2, respectively. The order from high to low was full fertilizer zone (T5) > potassium-free zone (T4) > phosphorus free zone (T3) > nitrogen free zone (T2) > fertilizer free zone (T1). The yield to investment ratio of NPK fertilizer area was the lowest (4.73), but the economic benefit was the highest. The utilization rates of N, P and K in the experimental field were from high to low as K > N > P, and the utilization rates were 56.61%, 43.14% and 9.55%, respectively. Therefore, the composite fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be selected for corn production in Yanyuan, and the content of potassium and nitrogen should be higher than that of phosphorus. At the same time, we should increase the application of organic fertilizer and plant green fertilizer to improve the ecological environment and improve the quality of crops.

  Effects of Planting Density on Growth and Yield of Machine Harvested Maize Variety ‘Ludan 608’ LIU Chunxiao, WANG Liming, DONG Rui, LIU Tieshan 2025, 41 (2):  23-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0428 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1286KB )   ( 32 ) In order to analyze the agronomic traits, yield and yield composition of machine-harvested maize under different density treatments, machine-harvested maize ‘Ludan 608’ was used as the material. Five planting densities of 60000 plants /hm2 (D1), 69000 plants /hm2 (D2), 75000 plants /hm2 (D3), 82500 plants /hm2 (D4) and 90000 plants /hm2 (D5) were set to analyze their agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that plant height, ear height, lodging rate and bare plant rate increased with the increase of planting density, while double ear rate decreased. The highest maize yield was 11231.31 kg/hm2 with the planting density of 82500 plants /hm2. The LAI increased with the increase in planting density. The accumulation of dry matter in maize at both individual and population levels showed an ‘S-shaped’ growth curve of ‘slow-fast-slow’. The dry matter amount of single plant decreased with the increase in planting density. In the range of D1-D4, dry matter amount of population increased with the increase of planting density. And it began to decrease when planting density was more than D4.

  Temporal and Spatial Variation of Brix in Sweet Sorghum Stem WANG Guan, ZHANG Yang, ZHANG Wei, SHAO Rongfeng, CHANG Yuhui, ZHAO Weijun 2025, 41 (2):  28-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0148 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 22 ) To understand the variation of sugar content in sweet sorghum stem and provide theoretical basis for sweet sorghum breeding and production practices, 18 sweet sorghum varieties were used as materials to analyze the sugar content in stalk at different times, different nodes, and the relationship between node and culm sugar content using variance analysis, correlation analysis, and grey relational degree analysis. The results showed that the sugar content in sweet sorghum stem varied in time, with lower values in S1 and S2 periods and a fast-growing in S2-S3 and S3-S4 periods, reaching a peak in S4 period. In the vertical spatial dimension, the middle node had the highest sugar content, while the top and bottom nodes had lower sugar content, and the correlation between sugar content in different nodes decreased as the vertical distance between nodes increased. In addition, the order of sugar content in different nodes was: base node > middle node > top node, and the sugar content in the middle node was closest to that in the culm. Therefore, in the breeding process of sweet sorghum, the middle node can be used as an indicator node for stem sugar content, and it is also a breakthrough point for improving stem sugar content.

  Effects of Acid-base Pretreatment on Seed Germination Characteristics of Three Nitraria L. WANG Zhi, WANG Wenshu, TAN Tianyi, LIU Xuejuan, LI Huiying, LIU Shiying 2025, 41 (2):  36-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0283 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1502KB )   ( 11 ) The aim of this study is to investigate the germination characteristics of seeds from different species of plants in the Nitraria L., in order to improve the germination rate of three species of Nitraria L., and provide theoretical basis for the artificial breeding of Nitraria L. plants and the breaking of seed dormancy. Using Nitraria roborowskii Kom., Nitraria sibirica Pall., and Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.as experimental materials, the seeds of three species of Nitraria L. plants were pretreated with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions, respectively. The results showed that the germination rate of N. sibirica seeds pretreated with 0.3 mol/L NaOH solution was the highest at 81.33%, while the germination rate of N. roborowskii seeds pretreated with 98% H2SO4 solution was the highest at 81.33%. Conversely, N. sphaerocarpa seeds without any pretreatment had the best effect, with a germination rate of 62.67%. This provides a reliable reference for breaking dormancy in Nitraria L. plant seeds. Based on the comprehensive experimental results, selecting appropriate pretreatment methods can effectively improve the germination rate of seeds in the Nitraria L.. Therefore, in the artificial breeding and seed dormancy breaking process of plants in the Nitraria L., appropriate treatment methods should be selected according to the needs of different species to achieve the best germination effect.

  Effects of Short-term Fertilization on Soil Bacterial Community Composition and Diversity in Wheat Fields LIU Donghai, DAI Zhigang, MEI Liangxian, QIAO Yan, ZHANG Zhi, XIAO Zhuoxi, LI Fei, HU Cheng 2025, 41 (2):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0300 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1312KB )   ( 19 ) To clarify the mechanism of the effect of short-term fertilization on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities in wheat fields, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments: no fertilization (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), recommended fertilization (T3) and organic substitution of 50% (T4), by using high-throughput sequencing to study the effects on soil bacterial community composition and diversity. The results showed that compared with T1 treatment, fertilization treatments decreased soil pH value, but T4 treatment delayed the downward trend of pH; T2, T3 and T4 increased the yield by 147.45%, 144.68% and 98.41%, respectively. The T4 treatment increased the Shannon index and decreased the soil bacterial Chao index, but the differences were not significant. Fertilization increased the relative abundance of soil Proteobacteria, among which T2 was the highest, while fertilization decreased the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria, among which T4 was the highest. T2 enriched g_Roseateles, g_Rhodanobacter and g_Singulisphaera, T4 enriched g_Pseudoxanthomonas and o_Streptosporangiales. Cluster analyses showed that alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic carbon had similar effects on bacterial flora, but pH was different. Compared with T2, T4 slowed down the evolution of photoautotrophic flora to chemo-energy heterotrophic flora and decreased the abundance of nitrate respiration-related flora. Therefore, short-term organic substitution (50%) has the risk of reducing yield, but it was beneficial to maintain the stability of bacterial community in wheat field. N 150 kg/hm2 could be used as the recommended amount of fertilization.

  Response of Soil Nutrients and Microbial Communities to Increased Application of Mushroom Dreg in Albic Soil ZHANG Nan, PAN Xue, LIU Jie, YU Hongjiu, ZHANG Bo, DU Hailun, LIU Fengman, HAO Shuai 2025, 41 (2):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0180 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2185KB )   ( 762 ) Albic soil is one of the typical low-yielding soil types in Heilongjiang Province, which poor nutrient and soil barrier issues limit the crop growth and sustainable development. Mushroom dreg, rich in nutrients and microbial activity, is considered as an effective soil amendment. However, the changes in soil biochemistry caused by mushroom compost application on albic soil were unclear. Therefore, this study conducted field experiments and combined high-throughput sequencing technology into three treatment groups: CK (unfertilized control), T2 (standard fertilization supplemented with 3 t/hm2 of mushroom compost), and T1 (standard fertilization control). The effects of mushroom compost on soil nutrients and microbial community characteristics and their interaction were analyzed. The study results found that adding mushroom dregs could improve the pH of albic soil and increase the overall nutrient content, enhance the richness and diversity of soil fungi, reduce the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria, increase the richness and diversity of soil fungi in some key phyla, such as Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Mucoromycota, Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota, with a trend of separation in the community structure of soil microorganisms. The main factors influencing the changes in soil bacterial and fungal communities were soil pH, total phosphorus, organic matter, and total potassium. This study not only contributed to an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action of mushroom dreg in improving albic soil, but also provided technical support for the sustainable utilization of albic soil.

  Changes in Soil Quality During Process of Bauxite Residue Soilization LIU Zhongsen, ZHAO Ya, XUE Haitao, ZHAO Yongchao, YUE Jingjing, GONG Weizheng 2025, 41 (2):  56-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0316 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 7 ) The bauxite residue disposal area in Jiaozuo, Henan Province was selected as the experimental platform to study the process of bauxite residue soilization through substrate amendment and planting different plants. The changes in soil quality during the process of bauxite residue soilization were analyzed, providing reference for the bauxite residue soilization improvement and vegetation reconstruction of bauxite residue disposal area. In this experiment, 8 treatments were set up, including bauxite residue undisturbed soil (CN), only substrate amendment without planting plants in the open space (KD), planting Tamarix (CL), planting Suaeda salsa (JP), planting ryegrass (HMC), planting Artemisia annua (QH), planting mugwort (AC), and planting fungus grass (QC). After planting plants for 3 years, samples were taken from different plots to determine the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil after soil improvement. The impact of planting different plants on soil quality was analyzed, and the changes in soil quality during the process of bauxite residue soilization were studied from the perspective of ecological reconstruction. The results showed that after planting plants in the bauxite residue disposal area for 3 years, the soil properties of different plots changed to varying degrees, and there were significant differences in soil properties before and after treatment. After planting plants, the soil bulk density decreased by 54.17% to 67.19%, soil porosity increased by 109.38% to 137.50%, pH decreased by 0.8-1.77 units, organic matter increased by 38.15% to 245.95%, total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen increased by 250.00% to 1975.00% and 106.53% to 501.94%, total phosphorus and available phosphorus increased by 132.71% to 228.97% and 105.59% to 681.36%, available potassium increased by 1.41% to 32.80%, and there was a significant increase in the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Compared with undisturbed bauxite residue and open spaces without planting plants, soil improvement of bauxite residue can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The change in soil quality during the process of bauxite residue soilization also promotes the ecological restoration of the bauxite residue disposal area.

  Application and Effect Analysis of Natural Humus Materials Soil Amendments in Improvement of Newly Cultivated Land LI Jianpeng, ZHANG Congzhi, PAN Hui, MA Xuewei, ZHAO Zhanhui 2025, 41 (2):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0325 Abstract + ( 45 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1752KB )   ( 16 ) Reclaiming arable land is an important way to achieve the principle of “cultivated land dynamic balance system” in land consolidation projects of China. However, due to the lack of fertile farming layers, agricultural productivity is greatly limited. Natural humus materials have the potential to rapidly improve soil organic matter, so it is of practical significance to study the improvement effect of the natural humus materials in the newly cultivated land. In this study, 5.81 hm2 of newly cultivated land in Tongyu County of Jilin Province was selected as the study area. Cultivation layer soil improvement was achieved by adding natural humus materials (30 t/hm2), excipients I (13.5 t/hm2), excipients II (1.5 t/hm2) to the 0-20 cm cultivated layer at one time. The properties of soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents before and after the improvement were investigated by sampling in the study area. The results showed that the soil amendments of natural humus material could rapidly increase soil organic matter contents (average increase of 5.17 g/kg) and decrease soil conductivity values (average decrease of 89.51 μS/cm), and also had a certain enhancing effect on soil nitrogen and potassium contents. But soil phosphorus contents showed a decreasing trend after the implementation of improvement practices. Soil amendments based on natural humus materials could rapidly increase soil carbon and nitrogen contents in a short period of time and alleviate soil saline-alkali barrier. However, the problem of imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in soil has not been resolved, and measures such as formula fertilization are still needed to regulate soil nutrient content.

  Effects of Equal Carbon Amounts of Straw and Straw Charcoal Incorporation on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Enzyme Activity in Cotton Fields FANG Baihan, LIU Jingjing, GUO Xiaowen, YE Yang, YANG Maoqi, ZHANG Nan, GUO Huijuan, MIN Wei 2025, 41 (2):  69-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0374 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2319KB )   ( 267 ) The study investigated the impact of adding equal carbon amounts of cotton stalks and biochar to soil on soil physical and chemical properties and nutrient transformation enzyme activities, aiming to support sustainable agriculture in drip-irrigated cotton fields in arid regions. The experiment included three treatments: no residue returning (CK), cotton stalk returning (ST, 6 t/hm2) and biochar returning (BC, 3.7 t/hm2). The results showed that both cotton stalks and biochar significantly increased the proportion of large soil aggregates compared with CK, the mean mass diameter and geometric mean diameter of aggregates were significantly improved, aggregate stability was improved, and soil porosity and water content were enhanced. Large aggregates and water content increased by 107.7%, 58.5% and 42.1%, 28.5%, but the soil bulk density was significantly reduced. Compared with CK, both treatments elevated soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, CEC increased by 4% and 12%, with biochar being more effective in enhancing CEC, organic matter, carbon-nitrogen ratio, available phosphorus and available potassium. Cotton stalks were more effective in increasing total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Both treatments increased the activities of soil sucrase, β-glucosidase, cellulase, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, with cotton stalks also elevating urease and alkaline protease activities, while biochar reduced them. Correlation analysis indicated that total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were primary factors promoting activities of sucrase, β-glucosidase, cellulase, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme, while soil pH and bulk density inhibited them. Both treatments significantly enhanced the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in cotton, promoting growth and development, and increasing cotton seed yield by 12.6% for cotton stalks and 10.2% for biochar. In conclusion, returning cotton stalks and biochar to the soil improved soil structure, increased nutrient content and enzyme activities, and promoted nutrient absorption in cotton, leading to a significant increase in cotton seed yield.

  Preliminary Study on Effect of Tobacco Stalk Biochar in Passivation of Soil Cadmium HE Defei, CHEN Weisheng, LIANG Jiecong, HUANG Xurong, LU Congxu, LIU Zhongzhen, HUANG Yufen 2025, 41 (2):  83-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0384 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1228KB )   ( 9 ) It is valuable to compare the effects of different amounts of tobacco stalk biochar on Cd bioactivity in acidic soil, which may contribute to the safe planting of polluted farmland, and provide theoretical support for the resource utilization of a large amount of tobacco stalk waste as well. In this study, a series of tobacco stalk biochar (0, 5, 15 and 30 g/kg, denoted as B0, B5, B15 and B30, respectively) were applied to typical Cd-polluted acidic soil collected from the local region, and then C. coronarium and C. endivia were planted continuously in pots. The results showed that the biochar amendment significantly improved the soil physiochemical characters. All the parameters such as pH, TOC, CEC, available P and K in the biochar-amended soil were significantly higher than those of the control soil (P<0.05). Biochar addition promoted the transition from acid-soluble (Cdacid) to the reducible Cd fraction (Cdred) in the soil. The proportion of Cdacid in the total was decreased from 64.03%-71.91% to 52.94%-56.51%, which indicated the large reduction of Cd bioavailability. Cd content in both above- and below-ground tissues of C. coronarium and C. endivia were significantly decreased by 53.47%-91.71% and 56.32%-87.95%, respectively. The biological cumulative factor (BCF) values for both crops were also significantly decreased by 54.47%-89.54%. The transfer factor (TF) values of C. coronarium in all treatments were highly similarity, no significant difference was observed. However, TF of C. endivia increased by 2.94%-86.76% compared to those in control. In addition, the larger rate of biochar amendment induced the greater changes in those parameters. The crop of C. coronarium is more sensitive to biochar addition than C. endivia. With the addition of 30 g/kg biochar (B30), Cd content in edible parts of both C. coronarium and C. endivia were decreased to 0.11 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg respectively, which were lower than the national limit for food. It was concluded that adding suitable rate of tobacco stalk biochar (5-15 g/kg) could not only improve soil properties like pH, organic C and CEC, but also promote the transformation of acid-extractable Cd to reducible Cd, and reduce the Cd bioavailability. Biochar addition reduced the Cd content in both C. coronarium and C. endivia, and strongly enhanced vegetable biomass production. C. coronarium was more sensitive to the biochar addition than that of C. endivia.

  Diversity of Bacterial Community Structure of Toona Sinensis Rhizosphere Soil in Taihe Area ZHAO Mingxia, CHEN Qian, LIU Xiaoli, WEI Bing, ZHOU Zuoqin, SANG Yangli, ZHANG Qianqian, QU Changqing 2025, 41 (2):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0401 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2157KB )   ( 26 ) To investigate the soil bacterial community structure of the Toona sinensis cultivation area in Taihe, soil samples from the rhizosphere of Toona sinensis from Taihe were collected. The 16S rDNA V3-V4 region of soil bacteria was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology on the Illumina HiSeq platform, and bioinformatics analysis was performed based on the data. The results showed that a total of 1628 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained, belonging to 26 phyla, 63 classes, 149 orders, 261 families, 512 genera and 574 species. At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Toona sinensis were Proteobacteria (24.26%), Actinobacteria (22.97%) and Firmicutes (21.50%). COG and KEGG annotation analysis of microbiota gene function showed that rhizosphere soil colonies of Toona sinensis could synthesize natural products, such as terpenoids, type II polyketones, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, steroids, non-ribosomal peptides, etc. These results indicated that the bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Toona sinensis in Taihe not only had rich diversity but also could produce structure-rich and active natural products. The bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Toona sinensis had great potential for discovering new active natural compounds. The results of this study are of great significance for the utilization and development of microbial resources in the rhizosphere soil of Toona sinensis.

  Effects of Exogenous L-aspartic Acid Nano-calcium on Physical and Chemical Properties and Microbial Community Distribution in Cadmium Contaminated Soil TANG Xu, TIAN Hui, ZHANG Haoran, CHAI Guohua, WU Xiuwen 2025, 41 (2):  98-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0444 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1543KB )   ( 14 ) To explore the effect of exogenous L-aspartic acid nano-calcium (NPs-Ca) on the physical and chemical properties and the distribution of microbial community in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil, a pot experiment was conducted with setting up 3 treatments: CK (no Ca application), Ca (CaCl2 application) and NPs-Ca (NPs-Ca application). In this experiment, the basic physical and chemical properties of soil, the total amount of cadmium and the content of different forms of cadmium were determined to further understand the causes of changes, the structure and distribution of soil microbial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that compared with CK, CaCl2 application significantly increased the soil water-soluble Ca content, but had no impact on soil pH, other nutrient content and content of different forms of Cd. However, NPs-Ca application obvious increased the soil alkaline nitrogen and water-soluble Ca content, and effectively reduced the content of total Cd and available Cd in the soil. NPs-Ca also affected soil microbial abundance, resulting in a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria microorganisms, and a significant increase in the proportion of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes microorganisms that had a positive impact on soil and plant growth. Furthermore, unlike the application of CaCl2, the application of NPs-Ca did not reduce the number and diversity of soil microorganisms. The results provided a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil and enrichment of the abundance of beneficial microorganisms by applying NPs-Ca.

  Research on Identification of Rice Disease and Pest Based on Transfer Learning and ResNet-18 ZHANG Zhicong, CUI Dong, GUO Jinfeng, UMUT Hasan, LI Liang 2025, 41 (2):  109-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0387 Abstract + ( 61 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2009KB )   ( 19 ) The study aims to improve the automatic recognition of rice pest and disease images and better guide agricultural pest and disease control. Using a combination of transfer learning and ResNet-18 model, we organized open source plant disease data on the internet, and obtained images of 9 rice pests and diseases, including bacterial blight, blast and Tungro, as well as a healthy leaf as the research objects. 11414 cleaned images were selected to establish a dataset for model training, and the 30% dataset was split as the test set. On the basis of six pre trained models such as ResNet-18, GoogLeNet, VGG-16, and MobileNet-v2, a series of parameter adjustments were made to the transfer model. The results show that: (1) under the consistent training parameters, the proposed model ResNet-18 has significantly higher validation accuracy and lowest loss value compared with MobileNet-v2, AxeNet, VGG-16, GoogLeNet, SqueezeNet, and the original ResNet-18 model. The final accuracy of the model is 96.97%. (2) Compared with the original model, the training accuracy of all transferred learning models has been improved significantly, with the improved accuracy ranging from 5.03% to 13.90%. The optimized training model has the characteristics of fast recognition speed and improved accuracy, which can accurately and quickly identify the type of crop disease, providing support for the automatic diagnosis of crop diseases.

  Field Control Effect of Different Chemical Treatments on Potato Late Blight LIU Yan, HAN Wei 2025, 41 (2):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0386 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1220KB )   ( 22 ) To evaluate the field control effects of several chemical control agents on potato late blight in Matou Town of Tancheng County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 687.5 g/L fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder, 72% mancozeb-manganese zinc, 42.8% fluopyram-iprovalent wettable powder, and 10 billion/g Bacillus subtilis biological preparation were selected, and a control group and treatment groups were set up, and the incidence index, control effect, and yield were monitored. The results showed that the 687.5 g/L fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder had a significant control effect on the disease. In 2020, the incidence index was 3.21, 5.13, and 6.02 after three applications of the treatment, with an average control effect of over 80% and a maximum of 85.14%, and an increase in yield of 27.9%. In 2021, the incidence index was 2.95, 4.75, and 5.45 after three applications of the treatment, with an average control effect of over 84% and an increase in yield of 26.0%. The 42.8% fluopyram-iprovalent wettable powder had a slightly lower control effect but was better than other pesticides. The importance of selecting control agents based on regional specific conditions was emphasized, and fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder was recommended as the preferred control agent for late blight of potato in the study area. The research results provide scientific control guidelines for farmers.

  Isolation and Identification of Culturable Intestinal Bacteria of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske Feeding on Ginkgo biloba CHEN Jie, LONG Ting, CAO Yirong, SUN Ganlin, WANG Wenqian, SHEN Kaiyuan, JIN Sitong, CAI Haosheng, CHEN Bin 2025, 41 (2):  123-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0100 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1535KB )   ( 11 ) Isolation and identification of culturable bacteria in the intestinal tract of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske adults feeding on Ginkgo biloba leaves provided a theoretical basis for the study of host adaptability mechanism and comprehensive prevention and control of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske. The intestinal culturable bacteria of female and male adults of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske feeding on Ginkgo biloba leaves were isolated, cultured and identified by LB, NA and TYA medium, combined with 16S rDNA sequence analysis, to explore the species diversity of intestinal culturable bacteria of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske feeding on Ginkgo biloba leaves. The composition and structure of culturable bacteria in the intestinal tract of female and male adults were different. There were 4 phyla, 11 families, 13 genera and 14 species of culturable bacteria in the intestinal tract of female adults. The dominant phylum, family, genus and species of bacteria were Firmicutes, Bacillaceae, Bacillus and Bacillus subtilis, with abundances of 86.58%, 86.56%, 62.59% and 61.64%, respectively. There were 3 phyla, 6 families, 7 genera and 11 species of culturable bacteria in the intestinal tract of male adults. The dominant phyla, families, genera and species were Firmicutes, Bacillaceae, Pediococcus and Pediococcuspentosaceus, with abundances of 98.64%, 37.74%, 34.68% and 34.68%, respectively. From the perspective of dominant bacteria, the dominant bacteria in the female intestinal tract were Bacillus subtilis, with an abundance of 61.64%, while the dominant bacteria in the male intestinal tract were Bacillus altitudinis and Pediococcuspentosaceus, with relative abundances of 31.91% and 34.68%, respectively. Pediococcuspentosaceus and Sphingomonas humi were the two common culturable bacteria in the intestines of female and male adults. The diversity of culturable bacterial species in the intestinal tract of Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske adults feeding on Ginkgo biloba leaves was rich. The composition of intestinal bacterial species varied with the gender of female and male, and the dominant species were also different.

  Review of Pre-treatment Methods for Pesticide Residue Detection in Fruits and Vegetables OU Shuai, MA Chengren, WANG Jingyuan, TIAN Xiuxiu, GAO Meng, GUO Xin 2025, 41 (2):  133-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0409 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1529KB )   ( 13 ) In order to obtain a safe, reliable, time-saving and labor-saving pre-treatment technology for pesticide residue detection, this paper focused on the application of nanomaterials in the detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, discussing various pretreatment methods including solid phase extraction (SPE), matrix-dispersive solid phase extraction (MSPD), QuEChERS, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and molecularly imprinted polymer Extraction (MIPs). The research progress in the detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables was also analyzed. The review found that pre-treatment technology was still the key to determine whether the detection of pesticide residues was accurate and efficient. At the same time, the future pre-treatment technology of fruits and vegetables was prospected, aiming at providing theoretical reference for the inspection and detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and food safety supervision.

  Synthesis Pathway and Application Prospect of L-theanine DONG Meng, SONG Dapeng, WANG Kunpeng, DING Shibo, WANG Yingying, LI Haipeng, YANG Fengshan, FU Haiyan 2025, 41 (2):  140-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0102 Abstract + ( 44 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1525KB )   ( 12 ) L-theanine is a special free amino acid in tea leaves and one of the main flavor substances in tea. Due to its health benefits such as relaxation, fatigue relief, anti-tumor effects, and blood pressure reduction, it has received widespread attention in the food and healthcare industries. In order to study the synthesis pathway and methods of L-theanine, this paper summarized the current main pathways for L-theanine synthesis, which were divided into plant-derived synthesis and microbial-derived synthesis according to their sources; and bioenzymatic catalysis and chemical synthesis according to their synthesis methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis method were analyzed. Meanwhile, the applications of L-theanine in food and medical fields were summarized, and future research directions for efficient theanine synthesis were proposed, aiming to provide a reference for the production and application of L-theanine.

  Comparative Study on Gut Microbial Diversity of Three Fish Species in Nujiang River in Xizang LIU Yanchao, WENG Shiyang, WEI Cong 2025, 41 (2):  149-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0280 Abstract + ( 32 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1488KB )   ( 179 ) To understand the microbial composition and structure of the intestinal tract of three fish species in the Nujiang River basin in Xizang, the study was conducted to analyze the species composition, abundance and diversity of intestinal microorganisms of three fish species in the Nujiang River basin by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA. A total of 1153446 valid sequences and 1754 OTUs were obtained from all samples. These microorganisms of Schizothorax nukiangensis were determined to belong to 27 phyla, 56 classes, 154 orders, 297 families and 634 genera. The microorganisms of Schizopygopsis thermalis were determined to belong to 29 phyla, 59 classes, 165 orders, 308 families and 659 genera. The microorganisms of Triplophysa stenura were determined to belong to 29 phyla, 62 classes, 161 orders, 306 families and 647 genera. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant microflora of all three species of fishes, accounted for more than 70% of the total. At the genus level, Aeromonas was the dominant genus in the intestinal microbiota of S. nukiangensis, Pseudorhodobacter was the dominant genus in the intestinal microbiota of S. thermalis, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium was the dominant genus in the intestinal microbiota of T. stenura. Diversity analysis showed that Shannon's index was higher in the samples of S. thermalis than in the samples of S. nukiangensis and T. stenura, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The community composition and proportions of the three fishes were relatively similar at the phylum level. However, at the genus level, although the community structure was similar, the species proportions were significantly different. PCoA analysis showed even smaller differences between S. nukiangensis and S. thermalis in gut microflora.

  Research Progress on Impact of Environmental Stress Factors on Fish Health WANG Hengjie, DAI Mengyang, WANG Qian, XIONG Xinyu, WANG Canli, YUAN Xiangyang 2025, 41 (2):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0278 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1125KB )   ( 1103 ) In order to explore the stress of water environment changes on cultured fish in the development of intensive aquaculture, the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals on fish body were studied. From the five aspects of growth performance, blood biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and immunity, the related mechanism of environmental stress factors affecting fish health was reviewed, and the importance of environmental stress factor research was revealed. It was suggested that comprehensive methods such as field investigation, long-term monitoring and calculation models should be more widely used in the future to comprehensively explore and evaluate the coping strategies and health status of fish in the actual environment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of environmental stress factors on fish health. Future experiments need to study the whole process of fish growth in different periods, which is helpful to predict the impact of future environmental changes on fish community structure and ecosystem function. By studying the adverse effects of environmental stress factors on fish health, the occurrence of stress can be avoided or weakened, which provides a reference for ensuring efficient and healthy aquaculture of fish.